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Life and works of Jose Rizal: the Noli me tangeri and El fili busterismo
- 1. NOLI ME TANGERE Rizals First novel. Which means Touch me Not in Latin Considered as one of his most important written outputs as it presents questions about power and social inequalities. A narrative that aimed to represent, if not expose, the realities of 19th Century Colonial life in the Philippines. A. Noli me Tangere (Content and Context) THE PUBLICATION OF THE NOLI Madrid, Spain 1884 he wrote the first sections of his novel Noli me Tangere when he was still studying medicine. Paris in 1885, after completing his studies in Universidad Central de Madrid, he continued writing the Novel, finishing one-half-of the second half. Berlin, Germany 1886,he was finished writing the book. Vicente Blasco Iba単ez, a well-known writer and political activist volunteered to be the proof reader and consultant. December 1886, Rizal was penniless and despaired of ever publishing it. However, with the support of his wealthy friend, Maximo Viola, who came to visit him in Berlin, insisted on lending him 300 pesos for the printing of the first 2,000 copies. By 1887, Rizal was already sending out the 2,000 copies also to his friends; Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor Graciano Lopez Jaena Mariano Ponce Felix Hidalgo In March 29, 1887 Rizal gave Viola the galley proofs of the Noli me Tangere rolled around the pen that he used in writing. The painting shop- Berliner Buchdruckrei-Action-Gesselschaft MOTIVATION BEHIND WRITING THE NOLI When Rizal read Harriet Beecher Stowes Uncle Toms Cabin, which portrays the brutalities of the White American slave-owners and the pathetic life of Negro slaves under them, the book centered on the sufferings, maltreatment, and hardships experienced by the Negro slaves, this inspired Rizal to wrote a novel about the unfair treatment experienced by his countrymen under the Spanish rule and Friars. He proposed to his group of friends the Paternos- Pedro, Maximo, and Antonio as well as to Graciano Lopez Jaena. Although the other men approved the idea of writing on Philippine life, they all wanted to write about women rather that about the national problems, with this Rizal decided that he would have to write the entire book by himself. Rizal planned to write his novel in French. However, he changed it to Spanish because he intended to reach out to his countrymen in the Philippines. I must wake from its slumber the spirit of my country. I must first proposed to my countrymen an example with which they can struggle against their bad qualities, and afterwards, when they have reformed, many writers would rise up to present my country to proud Europe. -Jose Rizal PLOT OF THE NOLI The Characters of Noli Me Tangere Crisostomo Ibarra - also known by his full name as "Juan Crisostomo Ibarra y Magsalin", a Filipino who studied in Europe for 7 years, the love interest of Maria Clara. Son of the deceased Don Rafael Ibarra. The main and most important character in the novel manifests in him the Filipino who acquired European ideas through his education in Europe. Maria Clara - Maria Clara de Los Santos, Ibarra's sweetheart. The legitimate daughter of Padre Damaso and Pia Alba. She's the girl Ibarra has fallen in love with, she also mirrored the Filipino woman of religious upbringing and orientation, and through her love for Ibarra, she represents the true loyalty and religiosity of the woman in real Filipino Society. Elias - Ibarra's mysterious friend, a master boater, also a fugitive. He was referred to at one point as " the pilot". He wants to revolutionize his country. In the past, Ibarras grandfather condemned his grandfather of burning a warehouse, making Elias the fugitive he is. The character that Rizal placed to represent the Filipino masses who suffered from Spanish brutalities and abuse due to their powerlessness in the novel and in real Philippines social situation of that time. Capitan Tiago - also known in his full name as Don Santiago de Los Santos, the known father of Maria Clara but not the real one, lives in Binondo. An illegal opium leader who subsequently was a landlord. He represented a businessman who used his money to work for him even in religious life and obligations. Father Damaso - also known by his full name as "Damaso Verdolagas", a friar and Maria Clara's biological father. An antagonist in character and represents the Christian works for the Catholic friars who are in the church.
- 2. Sisa - the mother of Basilio and Crispin who became insane after losing his sons. She represents in the novel unfortunate Filipina mothers losing her two sons. In the novel, Sisa loses her sanity. Pilosopong Tasyo - also known as Don Anastacio, is portrayed in the novel as pessimistic, and mad by his neighbours. He portrays the role of a Philosopher who was completely misunderstood in many aspects, he argues with the belief of the Catholic church and social changes and concerns in the novel. Do単a Victorina - Victorina de Los Reyes de Espadana, a woman who poses herself as a Peninsulares. Wife of Don Tiburcio de Espadana, known in the novel as a trying hard rich woman who abhors anything that is Filipino and clings to the Spanish way of life. This kind of character was manifested on some Filipinos of that time. Pedro - abusive husband of Sisa who loved cockfighting The plot revolves around Crisostomo Ibarra, a mixed-race heir of a wealthy clan, returning home after seven years in Europe and filled with ideas on how to better the lot of his countrymen. Striving for reforms, he is confronted by an abusive ecclesiastical/the Church hierarchy and a Spanish Civil Administration by turns indifferent and cruel. Chapter 1: A Social Gathering Summary: Wealthy Binondo resident, Don Santiago de los Santos (Capitan Tiago), throws a last-minute dinner party. Among the many guests are the Dominican curate of Binondo, Fray Sibyla; the former curate of San Diego, Fransiscan Fray Damaso; an elderly lieutenant; and two civilians, Senor Laruja and a rubicund youth who has recently arrived in the country.Damaso and Laruja impress upon the rubicund youth the quality of indolence of the native population, but the conversation diverges as Sibyla asks Damaso about his tenure in San Diego. In response, The Fransiscan launches into a seemingly inexplicable tirade against the Captain- General, to which the elderly lieutenant takes offense. He reveals that Damasos anger stems from his having been transferred by the Captain-General to a new town as punishment for having had the corpse of a man falsely accused of suicide dug up.As the mutual annoyance between the friar and lieutenant abates, two other guests join the group, the lame Spaniard Doctor De Espeda単a, and his ostentatious European styled Filipina wife, Do単a Victorina. Analysis:In Chapter 1 of "Noli Me Tangere," Capitan Tiago hosts a dinner party attended by influential guests, including Fray Damaso and Fray Sibyla. Damaso's anger towards the Captain-General is revealed, and new guests, Doctor De Espeda単a and Do単a Victorina, arrive, setting the stage for further conflicts. The chapter explores social dynamics and introduces key characters in the story. Chapter 2: Crisostomo Ibarra Summary: Capitan Tiago arrives at his house leading by the hand a young man dressed in deep mourning whom he has gone out to meet. He introduces the man as Don Crisostomo Ibarra, the son of his departed friend, Don Rafael Ibarra. The guests react with visible surprise. Ibarra moves to greet Damaso with joy as the curate of his town and his fathers friend, but the Franciscan publicly rebuffs him and denies the suggested friendship. The lieutenant, on the other hand, greets Ibarra warmly and declares the elder Ibarra an honourable man. As the guests disperse around the house, Ibarra, who had been away in Europe for 7 years, is left to reacquaint himself with the ladies and gentlemen of his country. Ibarra meets the friendly Capitan Tinong who invites him to dine with him at a later date. Analysis: In Chapter 2 of "Noli Me Tangere," Capitan Tiago introduces Don Crisostomo Ibarra, the son of his deceased friend, to the guests. Ibarra is met with mixed reactions, with Fray Damaso rebuffing him while the lieutenant warmly greets him. Ibarra connects with people in his country, including a friendly invitation to dine with Capitan Tinong Chapter 3: Dinner Summary: As the guests gather around Tiagos dinner feast which is really a thanksgiving for Ibarras safe arrival, Sibyla and Damaso argue over the seat at the head of the table, insincerely offering each other the place of honor. Later, Damasos mood is made more foul when he is served the worst parts of the chicken from the tinola, while Ibarra is given the choicest parts. During the dinner, Laruja asks Ibarra what he found most notable in his travels. Ibarra shares his insights, which Damaso declares worthless, and Ibarras European sojourn a waste of fortune. Ibarra restrains himself from giving a biting response and merely tells the tense guests that Damasos familiar treatment of him is owing to the friars having frequently enjoyed his fathers table and hospitality. Ibarra toasts Spain and the Philippines and excuses himself, deciding not to wait for Maria Clara who Tiago says is on her way. Analysis: In Chapter 3 of "Noli me Tangere," tensions arise during a thanksgiving dinner for Ibarra's safe arrival. Damaso and Sibyla argue over the seat of honor, and Damaso criticizes Ibarra's travels. Despite the tension, Ibarra remains composed, toasts Spain and the Philippines, and leaves without waiting for Maria Clara. The scene highlights social dynamics and Ibarra's growing disillusionment with colonial powers. The death of Ibarras father, Don Rafael, prior to his homecoming, and the refusal of a Catholic burial by Padre Damaso, the parish priest, provokes Ibarra into hitting the priest, for which Ibarra is excommunicated. The decree is rescinded, however, when the governor general intervenes. The friar and his successor, Padre Salvi, embody the rotten state of the clergy. Their tangled feelingsone paternal, the other carnalfor Maria Clara, Ibarras sweetheart and rich Capitan Tiagos beautiful daughter, steel their determination to spoil Ibarras plans for a school.
- 3. As Ibarra departs from his visit with Maria, Lieutenant Guevarra discloses the tragic fate of Ibarras father, Don Rafael, who passed away the previous year. Father Damaso had accused Don Rafael of heresy and subversion, mainly due to his reported absence from church and confession. These allegations were triggered when Don Rafael defended a child against a tax collector, who accidentally killed the child. In the aftermath, an investigation was conducted, during which several of Don Rafaels secret adversaries levelled accusations against him. These events deeply affected Don Rafael, leading to his illness in jail and eventually his death. Despite the heavy rain during the exhumation of Don Rafaels remains ordered by an unsatisfied Father Damaso, the body was unceremoniously tossed into a lake instead of being relocated to the Chinese cemetery. Choosing not to seek revenge, Ibarra carries on his fathers work by constructing a school with the help of Nol Juan. Just as the school is about to be inaugurated, Elias saves Ibarra from an assassination attempt, resulting in the death of the assassin, who was hired by a secret enemy. When Father Damaso once again insults Ibarra, it is the belittling of his father that pushes Ibarra to attempt to stab the priest, but he is stopped by Maria Clara. As a consequence, the Archbishop excommunicates Ibarra from the Catholic Church. Seizing the opportunity, Father Damaso manipulates Captain Tiago to call off Maria Claras engagement to Ibarra, with rumors suggesting she is to marry Linares, a young Spaniard instead. Following the lifting of his excommunication due to the intervention of the Captain General, Ibarra is unexpectedly arrested again, accused of instigating an attack on the barracks. During a party held at Captain Tiagos house celebrating the impending union of Linares and Maria Clara, Ibarra manages to escape with Elias help. Before his escape, Ibarra confronts Maria about a letter used as evidence against him in court. She vehemently denies any involvement and reveals that the incriminating letter was stolen from him in return for another that indicates Father Damaso as her biological father. Resigned, she affirms her love for Ibarra but maintains her decision to marry Linares for her mothers honor. Escaping with Elias, Ibarra boards a boat and navigates the Pasig River to Bay Lake. In an attempt to lose the pursuers, Elias jumps into the water, leading them to believe that the escapee theyve shot is Ibarra. On hearing of Ibarras supposed death, a despairing Maria Clara pleads with Father Damaso to let her enter a monastery, threatening suicide otherwise. Meanwhile, a mortally wounded Elias stumbles upon the mythical Ibarra forest, where he encounters Basilio and his dead mother, Sisa. In his dying moments, Elias implores the fortunate to remember those who have perished in the darkness. B. Noli me Tangere, Continuing Relevance NOLI AFTER ITS FIRST PUBLICATION In 1887, he published his first novel, Noli Me Tangere, written in Spanish, a searing indictment of clerical abuse as well as of colonial rules shortcomings. That same year, he returned to Manila, where the Noli had been banned and its author now hated intensely by the friars. He was 26 at its publication. This book was historically significant and was instrumental in the establishing of the Filipinos sense of national identity. The book indirectly influenced a revolution although the author, Jos辿 Rizal, actually advocated for direct representation to the Spanish government and larger role of the Philippines inside the Spaniard political affairs. The novel was written in Spanish, the language of the educated at a time when Filipinos were markedly segregated by diverse native languages and regional cultures. The novel created so much controversy that only a few days after his arrival, Governor-General Emilio Terrero summoned him to the Malaca単ang Palace and told him of the charges saying that the Noli was full of subversive ideas. After a discussion, the liberal Governor General was appeased; but he mentioned that he was unable to offer resistance against the pressure of the Church to take action against the book. NOLI AND THE STUDY OF A COLONIAL SOCIETY Jos辿 Rizals political novel Noli Me Tangere examines how Spains colonization of the Philippines allowed the Catholic church to dominate and rule the region. Colonialism produced tensions that would, roughly a decade after Rizals novel was published, lead Filipino natives to revolt against Spains oppressive religious and governmental bodies in the Philippine Revolution. Rizal shows the shocking extent to which the Catholic friars have commandeered the countrys politics and culture, manipulating the lives of Filipino citizens in an attempt to assert authority and influence. Thus, Rizal illustrates the Catholic priests corruption and their unchecked power, which doesnt stem from actual religious zeal, but rather from a love of supremacy that colonization has enabled and encouraged. Crisostomo Ibarra- he represents the idealistic outlook of wealthy youth. Maria Clara- she represents the innocence and wholesomeness of a raised Native woman. Capitan Tiago- he stands in for the wealthy Filipinos who take advantage of their fellow citizens in order to achieve power and wealth through their relationships.
- 4. Padre Damaso- he is a critique of Spanish rule over the Philippines and a representation of the Spanish friars of Rizal's era. Sisa- despite her youthful age and beauty, she cannot shield her children from Pedro's beatings, no matter how much she loves them. Personified the motherland, which was in pain due to the loss of its children, much as her character had. The sad occurrences that destroyed her life served as a metaphor for the colonizers' mistreatment of the motherland. Pilosopo Tasio- he stands in for the educated Filipinos who previously cherished the traditions of Spanish rule. Do単a Victorina- she represents people who have a mistaken perception of who they are.Basilio He represents innocent people who have been falsely accused of crimes