The document identifies some common Scrum failure patterns in small companies, including having no product owner or a product owner with poor domain knowledge, organizational issues like unclear roles and lack of resources, and issues with the development team such as not doing standups and weak engagement from testers. It recommends recognizing when failure patterns occur and acting quickly, having the Scrum master ask the team for feedback, doing retrospectives to inspect and adapt, and standing up to management when needed to improve processes over time.