Raman effectRakesh SheoranThe Raman effect was discovered in 1928 by Indian scientist C.V. Raman. When light interacts with molecules, most light is scattered at the same frequency as the incident light (Rayleigh scattering) but a small amount is scattered at shifted frequencies. This shifted light is called the Raman effect. There are three types of scattered light - Rayleigh lines have the same frequency, Stokes lines have lower frequencies, and anti-Stokes lines have higher frequencies. Raman spectroscopy analyzes these scattered light frequencies to identify molecules based on their vibrational and rotational states.
Applications of raman spectroscopykaavyabalachandranRaman spectroscopy and its applications are summarized. Key techniques discussed include resonance Raman spectroscopy, Raman microscopy, and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Applications covered include medical use for tissue analysis, forensics for explosive or ink detection, inspection of packaged products, analysis of artworks, and testing of silicon wafers. The document outlines the principles, instrumentation, and mechanisms of various Raman techniques.
Lect. 5 quantum yield and photosensitize reactionShri Shivaji Science College AmravatiThe document discusses quantum yield in photochemical reactions, defining it as the number of molecules reacting per quantum energy absorbed. It outlines methods for determining quantum yield, the types of photochemical reactions, and reasons for variations in quantum yield. Additionally, it explains photosensitized reactions, where a third substance aids in energy transfer to activate reactants not absorbing required radiation.
Molecular Orbital Theory Shivaji BurungaleThe document discusses molecular orbital theory (MOT) and ligand field theory (LFT) as applied to transition metal complexes. It provides details on:
1. The construction of molecular orbital diagrams for octahedral complexes using the linear combination of atomic orbitals (LCAO) method, where the metal's d-orbitals combine with ligand orbitals.
2. The splitting of orbitals into bonding, non-bonding and antibonding molecular orbitals, and the filling of electrons according to Aufbau principle.
3. How LFT can explain color, spectra and magnetic properties of complexes based on ligand strength and the energy of the d-orbital splitting.
4. Examples
SILICATESPRUTHVIRAJ KThe document provides an overview of silicates, describing their structure, classification, and applications. Silicates are defined as silicon-oxygen anions that occur abundantly in the Earth's crust and are crucial for various technological and artistic endeavors. It details various silicate types like orthosilicates and pyrosilicates, along with their uses in jewelry, insulation, and chemical industries.
Construction of C3V character tableEswaran MurugesanThe document outlines the construction of the character table for the C3v point group, which consists of three symmetry classes and has a total order of 6. It details a four-step process using orthogonality rules to identify irreducible representations (irrs), their dimensions, and character values. The analysis reveals two 1-dimensional irrs and one 2-dimensional irr, highlighting orthogonality conditions and character calculations for symmetry operations.
Molecular spectroscopyPRAVIN SINGAREThis document provides an introduction to molecular spectroscopy and rotational spectroscopy. It discusses how electromagnetic radiation interacts with molecules to produce absorption or emission spectra. Rotational spectroscopy specifically analyzes the microwave spectra produced when molecules absorb microwave radiation, undergoing rotational transitions between energy levels. The frequency differences between lines in the rotational spectra are directly related to the rotational constant of the molecule.
ICP AES overview-Nipa 25.01.2023.pptxDr. Nipa MendaparaThe document presents an overview of inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) and its applications in quantifying trace elements in various liquid samples. It describes the principles behind ICP-AES, its comparisons with ICP-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), and details on the equipment and methodology used for analysis. Additionally, it highlights the clinical importance of trace elements and the implications of their deficiencies or excess in biological systems.
Alkylidyne complexesfarihanisaAlkylidyne complexes are organometallic compounds containing a triple bond between a carbon atom and a transition metal. There are two main types: Fischer alkylidynes and Schrock alkylidynes. Fischer complexes contain later transition metals and heteroatoms, making the carbon atom electrophilic. Schrock complexes contain early transition metals, strong donating ligands, and less than 18 electrons, making the carbon atom nucleophilic. Alkylidyne complexes can be synthesized via several routes, including from low valent metal complexes, alkylidene complexes, or through double halide abstraction from dichlorocarbene compounds.
3. Molecular Orbital Theory-2011.pptRiandyPutra1The document discusses molecular orbital theory and its application to transition metal complexes. It describes how atomic orbitals of matching symmetry combine to form molecular orbitals, with equal numbers of bonding and antibonding orbitals. Electrons fill the molecular orbitals starting with the lowest energy orbitals. Ligand interactions such as π-accepting and π-donating affect the splitting of orbitals and influence the metal's oxidation state.
Chemical dynamics, intro,rrk, rrkm theory by dr. y. s. thakarepramod padole1) The document discusses various theories of unimolecular reaction kinetics including the Lindemann theory, Hinshelwood theory, RRK theory, and RRKM theory.
2) The RRK (Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel) theory was extended and redefined by Marcus in 1951-1952 to form the RRKM (Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel-Marcus) theory.
3) The RRKM theory is widely used today to interpret thermal and photochemical reactions. It models reactions using a set of coupled classical harmonic oscillators and calculates reaction rates by summing over the accessible quantum states.
Jahn-Teller Theoremڈاکٹر محمد اسلم عطاریThe document discusses distortion of octahedral complexes, specifically tetragonal distortion caused by the Jahn-Teller effect. It provides explanations of the Jahn-Teller theorem and how it predicts orbital degeneracy will cause a distortion to remove degeneracy and lower the complex's energy. The document outlines conditions for no distortion, slight distortion, and strong distortion in octahedral complexes based on orbital configurations. It provides examples of complexes like copper(II) ammonia that exhibit tetragonal distortion.
isotope effect and fragmantationDevilRangeThe document discusses isotopes, their effects on reaction rates, and fragmentation in mass spectrometry. It explains kinetic isotope effects, detailing primary and secondary effects related to bond formation and breaking, and outlines various fragmentation modes and rules for predicting ion peaks in mass spectrometry. Key principles regarding cation stability, bond cleavage, and resulting fragments in organic compounds are also presented.
Semiconductor ch.3 part iii statistical mechanicsMazin A. Al-alousiThe document discusses statistical mechanics, focusing on three distribution laws: Maxwell-Boltzmann, Bose-Einstein, and Fermi-Dirac. It explains how these functions describe the behavior of distinguishable and indistinguishable particles in various energy states and includes formulas for calculating particle distributions and probabilities. Additionally, it covers the effects of temperature on electron distribution and introduces the Boltzmann approximation to the Fermi-Dirac function.
To estimate the amount of nitrite present in the given sodium nitrite solutio...Mithil Fal DesaiThe document outlines a laboratory procedure for estimating the amount of nitrite in a sodium nitrite solution by titration with ceric ammonium sulfate. It describes the reactions involved, the preparation of solutions, and the calculations for standardizing the titrant and estimating the nitrite concentration. The process involves color changes indicated by ferroin and utilizes both ceric and ferrous ion titrations.
Infrared spectroscopy VIKAS SINGH BHADOURIAThis document provides an overview of infrared spectroscopy, detailing how electromagnetic radiation interacts with atoms and molecules to reveal information about their structural and bonding characteristics. It discusses the frequency ranges of different types of electromagnetic radiation, the specific absorption frequencies for various chemical bonds, and presents examples of infrared spectra for different compounds. The content serves as an educational resource for understanding the application of infrared spectroscopy in identifying molecular structures.
Molecular dissymmetry and chiroptical propertiespriyaswain27This document discusses concepts related to stereochemistry and chiroptical properties. It defines linear and circularly polarized light and explains how circular birefringence and dichroism arise from molecular asymmetry. It describes how ORD and CD curves are used to analyze stereochemistry and determine functional groups and configurations using the Cotton effect. The axial α-haloketone rule and octant rule for assigning absolute configuration are also covered along with applications of these concepts.
Ls couplingusman mustafaThis document discusses different types of angular momentum coupling in quantum physics, specifically LS coupling and JJ coupling. It defines LS coupling as when orbital angular momentum (L) and spin angular momentum (S) weakly interact to form total angular momentum (J). JJ coupling occurs for heavier elements where each electron's orbital and spin angular momenta strongly combine into J vectors that then couple. The document provides examples of calculating L, S, J values and term symbols for different electron configurations under LS coupling.
Silicon, Silicone and silicates Thivyaapriya SambamoorthyThe document discusses the structures and classifications of silicates, including orthosilicates, pyrosilicates, ring silicates, chain silicates, sheet silicates, and framework silicates, highlighting examples such as topaz and quartz. It also covers the properties and applications of silicon and silicone materials in various industries, including semiconductors, ceramics, and glassmaking, as well as the use of zeolites as molecular sieves and ion exchangers. Additionally, it mentions the applications of tin and lead in electroplating and manufacturing of alloys.
NMR spectroscopyDr. Krishna Swamy. GThe document provides an overview of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, detailing its principles, interactions of electromagnetic radiation with matter, and the concept of nuclear spins and their behavior in magnetic fields. It explains the importance of chemical shifts influenced by shielding and deshielding effects, along with the processes of spin-lattice and spin-spin relaxation. Additionally, the document addresses NMR instrumentation and describes factors affecting resonance signals, such as hydrogen bonding, exchangeable protons, and tautomerism in chemical compounds.
Noesy [autosaved]University of AllahabadNOESY (Nuclear Overhauser Effect Spectroscopy) is a 2D NMR technique used to identify nuclear spins undergoing cross-relaxation and measure their rates. It provides information about which proton resonances are from protons close in space. NOESY experiments exploit the nuclear Overhauser effect to observe through-space dipolar couplings. One application is in protein NMR to assign structures by sequential walking. It is useful for determining the stereochemistry of biomolecules in solution.
Vegard's LawRannesh LokeshThis document analyzes Vegard's law, which states that the unit cell parameters of a solid solution vary linearly with composition. The document finds:
1. Vegard's law is only an approximation that is valid for ideal solid solutions when the lattice parameters of the pure components differ by less than 5%.
2. Even ideal solid solutions can show positive deviations from Vegard's law due to differences in lattice parameters between the pure components.
3. Non-ideal solid solutions can show either positive or negative deviations from Vegard's law, depending on whether their interactions are more or less attractive than in an ideal solution. Compliance with Vegard's law does not indicate an ideal solution.
Calculation of λ using woodward fieser rulessayyadaliThe document discusses Woodward-Fieser rules for predicting the wavelength of maximum UV absorption (λmax) of conjugated dienes, aldehydes, and ketones based on their structure. It begins by explaining the s-cis and s-trans conformations of conjugated dienes and how these affect the base λmax. It then discusses how endocyclic and exocyclic double bonds, extended conjugation, and alkyl groups influence λmax. The document provides examples of applying the rules to calculate the λmax of different compounds. It indicates an Excel worksheet has been created to aid in determining λmax according to the Woodward-Fieser rules.
X ray diffraction for m.sc. chemistry shyam sunder pandiyaX-ray diffraction is a technique used to determine the atomic structure of crystals. When X-rays hit the periodic lattice of atoms in a crystal, the X-rays diffract into specific directions. This was first discovered by Max von Laue in 1912. Bragg's law quantifies the conditions under which constructive interference, and therefore diffraction, occurs for waves scattered by atomic planes in a crystal. X-ray diffraction methods are now commonly used to analyze crystal structures.
Coordination compoundsDr Robert Craig PhDThis document discusses coordination compounds, which are metal ions surrounded by ligands. Common ligands include chloride, cyanide, ammonia, and ethylenediamine. Coordination compounds play important roles in metal purification and identification. Ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) forms soluble complexes that can be used to treat heavy metal poisoning. Ligands are classified as monodentate, bidentate, or polydentate based on the number of donor atoms. Crystal field theory explains the colors of coordination compounds based on splitting of the metal's d-orbitals. Ligands can be ranked in a spectrochemical series based on their field strength. Experiments are described to observe the colors and absorption
Reactions in solution [ solution kinetics]ChithraNair13The document discusses reaction kinetics in solution, including how the solvent cage effect can influence reaction rates by temporarily trapping reactant molecules and allowing multiple collisions. It also compares reaction rates and mechanisms between gas phase and solution reactions, and examines how factors like solvent polarity, solvation, and dielectric constant can impact the rates of different classes of reactions in solution, such as diffusion-controlled or activation-controlled processes. The volume of activation is also defined as relating to the change in partial molar volumes between reactants and the transition state.
ICP AES overview-Nipa 25.01.2023.pptxDr. Nipa MendaparaThe document presents an overview of inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) and its applications in quantifying trace elements in various liquid samples. It describes the principles behind ICP-AES, its comparisons with ICP-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), and details on the equipment and methodology used for analysis. Additionally, it highlights the clinical importance of trace elements and the implications of their deficiencies or excess in biological systems.
Alkylidyne complexesfarihanisaAlkylidyne complexes are organometallic compounds containing a triple bond between a carbon atom and a transition metal. There are two main types: Fischer alkylidynes and Schrock alkylidynes. Fischer complexes contain later transition metals and heteroatoms, making the carbon atom electrophilic. Schrock complexes contain early transition metals, strong donating ligands, and less than 18 electrons, making the carbon atom nucleophilic. Alkylidyne complexes can be synthesized via several routes, including from low valent metal complexes, alkylidene complexes, or through double halide abstraction from dichlorocarbene compounds.
3. Molecular Orbital Theory-2011.pptRiandyPutra1The document discusses molecular orbital theory and its application to transition metal complexes. It describes how atomic orbitals of matching symmetry combine to form molecular orbitals, with equal numbers of bonding and antibonding orbitals. Electrons fill the molecular orbitals starting with the lowest energy orbitals. Ligand interactions such as π-accepting and π-donating affect the splitting of orbitals and influence the metal's oxidation state.
Chemical dynamics, intro,rrk, rrkm theory by dr. y. s. thakarepramod padole1) The document discusses various theories of unimolecular reaction kinetics including the Lindemann theory, Hinshelwood theory, RRK theory, and RRKM theory.
2) The RRK (Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel) theory was extended and redefined by Marcus in 1951-1952 to form the RRKM (Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel-Marcus) theory.
3) The RRKM theory is widely used today to interpret thermal and photochemical reactions. It models reactions using a set of coupled classical harmonic oscillators and calculates reaction rates by summing over the accessible quantum states.
Jahn-Teller Theoremڈاکٹر محمد اسلم عطاریThe document discusses distortion of octahedral complexes, specifically tetragonal distortion caused by the Jahn-Teller effect. It provides explanations of the Jahn-Teller theorem and how it predicts orbital degeneracy will cause a distortion to remove degeneracy and lower the complex's energy. The document outlines conditions for no distortion, slight distortion, and strong distortion in octahedral complexes based on orbital configurations. It provides examples of complexes like copper(II) ammonia that exhibit tetragonal distortion.
isotope effect and fragmantationDevilRangeThe document discusses isotopes, their effects on reaction rates, and fragmentation in mass spectrometry. It explains kinetic isotope effects, detailing primary and secondary effects related to bond formation and breaking, and outlines various fragmentation modes and rules for predicting ion peaks in mass spectrometry. Key principles regarding cation stability, bond cleavage, and resulting fragments in organic compounds are also presented.
Semiconductor ch.3 part iii statistical mechanicsMazin A. Al-alousiThe document discusses statistical mechanics, focusing on three distribution laws: Maxwell-Boltzmann, Bose-Einstein, and Fermi-Dirac. It explains how these functions describe the behavior of distinguishable and indistinguishable particles in various energy states and includes formulas for calculating particle distributions and probabilities. Additionally, it covers the effects of temperature on electron distribution and introduces the Boltzmann approximation to the Fermi-Dirac function.
To estimate the amount of nitrite present in the given sodium nitrite solutio...Mithil Fal DesaiThe document outlines a laboratory procedure for estimating the amount of nitrite in a sodium nitrite solution by titration with ceric ammonium sulfate. It describes the reactions involved, the preparation of solutions, and the calculations for standardizing the titrant and estimating the nitrite concentration. The process involves color changes indicated by ferroin and utilizes both ceric and ferrous ion titrations.
Infrared spectroscopy VIKAS SINGH BHADOURIAThis document provides an overview of infrared spectroscopy, detailing how electromagnetic radiation interacts with atoms and molecules to reveal information about their structural and bonding characteristics. It discusses the frequency ranges of different types of electromagnetic radiation, the specific absorption frequencies for various chemical bonds, and presents examples of infrared spectra for different compounds. The content serves as an educational resource for understanding the application of infrared spectroscopy in identifying molecular structures.
Molecular dissymmetry and chiroptical propertiespriyaswain27This document discusses concepts related to stereochemistry and chiroptical properties. It defines linear and circularly polarized light and explains how circular birefringence and dichroism arise from molecular asymmetry. It describes how ORD and CD curves are used to analyze stereochemistry and determine functional groups and configurations using the Cotton effect. The axial α-haloketone rule and octant rule for assigning absolute configuration are also covered along with applications of these concepts.
Ls couplingusman mustafaThis document discusses different types of angular momentum coupling in quantum physics, specifically LS coupling and JJ coupling. It defines LS coupling as when orbital angular momentum (L) and spin angular momentum (S) weakly interact to form total angular momentum (J). JJ coupling occurs for heavier elements where each electron's orbital and spin angular momenta strongly combine into J vectors that then couple. The document provides examples of calculating L, S, J values and term symbols for different electron configurations under LS coupling.
Silicon, Silicone and silicates Thivyaapriya SambamoorthyThe document discusses the structures and classifications of silicates, including orthosilicates, pyrosilicates, ring silicates, chain silicates, sheet silicates, and framework silicates, highlighting examples such as topaz and quartz. It also covers the properties and applications of silicon and silicone materials in various industries, including semiconductors, ceramics, and glassmaking, as well as the use of zeolites as molecular sieves and ion exchangers. Additionally, it mentions the applications of tin and lead in electroplating and manufacturing of alloys.
NMR spectroscopyDr. Krishna Swamy. GThe document provides an overview of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, detailing its principles, interactions of electromagnetic radiation with matter, and the concept of nuclear spins and their behavior in magnetic fields. It explains the importance of chemical shifts influenced by shielding and deshielding effects, along with the processes of spin-lattice and spin-spin relaxation. Additionally, the document addresses NMR instrumentation and describes factors affecting resonance signals, such as hydrogen bonding, exchangeable protons, and tautomerism in chemical compounds.
Noesy [autosaved]University of AllahabadNOESY (Nuclear Overhauser Effect Spectroscopy) is a 2D NMR technique used to identify nuclear spins undergoing cross-relaxation and measure their rates. It provides information about which proton resonances are from protons close in space. NOESY experiments exploit the nuclear Overhauser effect to observe through-space dipolar couplings. One application is in protein NMR to assign structures by sequential walking. It is useful for determining the stereochemistry of biomolecules in solution.
Vegard's LawRannesh LokeshThis document analyzes Vegard's law, which states that the unit cell parameters of a solid solution vary linearly with composition. The document finds:
1. Vegard's law is only an approximation that is valid for ideal solid solutions when the lattice parameters of the pure components differ by less than 5%.
2. Even ideal solid solutions can show positive deviations from Vegard's law due to differences in lattice parameters between the pure components.
3. Non-ideal solid solutions can show either positive or negative deviations from Vegard's law, depending on whether their interactions are more or less attractive than in an ideal solution. Compliance with Vegard's law does not indicate an ideal solution.
Calculation of λ using woodward fieser rulessayyadaliThe document discusses Woodward-Fieser rules for predicting the wavelength of maximum UV absorption (λmax) of conjugated dienes, aldehydes, and ketones based on their structure. It begins by explaining the s-cis and s-trans conformations of conjugated dienes and how these affect the base λmax. It then discusses how endocyclic and exocyclic double bonds, extended conjugation, and alkyl groups influence λmax. The document provides examples of applying the rules to calculate the λmax of different compounds. It indicates an Excel worksheet has been created to aid in determining λmax according to the Woodward-Fieser rules.
X ray diffraction for m.sc. chemistry shyam sunder pandiyaX-ray diffraction is a technique used to determine the atomic structure of crystals. When X-rays hit the periodic lattice of atoms in a crystal, the X-rays diffract into specific directions. This was first discovered by Max von Laue in 1912. Bragg's law quantifies the conditions under which constructive interference, and therefore diffraction, occurs for waves scattered by atomic planes in a crystal. X-ray diffraction methods are now commonly used to analyze crystal structures.
Coordination compoundsDr Robert Craig PhDThis document discusses coordination compounds, which are metal ions surrounded by ligands. Common ligands include chloride, cyanide, ammonia, and ethylenediamine. Coordination compounds play important roles in metal purification and identification. Ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) forms soluble complexes that can be used to treat heavy metal poisoning. Ligands are classified as monodentate, bidentate, or polydentate based on the number of donor atoms. Crystal field theory explains the colors of coordination compounds based on splitting of the metal's d-orbitals. Ligands can be ranked in a spectrochemical series based on their field strength. Experiments are described to observe the colors and absorption
Reactions in solution [ solution kinetics]ChithraNair13The document discusses reaction kinetics in solution, including how the solvent cage effect can influence reaction rates by temporarily trapping reactant molecules and allowing multiple collisions. It also compares reaction rates and mechanisms between gas phase and solution reactions, and examines how factors like solvent polarity, solvation, and dielectric constant can impact the rates of different classes of reactions in solution, such as diffusion-controlled or activation-controlled processes. The volume of activation is also defined as relating to the change in partial molar volumes between reactants and the transition state.
Microemulsion an alternate technology in oil extractionAshish GadhaveThis document discusses microemulsions as an alternative technology for oil extraction that avoids the use of hazardous organic solvents. It provides background on conventional oil extraction methods and their disadvantages, such as using hexane solvents that can be harmful if not fully removed. Microemulsions are described as thermodynamically stable isotropic systems containing oil, water, and surfactants/co-surfactants that form small droplets (3-50nm). They allow efficient oil extraction at room temperature with low surfactant concentrations. Linkers can further reduce interfacial tension and facilitate microemulsion formation for improved extraction efficiency. The document concludes that microemulsion extraction is a clean approach that simultaneously recovers high quality oil and
Interpretation of IRLokesh PatilThe document provides guidance on interpreting infrared spectra to determine the functional groups present in unknown compounds. It outlines the typical absorption ranges for major functional groups like carbonyl (C=O), hydroxyl (O-H), alkyl (C-H), and nitro (NO2) that can be used for structural analysis. Specific compound classes like alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aromatics, alcohols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, amides, and amines are discussed in terms of their characteristic infrared absorption patterns. Determining the presence or absence of functional groups from an infrared spectrum can provide insight into the structure of an unknown compound.
MicroemulsionSagar K SavaleMicroemulsion is an isotropic mixture of oil, surfactant, cosurfactant and drug that can solubilize both water-soluble and oil-soluble drugs. Upon dilution, microemulsions spontaneously form droplets less than 100 nm in size. Pseudo-ternary phase diagrams can be used to optimize microemulsion formulations for drug delivery and increase oral bioavailability. Key properties of microemulsions include thermodynamic stability and the ability to solubilize compounds due to their low interfacial tension.
12 - Infrared Spectroscopy and Mass Spectrometry - Wade 7thNattawut HuayyaiThe document provides an overview of infrared spectroscopy and mass spectrometry techniques for determining the structure of organic compounds. It discusses the basics of infrared spectroscopy including the types of molecular vibrations that can be observed in the infrared region. Specific functional groups like C-H, C=O, O-H, and N-H are described along with their characteristic absorption frequencies. The document also covers fundamentals of mass spectrometry including how molecules are ionized and fragmented, and how the resulting mass spectrum can provide molecular weight and clues about functional groups present.
IR Spectroscopyanjalibharat19This document discusses infrared (IR) spectroscopy and how it can be used to analyze molecules. It provides background on IR radiation and spectroscopy. Key points:
1) IR spectroscopy analyzes the vibrational and rotational motions of molecules when exposed to IR radiation. Molecules will absorb specific wavelengths that match their internal vibrational energy levels.
2) For a vibration to be IR active, it must induce a change in the dipole moment of the molecule. Asymmetric vibrations like stretches and bends are usually IR active, while symmetric vibrations are often IR inactive.
3) An IR spectrum shows the percentage of IR radiation transmitted through a sample versus the wavelength or wavenumber. Absorption peaks
IR SPECTROSCOPYyousufzaidiThis document discusses using infrared spectroscopy to determine the structure of organic compounds. It begins by explaining electromagnetic radiation and the infrared region. It describes the different types of molecular vibrations that can be observed in an infrared spectrum. The document then explains how to interpret an infrared spectrum, noting the functional group and fingerprint regions. It provides examples of interpreting spectra for specific functional groups such as alkenes, alkynes, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, amines and amides. Key absorption bands that identify each functional group are highlighted.
17. INFRARED (VIBRATIONAL) SPECTROSCOPY
Bond C-H C-D C-O C-Cl
/cm-1 3000 1 f
2200 1100 700
2c
Bond CO C=O C-O ma mb
ma mb
/cm-1 2143 1715 1100
Only vibrations that cause a change in ‘polarity’ give rise to bands in IR
spectra