Virology
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Virology is a division of science, which concentrates on the study of viruses and organisms which act like bacteria, such as prions and viroids.
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Viruses are sub-microscopic particles that can infect all types of life forms. They are made up of genetic material and protein and require a host cell to multiply. Coronaviruses are named for their spiky surface projections and can cause illnesses ranging from the common cold to SARS. COVID-19, which emerged in China in late 2019, is a new type of coronavirus. Coronaviruses originate in animals and some have the ability to transmit between animals and humans. Viral infections occur when a virus reproduces inside the body, potentially causing tissue damage and weakening the immune system.爐爛爐萎爐爐 DISEASE 爐謹爐萎爐 爐伍爐爐÷
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This document provides an overview of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19). It discusses that coronaviruses can infect both animals and humans, causing respiratory and enteric diseases. COVID-19 is caused by a novel coronavirus that emerged in 2019. The virus can be transmitted through droplets from coughing or sneezing or from surfaces. Common symptoms include fever, cough, and shortness of breath. The elderly and those with pre-existing conditions are most at risk. Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms, with severe cases requiring hospitalization and ventilation. The virus attaches via spike proteins, replicates within cells, and may cause a cytokine storm in severe cases. Laboratory tests can include complete blood counts and PCR to detect the virus.Salmonella thypii
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Bacteria and viruses differ in several key ways. Bacteria are single-celled organisms that can reproduce through fission and contain DNA within a cell membrane and cell wall. Viruses are not considered living and lack cells, existing as strands of DNA or RNA within a protein coat. While antibiotics can treat bacterial infections, viruses require vaccines or antiviral drugs to prevent or slow their reproduction. Common methods of disease transmission include person-to-person contact through hands or saliva, exposure to contaminated bodily fluids, and inhalation of virus-containing airborne droplets from coughs or sneezes.Agent factors
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This document discusses antimicrobial resistance and provides several key points:
- Antimicrobial resistance threatens effective treatment of infections and is a serious global public health issue requiring coordinated action.
- Without effective antibiotics, major surgery and cancer treatment would be compromised. Resistant infections also increase healthcare costs.
- In 2016, 490,000 people developed multidrug-resistant tuberculosis globally and resistance is complicating treatment of HIV and malaria.
- Antimicrobial resistance occurs as microbes mutate when exposed to drugs but misuse of antibiotics in people and animals is accelerating this process. Resistant microbes can spread between individuals and countries.Coronavirus
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This document provides an overview of coronaviruses, including COVID-19. It discusses the history of coronaviruses, noting their discovery in 1960 and past outbreaks in 2002-2003, 2012, and the current pandemic originating in Wuhan, China. The document describes coronaviruses' structure as single-stranded RNA viruses with protein spikes, and notes they can infect humans and animals. Symptoms are listed as fever, cough and difficulty breathing, with possible outcomes of pneumonia, kidney failure or death. Diagnosis is through samples tested with rt-PCR and treatment is currently supportive care and experimental medications.Cns infections part 1
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Central nervous system infections like meningitis and encephalitis are caused by various microorganisms and can have high mortality rates, making early diagnosis and treatment important. Bacterial meningitis is most common in children under 2 years old and adults over 60. It has an annual incidence rate in the US of 2-5 per 100,000 people. Encephalitis is primarily caused by herpes viruses, arboviruses, and enteroviruses, and has a peak incidence in late summer. Amebic meningoencephalitis, caused by the ameba Naegleria fowleri found in freshwater, is rare but fatal.Viral infections
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Viral infections can be caused by viruses like rotavirus that kill or alter cells' normal functions and sometimes lead to cancer. They have a wide range from common colds to more serious diseases like HIV and open the body to additional illnesses. Viral infections may cause fatigue, fevers, respiratory symptoms and affect the immune system, bloodstream or respiratory tract. Diagnosis involves considering a patient's symptoms and potentially tests of blood or urine while treatment depends on the virus, patient's condition, age and area affected along with possible antiviral medication.The Black death - a re-emerging infectious disease
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Key question:
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MERS is a viral respiratory illness caused by a beta coronavirus called MERS-CoV. It was first reported in Saudi Arabia in 2012 and has since spread to several other countries. Research has found that the virus transmits between humans and dromedary camels. Camels are believed to be the main animal reservoir for MERS-CoV. With millions of pilgrims expected to visit Mecca and Medina for Hajj, there are concerns about the potential spread of MERS during this pilgrimage and measures are being taken to help prevent transmission. Currently there is no vaccine for MERS.Bruton's disease presentation by Neha Diwan
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Bruton agammaglobulinemia, also known as X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) or Bruton's agammaglobulinemia, is an inherited immunodeficiency disorder. It is characterized by the absence of mature B cells which in turn leads to severe antibody deficiency and recurrent infections.Virology- Emerging & Reemerging Viral Diseases
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Emerging and reemerging viral diseases pose a threat to global health. Three main factors influence the emergence of viruses: human factors like increased travel and urbanization, environmental factors like deforestation and climate change, and viral factors like mutation and reassortment. Many emerging viruses are zoonoses transmitted from animals to humans. Notable examples discussed include arboviruses spread by mosquitoes and ticks, like dengue and West Nile virus. Rodent-borne arenaviruses and bat-borne filoviruses can also cause hemorrhagic fever in humans. Understanding the complex factors driving the emergence and spread of viruses is key to preventing future outbreaks.Carroll, Final Poster
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The document discusses the amphibian-killing chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). It notes that over one third of amphibian species are endangered and Bd is linked to mass die-offs worldwide. Temperature is found to be the primary factor regulating the spread of Bd, with an optimal growth range of 17-23 degrees Celsius. Studies show Bd has higher infection rates in sub-adult and adult amphibians. Conservation efforts should focus on treating at-risk populations and establishing safe populations in captivity until the wild populations can recover.Aquil major
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Viral diseases include common illnesses like the common cold, chickenpox, influenza, and measles. More serious viral diseases discussed are infectious hepatitis, polio, and rabies. The document contains an image of viral infections and lists several common and serious viral diseases.Viral Disease
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The document discusses several viral diseases including chickenpox, flu, measles, mumps, rubella, hepatitis A, COVID-19, and AIDS. It provides details on the viruses that cause each disease, such as the varicella-zoster virus for chickenpox, influenza viruses for flu, and HIV for AIDS. Each viral disease is caused by a different virus that can infect parts of the body like the skin, respiratory system, or liver.aids day 
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World AIDS Day is observed on December 1st each year to raise awareness about HIV/AIDS and show support for those living with the disease. HIV is a retrovirus that causes AIDS by destroying CD4 immune cells, leaving the body vulnerable to infections and cancers. While there is no cure for AIDS, treatment with antiretroviral drugs can suppress the virus and slow disease progression. HIV is transmitted through sexual contact, blood transfusions, needle sharing, and from mother to child during pregnancy, delivery, or breastfeeding. Prevention methods include condoms, antiretroviral drugs for pregnant women, and clean needles.Reasons for the evolution of deadly diseases in current scenerio
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Global warming, nuclear radiation, overpopulation, and mosquitos are increasing the spread of deadly diseases. Global warming causes extreme heat and poor air quality, activating disease-causing vectors. Nuclear radiation leads to radiation sickness and cancer. Overpopulation stresses resources and creates ideal conditions for diseases to spread. Mosquitos are transmitting malaria, dengue, Zika, and other diseases as climates allow their populations and ranges to grow. Microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, and parasites also spread illness through food, water, and person-to-person contact.Mareks disease
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This document provides information about Marek's Disease, including:
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2) The virus spreads via dander from infected feather follicles through the air. It causes proliferation of lymphocytes which can deposit in various tissues, leading to neural, visceral, cutaneous or ocular forms of the disease.
3) Clinical signs include paralysis, enlarged organs, skin nodules or eye protrusion. Diagnosis involves post-mortemRespiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)
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RSV is a common virus that usually causes mild upper respiratory tract infections but can sometimes lead to pneumonia or bronchiolitis in young children. It is transmitted through respiratory secretions and contaminated surfaces. While infection leads to immunity against that RSV subtype, reinfection is still possible. Diagnosis involves antigen detection, viral culture, or PCR from respiratory samples. Treatment is supportive, though ribavirin may help severe cases. Development of an effective vaccine remains an ongoing effort.Seminar on Malaria Plasmodium
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This seminar discusses malaria, which is caused by parasites of the genus Plasmodium and spread through mosquito bites. It outlines the life cycle of the malaria parasite, symptoms of the disease, and methods of prevention and treatment. Malaria remains a major public health problem, infecting over 1 million people annually in Africa. The seminar acknowledges the guidance of Professor Rehman in its preparation.1801 invasive-meningococcal-men-y-disease
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This document summarizes a study on invasive meningococcal disease caused by serogroup Y (Men Y) in England and Wales from 2007-2009. The study found that while the overall number of meningococcal disease cases slightly decreased during this period, the proportion caused by Men Y doubled. Specifically, significant increases were seen in age groups 15-19, 45-64, and 65+. The case fatality ratio was higher in patients with underlying diseases or meningococcal pneumonia. Four major Men Y clones were identified, with one increasing the most and being similar to a strain causing a third of US cases. Vaccines exist but meningococcal disease remains a rare but potentially devastating illness.Kevin mendez
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The document summarizes malaria, a disease transmitted by the Anopheles mosquito. It describes how the parasite is transmitted via mosquito bites between humans, causing symptoms like fever, vomiting, and headaches. It notes the disease disproportionately affects African children and was responsible for around 781,000 deaths in 2009. Vaccines have been developed that can help treat and prevent malaria.Ne waids day (2)
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World AIDS Day is observed on December 1st each year to raise awareness about HIV/AIDS. HIV is a retrovirus that causes AIDS by destroying CD4 cells in the immune system. There is no cure for AIDS, but treatment with antiretroviral therapy can slow the progression of the disease. HIV can be transmitted through unprotected sex, contaminated blood, or from mother to child during pregnancy, delivery, or breastfeeding. Prevention efforts focus on education, condom use, and treatment of infected mothers.Virual infections
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This document provides information on various viral infections. It begins by describing the basic structure and life cycle of viruses, noting that viruses are obligate intracellular parasites that depend on host cells for replication. It then discusses the process of viral infection, describing how viruses introduce their genetic material into host cells and hijack the cell's machinery to reproduce. It provides examples of different types of viral infections that affect the respiratory system, skin, gastrointestinal tract, and are sexually transmitted. Specific viruses like influenza, the common cold, chickenpox, HPV and HIV are discussed in more detail. The document emphasizes that viruses use different transmission methods like direct contact, airborne droplets, contaminated food/water, insects, and bodily fluids to spread from one host![GROUP_PRESENTATIONS poxiviridea virus1].pptx](https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/grouppresentations1-241003104337-bfd18a48-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds)
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While discoveries about viruses, which carry the largest genetic information code in nature, have continued unabated for more than a century, viruses are constantly affecting the global biological balance. The main characteristics that make viruses important in this balance include epidemics and mass deaths, the risks of being used as biological weapons, and the continued lack of an effective vaccine or specific treatment for many viruses. However, viruses also offer incredible opportunities for the scientific world, due to biotechnological innovations that have gained momentum in recent years. The detection of viruses is of urgent importance for the early detection of pandemics and epidemics. In this chapter, we discuss the classification of viruses, the effects of viruses on biological balance of our planet, the importance of detecting viruses that have the potential to be used as biological weapons or that carry epidemic or pandemic risks, and the characteristics of such viruses. Dr. Hari Krishna Shriwas | Dr. Sandeep Singh Tiwari "Virus and its Identification in Modern Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-7 , December 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52363.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/ayurvedic/52363/virus-and-its-identification-in-modern-era/dr-hari-krishna-shriwas
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Virology
- 1. VIROLOGY
- 3. Viruses come in an amazing variety of shapes and sizes. They are very small and are measured in nanometers, which is one-billionth of a meter. Viruses can range in the size between 20 to 750nm, which is 45,000 times smaller than the width of a human hair. The majority of viruses cannot be seen with a light microscope because the resolution of a light microscope is limited to about 200nm.
- 4. Enteroviruses are small viruses. The enteroviruses that occur in the United States include coxsackieviruses and echoviruses. Polioviruses are also included in the term enterovirus, but they have been eradicated from the United States by vaccination. In all, more than 60 different types of enteroviruses have been identified.
- 5. One main motivation for the study of viruses is the fact that they cause many important infectious diseases, among them the common cold, influenza, rabies, meas les, many forms of diarrhea, hepatitis, yellow fever, polio, smallpox and AIDS.