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El documento describe los or¨ªgenes del cine y la animaci¨®n. Comenz¨® con sombras chinas hace m¨¢s de 2000 a?os y evolucion¨® a trav¨¦s de inventos como el zootropo, praxinoscopio, cinemat¨®grafo y proyecciones de los hermanos Lumi¨¨re. Se describen tambi¨¦n las principales t¨¦cnicas de animaci¨®n como el dibujo animado, stop motion, rotoscopia y animaci¨®n 3D.
This document discusses topics related to arbitrage opportunities in the Pakistan FX market, the role of IT in the FX market, and interviewing an FX broker. It provides examples of different types of arbitrage, including two-point, three-point, and interest rate arbitrage. Currency arbitrage aims to exploit small differences in currency quotes. The role of IT in the FX market is discussed, outlining how software and online trading platforms have made operations more efficient, quick, and accurate compared to manual processes.
Pr¨¢ce se zab?v¨¢ zmapov¨¢n¨ªm koncept? ideologie a hegemonie. V nashrom¨¢?d¨§n¨¦m materi¨¢lu hled¨¢ reartikulaci t¨§chto koncept?, kter¨¢ by byla smyslupln¨§ aplikovateln¨¢ v anal?ze medi¨¢ln¨ªch obraz? dne?ka. Reartikulace se op¨ªr¨¢ o p?eveden¨ª koncept? o obecn¨¦m p?soben¨ª ideologie do terminologie diskurzu, shrom¨¢?d¨§n¨ª specificky ideologick?ch okolnost¨ª pod pojmem ideologick? diskurz, distinkci diskurzu a ideologick¨¦ho diskurzu, vymezen¨ª hegemonick¨¦ formace a nod¨¢ln¨ªch bod? a jejich souvislosti s dominantn¨ªm a obecn?m diskurzem.
1. Argumentace
T¨¦ma jsem si vybral, proto?e Max Weber mi p?ijde jako nad?asov? myslitel. Jeho n¨¢zory jsou
mi bl¨ªzk¨¦, a proto jsem byl r¨¢d, ?e mohu ps¨¢t pr¨¢v¨§ o n¨§m.
Pr¨¢ci jsem napsal p?i sv¨¦m studiu na politologii, proto mi p?i?lo vhodn¨¦ se pod¨ªvat zrovna na
to, jak vid¨ª Max Weber uspo?¨¢d¨¢n¨ª st¨¢tu. Esej m¨§la b?t kr¨¢tk¨¢, sp¨ª?e m¨§la slou?it jako
uveden¨ª do t¨¦matu.
P?i psan¨ª pr¨¢ce jsem si pro?el n¨§kolik knih, nakonec mi v?ak nejl¨¦pe poslou?ila kniha p?¨ªmo
od Maxe Webera, kde bylo v?e ?e?eno samotn?m autorem a dalo se tedy spolehnout na to,
?e moje interpretace bude vych¨¢zet z p?vodn¨ª my?lenky.
Anotace
Text se zab?v¨¢ popisem a p?edstaven¨ªm z¨¢kladn¨ªch my?lenek Maxe Webera, kter¨¢ se t?kaj¨ª
politiky a uspo?¨¢d¨¢n¨ª st¨¢tu. Popisuje typologii t?ech zp?sob? z¨ªsk¨¢n¨ª moci a ovl¨¢d¨¢n¨ª st¨¢tu a
jejich stru?n? popis ¨C tedy leg¨¢ln¨ª, tradi?n¨ª a charismatick¨¦ panstv¨ª. Z¨¢rove¨¾ se sna?¨ª uk¨¢zat,
jak¨¦ prost?edky jsou nutn¨¦ pro z¨ªsk¨¢n¨ª a udr?en¨ª moci ve st¨¢t¨§.
Kl¨ª?ov¨¢ slova
Max Weber, panstv¨ª, moc, st¨¢t
Infografika
2. Max Weber a jeho pojet¨ª st¨¢tu
?vod
M?m ¨²kolem je stru?n¨§ popsat z¨¢kladn¨ª rysy Weberova pojet¨ª politiky a politick¨¦ v¨§dy. Jeho
znalosti byly opravdu velice rozs¨¢hl¨¦, proto je tato pr¨¢ce relativn¨§ obecn¨¢ a nezab¨ªh¨¢ do
p?¨ªli?n?ch detail?. Vzhledem k zadan¨¦mu charakteru t¨¦to pr¨¢ce jsem se zdr?el osobn¨ªch
n¨¢zor? a v¨§noval jsem se sp¨ª?e popisu Weberov?ch n¨¢zor? a my?lenek.
Max Weber
Pro za?¨¢tek bych r¨¢d v kr¨¢tkosti p?edstavil osobnost Maxe Webera.
Narodil se roku 1864 v Erfurtu v N¨§mecku. Za?al studovat na univerzit¨§ v Heidelbergu pr¨¢va,
nakonec v?ak skon?il jako profesor ekonomie. (Wikipedia)
Ve sv¨¦m ?ivot¨§ se zab?val sociologi¨ª, ekonomi¨ª a politologi¨ª.
Mezi jeho nejzn¨¢m¨§j?¨ª d¨ªla pat?¨ª Protestantsk¨¢ etika a duch kapitalismu z roku 1905, a
Metodologie, sociologie a politika, co? nen¨ª jeho p?vodn¨ª kniha, ale jedn¨¢ se o soubor mnoha
r?zn?ch stat¨ª, p?edn¨¢?ek apod., kter¨¦ jsou sestaveny do jedn¨¦ celistv¨¦ knihy.
V jeho n¨¢zorech m??eme identifikovat vlivy, kter¨¦ formovaly jeho my?len¨ª. Jedn¨¢ se zejm¨¦na
o kapitalismus, racionalitu, kter¨¢ m??e n¨§kdy p?sobit a? odosobn¨§n¨§, a v neposledn¨ª ?ad¨§ jeho
kritick? postoj k marxismu, kter? v dob¨§ Maxe Webera byl pova?ov¨¢n za zlomov?.
Weberovy politick¨¦ my?lenky
Politick¨¢ moc je soust?ed¨§na ve st¨¢t¨§ a je jeho prost?ednictv¨ªm tak¨¦ vykon¨¢v¨¢na. St¨¢tn¨ª apar¨¢t
m??e jako legitimn¨ª prost?edek k udr?en¨ª sv¨¦ moci pou?¨ªvat n¨¢sil¨ª. Pokud by se n¨¢sil¨ª
neuplat¨¾ovalo, vznikla by podle Webera anarchie.(Weber 1998:246-247) N¨¢sil¨ª zde umo?¨¾uje
a usnad¨¾uje praktikov¨¢n¨ª mocensk¨¦ho p?soben¨ª, kter¨¦ je z¨¢le?itost¨ª st¨¢tn¨ªho apar¨¢tu, kter? sm¨ª
ur?ovat, jak¨¦ n¨¢sil¨ª je povolen¨¦, a co u? je mimo z¨¢kon, a? u? psan?, ?i nepsan?.
St¨¢t je v?sledkem panstv¨ª ?lov¨§ka nad ?lov¨§kem, jde o to, ?e ve spole?enstv¨ª lid¨ª je n¨§kdo,
kdo ovl¨¢d¨¢ ale v¨§t?ina lid¨ª je ovl¨¢dan?ch.(Weber 1998:247) Ovl¨¢dan¨ª lid¨¦ se mus¨ª podrobit
3. autorit¨§ vl¨¢dnouc¨ªch ?i vl¨¢dnouc¨ªho, kter¨¢ je nezbytn¨¢ k ¨²sp¨§?n¨¦mu vl¨¢dnut¨ª a udr?en¨ª moci.
Pokud vl¨¢dnouc¨ª skupina nem¨¢ autoritu, nen¨ª schopna vl¨¢dnout.
Tato autorita b?v¨¢ z¨ªsk¨¢v¨¢na podle Webera t?emi zp?soby, kter¨¦ jsou roz?azeny na z¨¢klad¨§
legitimity t¨¦to autority. T¨§mto t?em typ?m ?¨ªk¨¢ panstv¨ª. (Weber 1998:247)
Prvotn¨ªm druhem bylo panstv¨ª tradi?n¨ª (Weber 1998:248), kter¨¦ se op¨ªralo o tradici
panovn¨ªk?. Lid¨¦ zkr¨¢tka uzn¨¢vali vl¨¢dnouc¨ªho ?lov¨§ka nebo skupinu lid¨ª jako n¨§co, co je dan¨¦
letitou posloupnost¨ª jejich n¨¢stupu do funkce a nijak nep?em??leli o zm¨§n¨§ t¨¦to tradice.
V?hodou panovn¨ªka v tomto panstv¨ª je jeho velik¨¢ a nezpochybniteln¨¢ moc, kter¨¢ je v?ak
v¨¢z¨¢na tradicemi. Pokud se panovn¨ªk t¨§mito tradicemi ne?¨ªd¨ª, ztr¨¢c¨ª autoritu a panstv¨ª vede
k z¨¢niku. Typem tohoto panstv¨ª jsou nap?. st?edov¨§k¨¢ kr¨¢lovstv¨ª.
Druh?m zp?sobem bylo panstv¨ª charismatick¨¦ (Weber 1998:248), kter¨¦ je zalo?eno na osob¨§,
kter¨¢ m¨¢ ur?it¨¦ kouzlo osobnosti, a? u? opodstatn¨§n¨¦ n¨§jak?mi neobvykl?mi schopnostmi,
slibovan?m zp?sobem vl¨¢dy, p?irozenou autoritou apod. Tento typ panstv¨ª je obvykle spojen
s revoluc¨ª a zm¨§nou hodnot o?ek¨¢van?ch spole?nost¨ª. Charismatick¨¦ panstv¨ª ov?em netrv¨¢
dlouho, obvykle kon?¨ª se smrt¨ª charismatick¨¦ho vl¨¢dce. ?V?dce m??e zakro?it v?ude tam, kde to
pova?uje za vhodn¨¦. Jakmile v?ak v?dce ztrat¨ª sv¨¦ charisma, ?i zem?e, ¨²?edn¨ªci ztr¨¢cej¨ª sv¨¦ pozice. Pro
v?dce i ¨²?edn¨ªky je tedy ?ivotn¨§ d?le?it¨¦ vytvo?it situaci, je? by konzervovala ono charisma.
Charismatick¨¦ panstv¨ª se tak nutn¨§ m¨§n¨ª v panstv¨ª tradi?n¨ª ?i leg¨¢ln¨ª.¡° (Pechov¨¢ 2001:466)
Jak ji? m??eme identifikovat podle uk¨¢zky, typick?m p?¨ªkladem b?vaj¨ª dikt¨¢to?i.
T?et¨ªm typem panstv¨ª je panstv¨ª racion¨¢ln¨ª (n¨§kdy tak¨¦ naz?van¨¦ byrokratick¨¦ nebo leg¨¢ln¨ª)
zalo?en¨¦ na vytvo?en¨ª ur?it?ch neosobn¨ªch obecn¨§ platn?ch pravidel, kter?mi se v?ichni ve
spole?nosti ?¨ªd¨ª a chovaj¨ª d?v¨§ru a respekt k t¨§mto pravidl?m. (Weber 1998:248)
V praxi se v?ak obvykle nesetk¨¢me s ?¨¢dn?m ?ist?m zp?sobem panstv¨ª. Ve v¨§t?in¨§ p?¨ªpad? se
jednotliv¨¢ panstv¨ª prol¨ªnaj¨ª a politick¨¦ struktury nesou charakteristick¨¦ znaky v¨ªce r?zn?ch
typ? t¨§chto panstv¨ª.(Weber 1998:248)
Ka?d? dr?itel moci pot?ebuje ur?it¨¦ prost?edky k udr?en¨ª sv¨¦ moci. T¨§mito prost?edky jsou
spr¨¢vn¨ª ?t¨¢b (lidsk¨¦ s¨ªly), kter? je motivov¨¢n jak majetkov¨§, tak i ct¨ª, a pak jsou tu prost?edky
v¨§cn¨¦. ?Modern¨ª st¨¢t je ¨²stavn¨§ p?im¨§?en?m svazem panstv¨ª, kter? na n¨§jak¨¦m ¨²zem¨ª ¨²sp¨§?n¨§
zmonopolizoval legitimn¨ª fyzickou moc jako prost?edek panstv¨ª a za t¨ªmto ¨²?elem v rukou
4. sv¨¦ho veden¨ª spojil v¨§cn¨¦ provozn¨ª prost?edky, vyvlastnil v?ak ve?ker¨¦ z vlastn¨ª moci
opr¨¢vn¨§n¨¦ stavovsk¨¦ funkcion¨¢?e, kte?¨ª jimi d?¨ªve disponovali na z¨¢klad¨§ vlastn¨ªho pr¨¢va, a
na jejich nejvy??¨ª vrchol zasedl s¨¢m.¡°(Weber 1998:251) I v t¨¦to uk¨¢zce se zrcadl¨ª Weberova
tendence p?irovn¨¢vat st¨¢t ke kapitalistick¨¦mu provozu.
Weberovo politick¨¦ sm??len¨ª je podle m¨§ v?bec ovlivn¨§no kapitalismem, ve kter¨¦m na rozd¨ªl
od Marxe vid¨ª budoucnost a pova?uje ho za ide¨¢ln¨ª typ politick¨¦ho uspo?¨¢d¨¢n¨ª. ?¨ªk¨¢, ?e
v kapitalismu doch¨¢z¨ª k racionalizaci a byrokratizaci, co? vede ke zlep?ov¨¢n¨ª efektivnosti
st¨¢tu a pokroku ve spole?nosti. (Pechov¨¢ 2001:470)
Z¨¢v¨§r
Po p?e?ten¨ª n¨§kolika pramen? by se dalo ?¨ªci, ?e Weberovo pojet¨ª souvis¨ª zejm¨¦na
s kapitalismem, nad?en¨ªm pro byrokracii a s jeho racion¨¢ln¨ªm vid¨§n¨ªm sv¨§ta. V jeho
koncepc¨ªch je c¨ªtit vliv ekonomick?ch a sociologick?ch teori¨ª a ¨²vah, kter?mi se tak¨¦ zab?val.
Jeho pojet¨ª je mi sympatick¨¦ a mysl¨ªm si, ?e i p?es dlouho dobu, kter¨¢ uplynula od jeho
?ivota, je st¨¢le platn¨¦ a v jeho d¨ªle lze objevit skute?n¨§ hodnotn¨¦ my?lenky.
Pou?it¨¢ literatura:
WEBER, Max. Metodologie, sociologie a politika. 1. vyd. Sestavil a uspo?¨¢dal Milo?
Havelka. Praha: Oikoymenh, 1998, 354 s. ISBN 80-860-0548-8.
1. Origin¨¢ln¨ª my?lenky M. Webera
2. Doporu?en¨¢ a uzn¨¢van¨¢ kniha na FSS
3. Vhodn¨¦ pro t¨¦ma pr¨¢ce
4. Relevantn¨ª a validn¨ª informace
5. Dostupnost v knihovn¨¢ch
PECHOV?, Martina. Max Weber: Myslitel a politik. Sociologick? ?asopis [online]. 2001,
ro?. XXXVII [cit. 2009-10-31], s. 463-471. Dostupn? z WWW:
<http://sreview.soc.cas.cz/uploads/05ef751021ac0e7d96581c5bb7a8a6e987dd8069_137_463
PECHO.pdf>.
1. Uzn¨¢van? oborov? odborn? ?asopis
2. Relevantn¨ª k dan¨¦mu t¨¦matu
3. P?¨ªstup p?es internet i p?es ti?t¨§nou verzi
5. 4. Odbornost a erudice autorky
5. Dobr¨¢ jazykov¨¢ ¨²rove¨¾
Max Weber. In: Wikipedia: the free encyclopedia [online]. San Francisco (CA): Wikimedia
Foundation, 2001- [cit. 2013-01-02]. Dostupn¨¦ z: http://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Weber
1. Pro obecn¨¦ informace o ?ivot¨§ M. Webera dosta?uj¨ªc¨ª zdroj
2. Stejn¨¦ informace jako v u?ebnici ze st?edn¨ª ?koly ¨C platn¨¦ a ov¨§?en¨¦
3. Snadn¨¢ p?¨ªstupnost
4. Mo?nost upravit myln¨¦ informace