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Valerian 131001102700-phpapp01
- 1. VALERIAN
- 2. SYNONYMS Valerianae radix Herbal valium.
- 3. BOTANICAL SOURCE Dried, whole or fragmented underground parts of Valeriana officinalis L., including the rhizome surrounded by the roots and stolons . Family valerianaceae.
- 4. GEOGRAPHICAL SOURCE Valerian is native to Europe and Asia and has naturalized in eastern North America.
- 5. CULTIVATION, COLLECTION AND PREPARATION Valerian does well in all ordinary soils, but prefers rich, heavy loam, well supplied with moisture. The soil should first be treated with farmyard manure, and after planting it is well to give liquid mannure from time to time, as well as plenty of water. The soil must be well mannured to secure a good crop. Weeding requires considerable attention. Propagation may also be by seed, either sown when ripe in cold frames, or in March in gentle heat, or in the open in April. In the first two cases, transplant in May to permanent quarters. But to ensure the best alkaloidal percentage, it is best to transplant and cultivate the daughter plants of the wild Valerian.
- 6. The flowering tops must be cut off as they appear, thus enabling the better development of the rhizome. Many of the young plants do not flower in the first year, but produce a luxuriant crop of leaves, and yield rhizome of good quality in the autumn. In September or early October, all the tops are cut off with a scythe and the rhizomes are harvested. The drug as found in commerce consists usually of the entire or sliced erect rhizome, which is dark yellowish-brown externally, about 1 inch long and 1/2 inch thick, and gives off numerous slender brittle roots from 2 1/2 to 4 inches long, whilst short, slender, lateral branches (stolons) are also occasionally present. The root-stock, which is sometimes crowned with the remains of flowering stems and leaf-scales is usually firm, horny and whitish or yellowish internally, but old specimens may be hollow.
- 7. CHARACTERISTICS Rhizomes 1. obconic to ellipsoidal, branched or simple. 2. 2.5- 7-5 cm long, 1-3 cm diameter. 3. Yellowish brown to dark brown in colour. 4. numerous roots and root scars give a very rough surface. Transverse section- Bark thin, cortex broad, wood forming a narrow circle around a large pith ; light brown. Fracture- short horny.
- 8. Root- 1. 3- 10 cm long, 0.5- 3 mm in diameter 2. Light yellowish brown or tan to dark brown 3. Longitudinally wrinkled. Fracture- short uneven Transverse section- Bark thin, cortex broad and yellowish brown, pith small. Stolons 20- 80 mm long pale yellowish gray with prominent nodes separated by longitudinally striated internodes. Cortex and pith are broad in comparison to vascular cylinder.
- 9. TASTE & ODOUR : The drug has a camphoraceous, slightly bitter taste and a characteristic, powerful, disagreeable odour, which gradually develops during the process of drying, owing to a change which occurs in the composition of the volatile oil contained in the sub- epidermal layer of cells: the odour of the fresh root, though not very agreeable, is devoid of the unpleasant valerianaceous odour.
- 10. CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS Iridoid valepotriates (0.5% -2.0%): valtrates, isovaltrate, didrovaltrate, valerosidate and others Volatile essential oil (0.2 02.8%): bornyl isovalerenate and bornyl acetate; valerenic, valeric, isovaleric and acetoxyvalerenic acids; valerenal, valeranone, cryptofaurinol; and other monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes Alkaloids (0.01 0.05%): valeranine, chatinine, alpha-methyl pyrrylketone, actinidine, skyanthine and naphthyridylmethylketone Lignans: hydroxypinoresinol
- 11. USES Anxiety, nervousness, stress related conditions such as insomnia, neck pain, headaches, muscle cramps, irritability, stomachache, irritable bowel syndrome, constipation, and diarrhea. Valerians effects on the central nervous system have been variously attributed to valepotriates,their breakdown products (baldrinals), valerenic acid, valerenal and valeranone, and other constituents in the essential oil. Isovaleric acid is responsible for the herbs unpleasant aroma. Valerenic acid has spasmolytic and muscle relaxant effects and inhibits the breakdown of gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the central nervous system. The lignan hydroxypinoresinol also binds benzodiazepine receptors in the amygdala and is thought to work synergistically with bornyl acetate, valerenic acid, and the valepotriates in terms of valerians overall sedative effects. Valerians alkaloids are present only in minute amounts. They have cholinesterase activity in vitro which has not been verified in animals or humans
- 12. SUBSTITUTES Valerian root is often fraudulently adulterated with those of other species, notably with those of V. dioica (Linn.) (Marsh Valerian), which are smaller and of much feebler odour, and not possessed of such active properties.. The roots of V. Phu (Linn.) are also frequently found mingled with those of the official plant in the imported drug. Its rhizome is sometimes known as V. Radix Majoris. It is from 4 to 6 inches long, 1/2 inch in thickness, brown and with a feeble, valerian-like odour and taste,and is rooted at the bottom only, the roots being numerous and yellowish.
- 13. It is stated also that in Germany various Ranunculaceous (or Buttercup) roots are a dangerous adulterant of Valerian; they may be readily detected by their want of the peculiar odour of the official root. The Valerian in the markets of Paris is often largely adulterated with the roots of Scabious (Scabiosus succisa, Linn.) and S. arvensis (Linn.). They are shorter than the genuine root, less rough, very brittle, not striated, or channelled, and with a white fracture. Though inodorous in themselves, they are very apt to acquire odour from contact with the Valerian. The roots of Geum urbanum, or Avens, which in themselves are pleasingly aromatic, but may also on contact acquire some of the odour, have also occasionally been found in parcels of imported Valerian root