X rayBY sushil kumar
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X-rays are high-energy electromagnetic radiation produced by decelerating electrons or electronic transitions in atoms. X-ray spectrometry uses components like x-ray sources, filters, monochromators, sample holders, and detectors to analyze materials. Monochromators restrict the wavelength range of incident radiation by absorbing certain wavelengths. Diffraction of x-rays from crystalline materials enables high specificity analysis using Bragg's law. Common detectors like gas detectors, scintillators, and semiconductors convert x-ray photons into electrical signals for analysis.
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X rayBY sushil kumar
- 1. By PRACHI
- 2. X-RAYS High energy photons. Short 了 EM radiation. Produced by deceleration of high-energy e-s or by electronic transition of e-s in the inner orbitals of atoms. X-ray range 10-5 to 100 Used 0.1 to 25
- 3. Characteristics of X-rays Absorption of X-rays give information about the absorbing material. Fluorescence emission of X-rays enables to identify & measure heavy elements in the presence of each other & in any matrix. Diffraction of X-rays enables analysis of crystalline materials with a high degree of specificity & accuracy.
- 4. INSTRUMENTATION OF X-RAY SPECTROMETRY COMPONENTS: 1. Source: The X-Ray tubes, radioisotopes & secondary fluorescent sources. 2. Filters & Monochromators. 3. A Sample holder. 4. A Radiation detector or transducer. 5. A Signal processor & read out.
- 7. MONOCHROMATORS Used for restricting the wavelength range of incident radiation. Used to absorb certain 了s but permit desired 了s. Consists of a pair of beam collimators & a dispersing element. Is placed between the X-ray source & the sample. Only one type of radiation is however desired.
- 8. GONIOMETER - Rotatable table. - Is the analyzing crystal positioning system - When the crystal rotates by 慮o the detector rotates through 2慮o - The detector is therefore always in the correct position (the Bragg angle) to detect dispersed & diffracted radiation. COLLIMATORS - Consists of a series of closely spaced metal plates. - Absorb all but parallel beams of radiation. MONOCHROMATORS
- 9. BRAGG EQUATION where D spacing of the analyzing crystal 哦 half the angle between the detector & the sample n order of diffraction d2 n sin MONOCHROMATORS A Single crystal mounted on a goniometer that permits variation & precise determination of angle 哦 between crystal face & collimated incident beam. By Bragg equation, for any given angular setting of the goniometer, only a few wavelengths are diffracted.
- 10. As the crystal rotates through an angle 哦, the detector must simultaneously move through an angle 2哦.
- 12. DETECTORS - Transform photon energy into electrical pulses. - The pulses (photons) are recorded as counts per second (known as count rate). - Count rate is a measure of the intensity of the X-ray beam. Three classes of X-ray detectors - Gas-filled detectors - Scintillation detectors - Semiconductor detectors
- 13. Gas-Filled Detectors - Filled with inert gas. - Gas is ionized by X-ray photons to produce Gaseous+ ions and e- - Under the influence of an applied potential, e- move to central wire anode & are detected; While slower moving cations attracted towards metal cathode. DETECTORS
- 14. Gas-Filled Detectors - Three types Ionization Chambers - Number of electrons reaching the anode is reasonably constant. Proportional Counters - Number of electrons increases rapidly with applied voltage. Geiger Muller Tubes - Enormous amplification of the electrical pulse. DETECTORS
- 15. GAS AMPLIFICATION OF VARIOUS TYPES OF GAS- FILLED DETECTORS
- 16. THE GEIGER TUBE Operated in the voltage region V5 & V6. Tubes are filled with Ar. Amplification of electrical pulse is enormous in this region. Gas amplification > 10^9. Each photon produces an avalance of electrons & cations. Conduction of electricity is not continuous.
- 17. THE GEIGER TUBE LIMITATIONS: Lacks the large counting range of other detectors. Has long dead time. Its use in X-ray spectrometers is limited by this factor. Quantitative applications have decreased.
- 18. THANK YOU