地质復习1
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本文介绍了地球科学的基本概念，包括地球的层圈结构、大陆漂移和海底扩张理论，以及地震波的性质和地震分布。强调赫登提出的均变说对理解地球历史的重要性，并探讨了板块构造学说和各类板块边界的活动及其与地质现象的关系。最后，介绍了全球主要板块和火山、地震带的分布状况。
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地质復习1
- 2. 「均變說」 英國地質學家赫登（ James Hutton ）於 1785 年提出，也就是「古今一致說」，現在與過去所發生的地質作用基本原理相同，闡明地球上過去和現在進行的地質作用之間的關係，成為地球科學家研究地球歷史的重要基礎。 也就是說，我們可以從觀察現在進行的地殼變動，以及地層中的物質與構造，追溯地球演變的歷史。
- 3. 瞭解地球內部的方法 鑽探法 密度法推測 平均密度 5 .52gw/cm 3 ，地表岩石密度 2.85 gw/cm 3 ，推出地球內部物質密度 地震波
- 5. 體波 次之 最快 速度 橫波 ： 只能在固態傳遞 ， 無法通過 液態地核 縱波 ： 可穿越地球內部 性質 S 波 ( S econdary Wave) P 波 ( P rimary Wave) 種類
- 6. 地球的层圈构造
- 7. 地球內部的分層 莫氏不連續面 古氏不連續面 地殼 地函 地核
- 8. 地球層圈構造的比較 外地核 ( 液態 ) 內地核 ( 固態 ) 最厚 金屬鐵 和鎳 大 地核 上部地函 下部地函 厚 橄欖岩 中 地函 大陸地殼 海洋地殼 最薄 花岡岩 玄武岩 小 地殼 劃分 厚度 組成 密度 層圈
- 9. 地殼與岩石圈 地殼 岩石圈 板块
- 10. 大陸地殼 VS 海洋地殼 大陸 地區 深海 地區 花岡 岩質 玄武 岩質 大 薄 平均 7 ㎞ 海洋 地殼 小 厚 平均 35 ㎞ 大陸 地殼 密度 厚度 組成 成分 所在 位置 地殼
- 11. 若把地球上部地函以上的区域再做讨论 地殼 地函一小部分 700km 100km 225km ＝ 地表 下部地函 ＝ 岩石圈 軟流圈 低速帶 板块
- 12. 大陸漂移與海底擴張 大陸漂移說 ： (1)1912 年德國科學家韋格納所提出。 (2) 全球大陸在三億年前曾結合成 盤古大陸 海底擴張說 ： (1)1962 年根據海洋探勘資料提出。 (2) 岩漿自中洋脊湧出，凝固成新的海洋地殼，推動海洋地殼向兩側擴張，老地殼則在海溝處沉入地函。 大陸漂移說和海底擴張說都無法合理解釋漂移 或擴張的動力來源 。
- 13. 大陸漂移說證據 大陸形狀 古生物 冰川 構造山脈
- 14. 海底擴張證據 發現 中洋脊 中洋脊兩側 岩層年代 對稱分布 中洋脊兩側 沉積物厚度 對稱分布 地磁倒轉 證據 發現海溝、隱沒帶
- 15. 海洋地壳的年龄分布
- 16. 地磁倒转现象
- 17. 板块构造学说的由來 大陸漂移說 海底擴張說 地震波探測—發現軟流圈 板块构造学说
- 18. 软流圈的热对流
- 19. 全球板块分布
- 21. 世界地震帶及震源分佈 全球地震也呈帶狀分布與世界上火山活動的情況相似。 中洋脊地震帶 淺源地震為主 歐亞地震帶 環太平洋地震帶 淺至深源地震均有
- 22. 全球主要板块分布
- 23. 板块運動模式
- 24. 中洋脊的生成與演化及相關構造運動 形成正斷層，出現抬升谷地 廣地殼因侵蝕冷卻收縮而變薄下沈 廣大區域被抬升，岩漿侵入形成岩脈 科羅拉多高原 東非大裂谷 紅 海 大西洋中洋脊 生成海洋地殼及新海洋，側邊因侵蝕高度下降
- 25. 聚合型板块邊界及隱沒帶
- 26. 比較此三種聚合型板块的不同
- 27. 不同板块邊界類型
- 28. 板块活動與地質現象
- 29. 板块邊界類型的比較 平移斷層 正斷層 逆斷層 無火山 活動 玄武岩 安山岩 淺源 地震 淺源 地震 淺～中～深源 地震 斷層 裂谷、中洋脊 海溝、褶皺、變質 錯動型 張裂型 聚合型
- 30. 逆斷層 (a) 逆斷層 位於斷層面上的岩塊相對向上運動
- 31. 正斷層 (b) 正斷層 位於斷層面上的岩塊相對向下運動
- 32. 平移斷層 (c) 平移斷層 斷層面兩側的岩塊為相對水平方向移動
- 33. 轉型斷層 平移斷層＋張裂
- 34. 转形断层
- 35. 節理—受外力而破裂 , 但無位移
- 36. 臺灣板块邊界活動
- 37. ?
- 38. ?
- 39. 夏威夷火山