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Unity and
WebSockets
Adventures in Mobile
Games
Josh Glover
Lead Backend Developer

What’s a WebSocket?
● Bidirectional TCP connection
● Initiated from an HTTP connection by
sending Upgrade header
GET /chat HTTP/1.1
Host: server.example.com
Upgrade: websocket
Connection: Upgrade
Sec-WebSocket-Key: x3JJHMbDL1EzLkh9GBhXDw==
Sec-WebSocket-Protocol: chat, superchat
Sec-WebSocket-Version: 13
Origin: http://example.com
HTTP/1.1 101 Switching Protocols
Upgrade: websocket
Connection: Upgrade
Sec-WebSocket-Accept: HSmrc0sMlYU=
Sec-WebSocket-Protocol: chat

Why WebSockets?
● Server can push messages instead of being
polled
● Polling often leads to large percentage of
request load being worthless
● Client disconnection can be part of API

Why not WebSockets?
● Servers can’t be purely stateless
● How does a client on server A interact with a
client on server B?
● What happens when a server crashes?
● What if a client has a spotty network
connection?

Mix and match
● Use WebSockets where remote push is a
killer app
● Use plain old REST for everything else
● Gracefully degrade from WebSockets to
REST when network connectivity is poor
● HTTP Kit is a perfect fit!

● Open source C# WebSockets client
https://github.com/sta/websocket-sharp/
● Available on the Unity Asset Store
https://www.assetstore.unity3d.com/en/#!/content/8959
● With Unity 5, drop in your Assets folder and
compile away (full .NET 2.0 API only)

Connecting
using WebSocketSharp;
var ws = new WebSocket("ws://echo.websocket.org");
// We'll get to this
ws.OnOpen += OnOpenHandler;
ws.OnMessage += OnMessageHandler;
ws.OnClose += OnCloseHandler;
ws.OnError += OnErrorHandler;
ws.ConnectAsync();

private void OnOpenHandler(object sender, System.EventArgs e) {
Debug.Log("WebSocket connected!");
// Here is where you do useful stuff
}
How do I know when I’m connected?

private void OnSendComplete(bool success) {
Debug.Log("Message sent successfully? " + success);
}
ws.SendAsync("This WebSockets stuff is a breeze!", OnSendComplete);
Sending a message

private void OnMessageHandler(object sender, MessageEventArgs e) {
Debug.Log("WebSocket server said: " + e.Data);
}
Receiving a message

private void OnCloseHandler(object sender, CloseEventArgs e) {
Debug.Log("WebSocket closed with reason: " + e.Reason);
}
ws.CloseAsync();
Disconnecting

But wait, asynchronous means...
THREADS!

Unity threading model
● Single-threaded with coroutines
● API generally not thread-safe
● Anything that updates the screen must
happen on the main thread

websocket-sharp threading model
● .NET threads
● Anything done asynchronously happens on
a background thread
● Event handlers (OnOpen, OnMessage, etc.)
are invoked on background threads

And never the twain shall meet?
● This would be a (more) boring talk
● Enter our old Computer Science buddy, the
Finite State Machine

A simple state machine
using UnityEngine;
public enum State { NotRunning, Running, Connected, Ping, Pong, Done }
public delegate void Handler();
public class StateMachine : MonoBehaviour {
public void Run() { … }
public void Transition(State state) { … }
public void AddHandler(State state, Handler handler) { … }
public void Update() { … }
}

using System.Collections.Generic;
private readonly object syncLock = new object();
private readonly Queue<State> pending = new Queue<State>();
public void Transition(State state) {
lock(syncLock) {
pending.Enqueue(state);
}
}
}
Requesting transitions

private readonly Dictionary<State, Handler> handlers
= new Dictionary<State, Handler>();
public void AddHandler(State state, Handler handler) {
handlers.Add(state, handler);
}
}
Transition handlers

Handling transitions
public void Update() {
while (pending.Count > 0) {
currentState = pending.Dequeue();
Handler handler;
if (handlers.TryGetValue(currentState, out handler)) {
handler();
}
}
}
}

Start me up!
private State currentState = State.NotRunning;
public void Run() {
Transition(State.Running);
}
}

Putting it all together (1)
using UnityEngine;
using WebSocketSharp;
public class StatefulMain : MonoBehaviour {
public StateMachine stateMachine;
private WebSocket ws;
void Start() {
ws = new WebSocket("ws://echo.websocket.org");
ws.OnOpen += OnOpenHandler;
ws.OnMessage += OnMessageHandler;
ws.OnClose += OnCloseHandler;

stateMachine.AddHandler(State.Running, () => {
ws.ConnectAsync();
});
stateMachine.AddHandler(State.Connected, () => {
stateMachine.Transition(State.Ping);
});
stateMachine.AddHandler(State.Ping, () => {
ws.SendAsync("This WebSockets stuff is a breeze!",
OnSendComplete);
});
stateMachine.AddHandler(State.Pong, () => {
ws.CloseAsync();
});

private void OnOpenHandler(object sender, System.EventArgs e) {
Debug.Log("WebSocket connected!");
stateMachine.Transition(State.Connected);
}
private void OnMessageHandler(object sender, MessageEventArgs e) {
Debug.Log("WebSocket server said: " + e.Data);
stateMachine.Transition(State.Pong);
}
private void OnCloseHandler(object sender, CloseEventArgs e) {
Debug.Log("WebSocket closed with reason: " + e.Reason);
stateMachine.Transition(State.Done);
}

void Start() {
// WebSocket init code from previous slides
// State machine handlers from previous slides
stateMachine.Run();
}

Use the Source, Luke
https://github.com/jmglov/unity-ws-demo

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Unity and WebSockets

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