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VEDA AND VEDANGAS IN INDIAN KNOWLEDGE SYSTEM
- 2. INTRODUCTION The base of eastern religious Value are Vedas. The Vedas are ancient South Asian scriptures, revered as the foundational texts of Sanatana Dharma (the Eternal Dharma or Truth), The word "Veda" means "knowledge" or "wisdom," and these texts are considered divine revelations (ruti) received by sages in deep meditative states.
- 4. VEDAS and VEDANGAS Four Vedas: Rigveda, Yajuraveda, Samaveda, and Atharvaveda. Subdivision of Vedas: Samhitas, Aranyak, Brahmanas, Upanishadas, Upasanas Four Upavedas: Arthaveda, Dhanurveda, Gandharvaveda and Ayurveda. Four Brahmanas: Aiteriya, Titeriya, Satpath and Gopath Six principal Vedic Philosophies: Mimamsa, Vedanta, Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Shankhya and Yoga
- 5. VEDAS and VEDANGAS Other Vedic Philosophies: Ramanuja Darshan (Vishishta Adweta), Purnapragya Darshana (Dweta Vedanta), Nakulish Pashupat Darshana, Shaiva Darshana, Pratyabhigya Darshana, Ayurved Darshan, Panini Darshana, Adweta Vedanta Darshan Non Vedic Philosophies: Charvakism, Bhuddism, Jainism, Ajivikism. Six Principal Vedangas: Shiksha (Phonetics), Vyakarana (Grammar), Chandas (Prosody), Nirukta (Etymology) Kalpa (Rituals). Jyotisha (Astronomy and Astrology)
- 6. VEDIC LITERATURE Vedas literally means knowledge. There are four vedas Rig Veda, Sama Veda, Yajur Veda and Atharva Veda. Each of these Vedas is comprised of four parts. (i) Samhitas (ii) Brahmanas (iii) Aranyakas (iv) Upanishads.
- 7. FOUR VEDAS Rigveda: The oldest Veda, containing hymns and praises to various deities like Agni, Indra, and Surya. It focuses on invoking divine forces and understanding cosmic order. Samaveda: Known as the "Veda of Melodies," it includes chants and musical hymns, emphasizing the rhythmic and musical aspects of Vedic worship. Yajurveda: Primarily a guide for rituals and sacrificial rites, it provides instructions and mantras for performing yajnas (sacrificial ceremonies). Atharvaveda: Contains hymns, spells, and charms dealing with daily life, health, healing, and protection, blending spiritual practices with practical wisdom.
- 8. Rigveda Brahmana: Aaitreya, Kaushthiki Aranyaka: Aaitreya, Kaushthiki Upanishad: Aaitreya, Kaushthiki Upveda: Ayurveda Priest: Hotra Samaveda Brahmana: Jaimini Aranyaka: Chandogya, Jaminiya Upanishad: Chandogya, Jaminiya, Ken Upveda: Gandharvaveda Priest: Adharvyu FOUR VEDAS
- 9. Shukla Yajurveda Brahmana: Shatapatha Aranyaka: Brihadaranyaka,Isha Upanishad: Brihadaranyaka Upveda: Dhanurveda Priest: Udgata Krishna Yajurveda Brahmana: Taitriya Aranyaka: Taitriya Upanishad: Kathopnishad, Taitriya, Maitriyani, Shvetashvatar Upveda: Dhanurveda Priest: Udgata FOUR VEDAS
- 10. Atharvaveda Brahmana: Gopatha Aranyaka: None Upanishad: Mundaka, Mandukya Upveda: Shilpaveda/Arthsastra Priest: Brahma Aaitreya Brahmana deals with duties of all 4 varnas. Mundaka Upanishad mentions Satyameva Jayate. Shatapata Brahmana talks about ploughing rituals and concept of rebirth. Chandogya Upanishad mentions three ashramas of Varna ashrama dharma. It also talks about Itihasa purana tradition which is mentioned as Panchamveda. Shukla Yajurveda talks about the Rajasuya yagya. FOUR VEDAS
- 11. SUB-DIVISION OF VEDAS Each Veda is subdivided into four parts, each serving a distinct purpose in Vedic study and practice: Samhitas: Collections of hymns, mantras, and prayers used in rituals and ceremonies, forming the core of each Veda. Brahmanas: Prose texts that explain the meanings and applications of the mantras, providing instructions for performing Vedic rituals and sacrifices. Aranyakas: Also called "Forest Treatises," these texts offer meditative practices and philosophical reflections, meant for practitioners who withdraw into solitude. Upanishads: Philosophical teachings that explore deep spiritual concepts like the nature of reality, Atman (soul), and Brahman (universal consciousness), focusing on self-realization. Upasanas: Sections dedicated to worship and devotional practices, emphasizing meditation and mental disciplines as paths to divine connection.
- 12. FOUR UPAVEDA The Four Upavedas are auxiliary sciences associated with the Vedas, focusing on practical knowledge essential for daily life: 1. Arthaveda (associated with the Rigveda): Deals with economics, governance, and social laws, supporting Rigvedic themes of societal order and structure. 2. Gandharvaveda (associated with the Samaveda): Covers music, dance, and aesthetics, complementing Samaveda's emphasis on melodic chants and rhythm. 3. Dhanurveda (associated with the Yajurveda): Focuses on warfare, martial arts, and military science, aligning with Yajurvedas ritualistic focus and discipline. 4. Ayurveda (associated with the Atharvaveda): Concerns health, medicine, and healing practices, which align with Atharvavedas focus on everyday life, well-being, and practical wisdom.
- 13. SIX VEDANGAS The Vedangas, meaning "limbs of the Vedas," are six auxiliary disciplines essential for understanding, preserving, and practicing Vedic knowledge. Shiksha (Phonetics): Authored Rishi Vamajya focuses on pronunciation, intonation, and articulation of Vedic hymns, preserving the oral tradition's integrity.
- 14. SIX VEDANGAS Vyakarana (Grammar): Authored by Rishi Panini provides rules for Sanskrit grammar to maintain linguistic accuracy in Vedic interpretation. Chandas (Prosody): Authored by Rishi Pingal studies the metrical patterns of Vedic poetry, analyzing syllable counts, rhythmic structures, and verse arrangements. Nirukta (Etymology): Authored by Rishi Yaska explains the meanings, origins, and context of obscure Vedic words.
- 15. SIX VEDANGAS Jyotisha (Astronomy and Astrology): Authored by Rishi Lagedha deals with timekeeping and celestial calculations to determine auspicious timings for rituals. Kalpa (Rituals): Authored by Rishi Gautam Prescribes procedures for performing Vedic rituals and sacrifices.