Lisa Evans

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Researchers in New Zealand studied avocado flower morphology and fruit set. They found that hand pollination increased fruit set by 30 times compared to natural pollination. Removing flowers from the tips of inflorescences increased fruit set 5 times more than removing flowers from the base. While determinate and indeterminate trees showed no difference in fruit set, adding pollen was found to be limiting and increasing pollination can help boost avocado production.

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The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited

Avocado – Fruit set

Mark Goodwin, Lisa Evans and Heather McBrydie

Aim:

To see if we can determine which flowers will set
fruit.

The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited

Introduction:

• Morphology
• Pollinators
• Fruit set
• Summary

The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited

Female phase Male phase

The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited

The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited

Morning - Female
Day 1
Morning –
Male

Closed
Afternoon –
Female

Day 2 Morning - Male

The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited

Morning - Female
Day 1
Morning –
Male

Closed
Afternoon –
Female

Day 2 Afternoon - Male

The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited

Afternoon - Female
Day 1
Morning –
Female

Closed
Afternoon –
Male

Day 2 Morning - Male

Determinate vs. indeterminate

Treatment No. of No. of flowers No. of fruit Average %
trees (19/02/09) fruit set
Determinate

Indeterminate

The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited

Determinate vs. indeterminate

Treatment No. of No. of flowers No. of fruit Average %
trees (19/02/09) fruit set
Determinate 20

Indeterminate 20

The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited

Determinate vs. indeterminate

Treatment No. of No. of flowers No. of fruit Average %
trees (19/02/09) fruit set
Determinate 20 29865

Indeterminate 20 23793

The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited

Determinate vs. indeterminate

Treatment No. of No. of flowers No. of fruit Average %
trees (19/02/09) fruit set
Determinate 20 29865 56

Indeterminate 20 23793 40

The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited

Determinate vs. indeterminate

Treatment No. of No. of flowers No. of fruit Average %
trees (19/02/09) fruit set
Determinate 20 29865 56 0.18

Indeterminate 20 23793 40 0.24

The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited

0.7

0.6

0.5
Percent fruit set

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0.0
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

Inflorescence

The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited

Inflorescence removal

Treatment No. of trees No. of fruit (19/02/09) Average % set

Tip 20

Base 20

Control 20

The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited

Inflorescence removal

Treatment No. of trees No. of fruit (19/02/09) Average % set

Tip 20 32 0.398

Base 20 7 0.087

Control 20 35 0.225

The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited

Hand pollination

Treatment No. of No. of No. of No. of Average
trees replicates flowers fruit % fruit set
(19/02/09)
Determinate 11 14 277

Indeterminate 11 14 287

The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited

Hand pollination

Treatment No. of No. of No. of No. of Average
trees replicates flowers fruit % fruit set
(19/02/09)
Determinate 11 14 277 16 5.7

Indeterminate 11 14 287 13 4.6

The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited

8

6
Percent fruit set

4

2

0
0 1 2 3
Control Hand pollinated

The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited

Summary

• No determinate/indeterminate effect

• Base tip effect 5X

• Pollen added effect 30x

• Suggests pollination limiting

The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited

Conclusion

We can increase fruit set by adding pollen

The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited

Next season

Repeat last season

Distribution of fruit on trees relative to pollinizers

Repeat pollinations - 5 Flowers per inflorescence

Check hand pollinations

Possibly look at bee movements

The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited

The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited

www.plantandfood.com

mark.goodwin@plantandfood.co.nz

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1. The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited Avocado – Fruit set Mark Goodwin, Lisa Evans and Heather McBrydie

2. Aim: To see if we can determine which flowers will set fruit. The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited

3. Introduction: • Morphology • Pollinators • Fruit set • Summary The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited

5. Female phase Male phase The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited

6. The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited

7. Morning - Female Day 1 Morning – Male Closed Afternoon – Female Day 2 Morning - Male The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited

8. Morning - Female Day 1 Morning – Male Closed Afternoon – Female Day 2 Afternoon - Male The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited

9. Afternoon - Female Day 1 Morning – Female Closed Afternoon – Male Day 2 Morning - Male

10. The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited

13. The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited

14. The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited

15. Determinate vs. indeterminate Treatment No. of No. of flowers No. of fruit Average % trees (19/02/09) fruit set Determinate Indeterminate The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited

16. Determinate vs. indeterminate Treatment No. of No. of flowers No. of fruit Average % trees (19/02/09) fruit set Determinate 20 Indeterminate 20 The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited

17. Determinate vs. indeterminate Treatment No. of No. of flowers No. of fruit Average % trees (19/02/09) fruit set Determinate 20 29865 Indeterminate 20 23793 The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited

18. Determinate vs. indeterminate Treatment No. of No. of flowers No. of fruit Average % trees (19/02/09) fruit set Determinate 20 29865 56 Indeterminate 20 23793 40 The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited

19. Determinate vs. indeterminate Treatment No. of No. of flowers No. of fruit Average % trees (19/02/09) fruit set Determinate 20 29865 56 0.18 Indeterminate 20 23793 40 0.24 The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited

20. 0.7 0.6 0.5 Percent fruit set 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Inflorescence The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited

21. Inflorescence removal Treatment No. of trees No. of fruit (19/02/09) Average % set Tip 20 Base 20 Control 20 The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited

22. Inflorescence removal Treatment No. of trees No. of fruit (19/02/09) Average % set Tip 20 Base 20 Control 20 The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited

23. Inflorescence removal Treatment No. of trees No. of fruit (19/02/09) Average % set Tip 20 32 0.398 Base 20 7 0.087 Control 20 35 0.225 The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited

24. Hand pollination Treatment No. of No. of No. of No. of Average trees replicates flowers fruit % fruit set (19/02/09) Determinate 11 14 277 Indeterminate 11 14 287 The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited

25. Hand pollination Treatment No. of No. of No. of No. of Average trees replicates flowers fruit % fruit set (19/02/09) Determinate 11 14 277 16 5.7 Indeterminate 11 14 287 13 4.6 The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited

26. 8 6 Percent fruit set 4 2 0 0 1 2 3 Control Hand pollinated The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited

28. Summary • No determinate/indeterminate effect • Base tip effect 5X • Pollen added effect 30x • Suggests pollination limiting The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited

29. Conclusion We can increase fruit set by adding pollen The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited

30. Next season Repeat last season Distribution of fruit on trees relative to pollinizers Repeat pollinations - 5 Flowers per inflorescence Check hand pollinations Possibly look at bee movements The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited

31. The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited www.plantandfood.com mark.goodwin@plantandfood.co.nz

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