The document discusses the examination of cervical disorders. It begins with an introduction to the anatomy of the cervical spine and then describes the various functions of the spine. The document outlines the process for examining the cervical spine, including obtaining a history, inspecting for abnormalities, palpating the spine, and performing special tests to assess range of motion and potential nerve impingement. Common cervical conditions like herniated discs and bone spurs are also summarized. The examination techniques are explained in detail with diagrams to illustrate proper procedures like compression, distraction, and rotation tests.
This document provides an overview of the anatomy and physiology of the human ear. It describes the three main regions of the ear - external, middle, and inner ear. The external ear includes the auricle, external auditory canal, and eardrum. The middle ear contains the auditory ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes), oval window, and eustachian tube. The inner ear is divided into the bony and membranous labyrinths, which include the semicircular canals, vestibule, and cochlea. Sound waves cause the eardrum and ossicles to vibrate, transmitting the vibrations through the oval window to hair cells in the co
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The document presents an overview of the complement system, detailing its history, components, and functions in the immune response. It explains the pathways of activation, including the classical, alternative, and lectin pathways, and highlights the roles of complement proteins in opsonization, inflammation, and pathogen clearance. The complement system is vital for both innate and adaptive immunity, contributing significantly to the body's defense mechanisms against infections.
Goniometry refers to the measurement of joint angles in the human body. It is an important part of a physical examination to determine range of motion, evaluate progress, and modify treatment. There are different types of goniometers used to measure motion in various planes at joints like the shoulder, elbow, wrist, fingers, hip, and spine. Factors like a person's age, joint health, surrounding soft tissues, and pathological conditions can impact the normal range of motion values. Proper positioning, stabilization, and identification of bony landmarks is required to accurately measure and document a joint's range of motion.
Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease that results in chronic systemic inflammation that can affect many tissues, but principally attacks synovial joints. It affects 1-3% of adults and is more common in females. Diagnosis is based on meeting 4 out of 7 criteria including morning stiffness, joint pain/swelling in specific joints, rheumatoid nodules, positive rheumatoid factor or imaging findings. If left untreated it can cause joint deformity, erosion and damage. Treatment involves medications like NSAIDs, DMARDs, steroids and surgery in some cases. Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis is the same condition but in children under 16 years of age.
Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic disease that damages joints, causing inflammation and stiffness. It affects approximately 1% of the world's population, mostly women. While the exact cause is unknown, it is an autoimmune disorder where the immune system attacks the body's own tissues. Symptoms include fatigue, lack of appetite, fever, and joint pain. It is diagnosed through blood tests and x-rays. Treatment involves medications like NSAIDs, DMARDs, and corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and manage symptoms.