Lecture11 :- Introduction Of immunology
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Immunology is the science that studies the immune system and its mechanisms for protecting the body against pathogens and foreign agents. The immune system can be innate or adaptive. The innate immune system provides rapid but non-specific responses, while the adaptive immune system is antigen-specific, adapts its responses, discriminates between self and non-self, and develops immunological memory. Antigens are any agents that can bind to immune components like lymphocytes and antibodies and elicit an immune response. Antibodies are large Y-shaped proteins that recognize and neutralize pathogens by binding to unique molecules on their surface called antigens. There are five main types of antibodies that differ in their constant region and distribution and function in the body.
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This document provides guidelines for safely handling specimens in the laboratory to avoid injuries and laboratory-acquired infections. Specimen containers should be strong, leakproof, and correctly labeled. Secondary containers that are autoclavable should be used to transport specimens within the lab and prevent accidental spills. Areas for receiving specimens should be designated, and personnel should be trained to use standard precautions like gloves, gowns, and safety equipment when unpacking packages in case of broken containers. Eating, drinking, applying cosmetics and touching the face are prohibited in the lab. Only trained staff should separate serum while wearing proper protective equipment to prevent splashes or aerosols.safety and biosecurity (lab4).Biosafety Cabinets (BSCs)
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Biological safety cabinets (BSCs) provide protection for personnel, environment, and product through HEPA-filtered airflow. There are three classes of BSCs - Class I protects personnel and environment through exhaust filtration; Class II protects personnel, environment, and product through inward airflow and HEPA filtration of exhaust and sometimes recirculated air; Class III provides maximum protection through full exhaust filtration. Proper use and maintenance of BSCs is important for safety, such as avoiding disruptions to airflow, responding to alarms, and following decontamination procedures.safety and biosecurity (lab3).Personal protective equipment (PPE)
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Personal protective equipment (PPE) is designed to protect healthcare workers from illness or injury from workplace hazards and prevent the spread of pathogens. Common types of PPE used in healthcare settings include gloves, masks, gowns, eye protection, and respirators. PPE should be worn when exposed to blood, body fluids, secretions or contaminated materials, and removed properly after use to avoid spreading contamination. Healthcare workers must be trained on appropriate PPE use, including proper donning and doffing techniques, to safely protect themselves and prevent the spread of infection.safety and biosecurity (lab2).pptx
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Fire safety in laboratories is important. Different types of fire extinguishers are designed for different classes of fires. It is important to know which type of extinguisher to use for various fires. All laboratories should have fire extinguishers located inside or directly outside, and they should be inspected annually. Personnel should be trained on how to use the extinguishers and the evacuation plan. In case of a fire alarm, all personnel must stop work, leave belongings, and calmly evacuate to the parking area. The PASS method can help remember how to use an extinguisher - Pull the pin, Aim at the base of the fire, Squeeze the handle, Sweep side to side until the fire is outRecently uploaded (20)
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Title: Regulation of Tubular Reabsorption A Comprehensive Overview
Description:
This lecture provides a detailed and structured explanation of the mechanisms regulating tubular reabsorption in the kidneys. It explores how different physiological and hormonal factors influence glomerular filtration and reabsorption rates, ensuring fluid and electrolyte balance in the body.
Who Should Read This?
This presentation is designed for:
鏝 Medical Students (MBBS, BDS, Nursing, Allied Health Sciences) preparing for physiology exams.
鏝 Medical Educators & Professors looking for structured teaching material.
鏝 Healthcare Professionals (doctors, nephrologists, and physiologists) seeking a refresher on renal physiology.
鏝 Postgraduate Students & Researchers in the field of medical sciences and physiology.
What Youll Learn:
Local Regulation of Tubular Reabsorption
鏝 Glomerulo-Tubular Balance its mechanism and clinical significance
鏝 Net reabsorptive forces affecting peritubular capillaries
鏝 Role of peritubular hydrostatic and colloid osmotic pressures
Hormonal Regulation of Tubular Reabsorption
鏝 Effects of Aldosterone, Angiotensin II, ADH, and Natriuretic Peptides
鏝 Clinical conditions like Addisons disease & Conn Syndrome
鏝 Mechanisms of pressure natriuresis and diuresis
Nervous System Regulation
鏝 Sympathetic Nervous System activation and its effects on sodium reabsorption
Clinical Correlations & Case Discussions
鏝 How renal regulation is altered in hypertension, hypotension, and proteinuria
鏝 Comparison of Glomerulo-Tubular Balance vs. Tubulo-Glomerular Feedback
This presentation provides detailed diagrams, flowcharts, and calculations to enhance understanding and retention. Whether you are studying, teaching, or practicing medicine, this lecture will serve as a valuable resource for mastering renal physiology.
Keywords for Easy Search:
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Combined motion of GH and ST joint of shoulder complex helps in:
Distribution of motion between other two joints.
Maintenance of glenoid fossa in optimal position.
Maintenance of good length tension
Although some amount of glenohumeral motion may occur while the other shoulder articulations remain stabilized, movement of the humerus more commonly involves some movement at all three shoulder joints.
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Definition & Mechanisms of Solubilization
Role of surfactants, micelles, and bile salts in drug solubility
Factors affecting solubilization (pH, polarity, particle size, temperature, etc.)
Methods to enhance drug solubility (Buffers, Co-solvents, Surfactants, Complexation, Solid Dispersions)
Advanced approaches (Polymorphism, Salt Formation, Co-crystallization, Prodrugs)
This resource is valuable for pharmaceutical scientists, formulation experts, regulatory professionals, and students interested in improving drug solubility and bioavailability.
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this content related to birth companionship, role of birth companion in care of mother and neonatal IMMUNO-ONCOLOGY DESCOVERING THE IMPORTANCE OF CLINICAL IMUNOLOGY IN MEDICINE
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A legal right is a claim or entitlement that is recognized and protected by the law. It can also refer to the power or privilege that the law grants to a person. Human rights include the right to life and liberty, freedom from slavery and torture, freedom of opinion and expression, the right to work and educationRenal Physiology - Regulation of GFR and RBF
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1. Explain the physiological control of glomerular filtration and renal blood flow
2. Describe the humoral and autoregulatory feedback mechanisms that mediate the autoregulation of renal plasma flow and glomerular filtration rate
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Lecture11 :- Introduction Of immunology
- 1. Lecture :- Introduction Of immunology Dr. Raghda Saad Mohammed Immunology
- 2. Immunology Immunology: is the science that studying the immune system and deferens mechanisms against diseases and pathogens. Immunity : refers to all the mechanisms used by the body for protection against environmental agents that are foreign to the body. The immunity may be innate or acquired(adaptive). What is make the immune system different other systems? 1- specificity 2- adaptiveness 3- discrimination between self and nonself 4- memory
- 3. adaptive Innate Property Antigen specific Slow response (days) Memory Antigen nonspecific Rapid response (minutes to hours) No memory characteristics Lymphocytes Antigen recognition molecules ( B and T cell receptors Natural barriers (e.g. skin, mucous Membranes Phagocytes and natural killer cells Immune components
- 4. Antigen Antigen: is any agent that capable of binding specifically to components of the immune response such as lymphocytes and antibodies. Immunogen: is any agent capable of inducing an immune response. Haptens are small molecules that elicit an immune response only when attached to a large carrier such as a protein Autoimmunity: the body respond to it own components. Characteristics of antigens 1- Foreignness 2- High molecular weight 3- Chemical complexity 4- Degradability 5- Genetic constitution
- 5. Antibody antibody (Ab), also known as an immunoglobulin (Ig), is a large, Y- shaped protein used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects such as pathogenic bacteria and viruses The antibody recognizes a unique molecule of the pathogen, called an antigen.
- 6. Antibody types There are 5 types of heavy chain constant regions in antibodies (immunoglobulin) and according to these types, they are classified into IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, and IgE. They are distributed and function differently in the body. IgG Cross of placenta; IgA found in saliva & mucous: IgE responsible for allergic reaction ; IgD activation mast cells ; IgM have 5 arms
- 7. Thanks you