Biology lecture 8Etugen- Gregor Mendel conducted experiments with pea plants between 1856-1863 and discovered the laws of inheritance by breeding and tracking different traits over multiple generations.
- He found that traits are passed from parents to offspring through "particles" that we now know to be genes and alleles. His work established the fundamentals of genetics including dominance, segregation and independent assortment.
- Mendel's experiments were not widely recognized until after his death but his principles form the foundation of modern genetics and heredity.
Biology lecture 7EtugenThe document discusses two types of reproduction: asexual and sexual. Asexual reproduction involves one organism and produces offspring identical to the parent, while sexual reproduction involves two parents and produces offspring that are different from the parents. The key differences between the two types are then summarized.
Biology lecture 6EtugenMutations are changes in the nucleotide sequence of DNA that may occur in somatic or gamete cells. Some mutations are harmful and cause diseases, while others may provide benefits like antibiotic resistance. There are two main types of mutations: spontaneous mutations which occur due to replication errors, and induced mutations which are caused by external mutagenic agents like chemicals or radiation.
Biology lecture 5EtugenThe document discusses protein synthesis which involves two main phases - transcription and translation. Transcription occurs in the nucleus and involves the DNA being used as a template to produce mRNA. The mRNA then undergoes processing before being exported to the cytoplasm where translation occurs, involving ribosomes and tRNA to link amino acids together using the mRNA as a template to produce a protein.