Lecture 10:- The viruses
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Viruses are ultramicroscopic particles that contain either RNA or DNA and reproduce inside living cells. They lack cellular organization and the ability to synthesize proteins and nucleic acids. Viruses come in a wide range of sizes and shapes, from 20nm foot and mouth viruses to 300nm pox viruses that are brick-shaped. A virus particle consists of nucleic acid, a protein coat called a capsid that surrounds and protects the genetic material, and in some cases an outer lipid membrane. Examples of viral diseases include influenza, mumps, smallpox, polio, measles, coronaviruses, hepatitis, HIV, and Ebola.
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Virus means poison that are associated with death and disease.
They are obligate intracellular parasites. i.e. they can reproduce or replicate only inside a host cell.
They contain only one type of nucleic acid, either DNA or RNA.
They lack enzymes required for protein and nucleic acid synthesis.
They multiply by a complex process and not by binary fission.
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Capsid
Virus is surrounded by a protein coat called capsid.
The capsid with the enclosed nucleic acid is known as nucleocapsid.
The function of the capsid is to protect the nucleic acid from inactivation by nucleases and other deleterious agents in the environment.
They also concern with introducing viral genome into host cells by adsorbing readily to cell surfaces.
The capsid is composed of individual protein subunits are called capsomeres.
The number of capsomeres are characteristics for a particular virus.
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This document defines various terms related to disinfection and sterilization such as antimicrobial, antiseptic, biocide, decontamination, disinfection, and sporocide. It then describes different physical and chemical sterilization methods. Physical sterilization methods discussed include sunlight, drying, heat (dry and moist), and filtration. Chemical sterilization methods outlined are acids, alkalis, halogens like iodine, formaldehyde, soaps and detergents, and aerosol/gaseous disinfectants like chlorine and formalin vapor. The document provides details on the mechanisms and applications of several of these sterilization techniques.safety and biosecurity (lab5).Laboratory techniques - How to Avoid Injuries ...
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This document provides guidelines for safely handling specimens in the laboratory to avoid injuries and laboratory-acquired infections. Specimen containers should be strong, leakproof, and correctly labeled. Secondary containers that are autoclavable should be used to transport specimens within the lab and prevent accidental spills. Areas for receiving specimens should be designated, and personnel should be trained to use standard precautions like gloves, gowns, and safety equipment when unpacking packages in case of broken containers. Eating, drinking, applying cosmetics and touching the face are prohibited in the lab. Only trained staff should separate serum while wearing proper protective equipment to prevent splashes or aerosols.safety and biosecurity (lab4).Biosafety Cabinets (BSCs)
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Biological safety cabinets (BSCs) provide protection for personnel, environment, and product through HEPA-filtered airflow. There are three classes of BSCs - Class I protects personnel and environment through exhaust filtration; Class II protects personnel, environment, and product through inward airflow and HEPA filtration of exhaust and sometimes recirculated air; Class III provides maximum protection through full exhaust filtration. Proper use and maintenance of BSCs is important for safety, such as avoiding disruptions to airflow, responding to alarms, and following decontamination procedures.safety and biosecurity (lab3).Personal protective equipment (PPE)
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Personal protective equipment (PPE) is designed to protect healthcare workers from illness or injury from workplace hazards and prevent the spread of pathogens. Common types of PPE used in healthcare settings include gloves, masks, gowns, eye protection, and respirators. PPE should be worn when exposed to blood, body fluids, secretions or contaminated materials, and removed properly after use to avoid spreading contamination. Healthcare workers must be trained on appropriate PPE use, including proper donning and doffing techniques, to safely protect themselves and prevent the spread of infection.safety and biosecurity (lab2).pptx
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Fire safety in laboratories is important. Different types of fire extinguishers are designed for different classes of fires. It is important to know which type of extinguisher to use for various fires. All laboratories should have fire extinguishers located inside or directly outside, and they should be inspected annually. Personnel should be trained on how to use the extinguishers and the evacuation plan. In case of a fire alarm, all personnel must stop work, leave belongings, and calmly evacuate to the parking area. The PASS method can help remember how to use an extinguisher - Pull the pin, Aim at the base of the fire, Squeeze the handle, Sweep side to side until the fire is outRecently uploaded (20)
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Personality theory is a collection of ideas that explain how a person's personality develops and how it affects their behavior. It also seeks to understand how people react to situations, and how their personality impacts their relationships.
Key aspects of personality theory
Personality traits: The characteristics that make up a person's personality.
Personality development: How a person's personality develops over time.
Personality disorders: How personality theories can be used to study personality disorders.
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Unit 1: Introduction to Histological and Cytological techniques
Differentiate histology and cytology
Overview on tissue types
Function and components of the compound light microscope
Overview on common Histological Techniques:
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Title: Regulation of Tubular Reabsorption A Comprehensive Overview
Description:
This lecture provides a detailed and structured explanation of the mechanisms regulating tubular reabsorption in the kidneys. It explores how different physiological and hormonal factors influence glomerular filtration and reabsorption rates, ensuring fluid and electrolyte balance in the body.
Who Should Read This?
This presentation is designed for:
鏝 Medical Students (MBBS, BDS, Nursing, Allied Health Sciences) preparing for physiology exams.
鏝 Medical Educators & Professors looking for structured teaching material.
鏝 Healthcare Professionals (doctors, nephrologists, and physiologists) seeking a refresher on renal physiology.
鏝 Postgraduate Students & Researchers in the field of medical sciences and physiology.
What Youll Learn:
Local Regulation of Tubular Reabsorption
鏝 Glomerulo-Tubular Balance its mechanism and clinical significance
鏝 Net reabsorptive forces affecting peritubular capillaries
鏝 Role of peritubular hydrostatic and colloid osmotic pressures
Hormonal Regulation of Tubular Reabsorption
鏝 Effects of Aldosterone, Angiotensin II, ADH, and Natriuretic Peptides
鏝 Clinical conditions like Addisons disease & Conn Syndrome
鏝 Mechanisms of pressure natriuresis and diuresis
Nervous System Regulation
鏝 Sympathetic Nervous System activation and its effects on sodium reabsorption
Clinical Correlations & Case Discussions
鏝 How renal regulation is altered in hypertension, hypotension, and proteinuria
鏝 Comparison of Glomerulo-Tubular Balance vs. Tubulo-Glomerular Feedback
This presentation provides detailed diagrams, flowcharts, and calculations to enhance understanding and retention. Whether you are studying, teaching, or practicing medicine, this lecture will serve as a valuable resource for mastering renal physiology.
Keywords for Easy Search:
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Key Topics Covered:
鏝 Viable air & surface sampling best practices
鏝 USP <797> requirements & compliance strategies
鏝 How to analyze & trend viable sample data
鏝 Improving environmental monitoring in cleanrooms
･ Watch Now: https://www.nuaire.com/resources/best-sampling-practices-cleanroom-usp-797
Stay informedfollow Abby Roth on LinkedIn for more cleanroom insights!
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2. Describe the humoral and autoregulatory feedback mechanisms that mediate the autoregulation of renal plasma flow and glomerular filtration rate
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Lecture 10:- The viruses
- 1. Microbiology Lecture 10:- The viruses Dr. Raghda Saad Mohammed
- 2. Viruses Virus is unicellular ultramicroscopic particles, containing either RNA or DNA, reproducing inside living cells . Characters:- 1. do not posses cellular organization 2. Contain one type of nucleic acid either RNA or DNA never both 3. Lack enzymes necessary for protein and nucleic acid synthesis 4. They multiply by complex process inside living cell called replication not by binary fission 5. They are unaffected by antimicrobial or antibiotic 6. They are sensitive for interferon, which is chemical substance give resistance to the immunity system .
- 3. Morphology of virus Size :- Viruses are very widely in size . The largest virus them is pox viruses measuring about 300 nm. The smallest virus are foot and mouth virus measuring about 20 nm Shape:- Viruses are also widely in shape , some have characteristic shape like, Rabies virus have bullet shape, Pox virus have brick shape, Influenza virus have spherical shape, Bacteriophage have head ,neck & tail
- 6. Structure A virus particle, or virion, consists of the following: Nucleic acid - genetic instructions, either DNA or RNA Protein coat (capsid) - Surrounds the DNA or RNA; for protection of genetic material Lipid membrane - Surrounds the protein coat (found only in some viruses, including influenza) These types of viruses are called enveloped viruses as opposed to naked viruses
- 8. Some virual diseaes Influenza virus Mumps virus Small pox virus Poliomyelitis virus Measles virus Coronavirus Hepatitis virus HIV Ebola virus