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???????? ???????? 2024??? 9????? ?? ??.pdf
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- 5. ??, ³±Ï«, tide ? ³± : ? + ?? ¡ú ?? ¡ú ?? & ?? ? Ï« : ? + ?? ¡ú ?? ? Tide : ?? ???? ¡®??¡¯, ¡®??¡¯ ? ?? ? ???? ?? ¡ú ??? ?? ??! ? ??? ??, ??? ?? ?, ??? ??, ?? ?
- 6. ?? ???! OK ?? ?? ? * ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??
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- 10. ? = ? ?1?2 ?2 ????? ?? ? ??? ??? ????? ? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ? ??? ??? ????? ?? ¡®???¡¯ ????
- 11. ? = ? ?1?2 ?2 ????? ?? ? ??? ??? ????? ? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ? ??? ??? ????? ?? ¡®???¡¯ ????
- 13. ?? ?? ??: ?? ?? (??/??) ?? ? * ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??
- 14. ?? ?? ?? * ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??
- 15. ?? 1. ?? ???? ????! * ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??
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- 18. ??? ???? ?????! ????? ???? ?? ?, ? ??? ???? ??! : ???? ¡ú ??? or ??? (tidal force) * ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??
- 19. ??? ???? ?????! ???? (????) ????? ???? ??? ?! # ??? ? # ??? ? # ??? * ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??
- 20. ??? ?? ??: ?? ??? ??? (?? ???)
- 21. ??? ?? ??: ?? ??? ??? (?? ???) ? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ? (a.k.a. ??) ? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???
- 22. ??? ?? ??: ?? ??? ??? (?? ???) ? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ? (a.k.a. ??) ? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???
- 23. ??? ?? ??: ?? ?? ??? (??? ???)
- 24. ??? ?? ??: ?? ?? ??? (??? ???) ? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?????! # ??? ? # ??? ? # ??? # ??????? # ????
- 25. ??? ?? ??: ?? ?? ??? (??? ???) ? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?????! # ??? ? # ??? ? # ??? # ??????? # ????
- 26. ?? ??? ??? (?? ???) * ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??
- 27. ?? ??? ??? (?? ???) ?? ??? ???? ?? (??) ?? > ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? (??) ?? < ?? ?? ?? ? = ? ?1?2 ?2 * ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??
- 28. ?? ??? ??? (??? ???) * ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??
- 29. ?? ??? ??? (??? ???) ??? (???) > ?? ?? ??? (???) < ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? * ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??
- 30. ??? or ??? ?? ??? ??? (??? ???) * ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??
- 31. ??? or ??? ????? ??. ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?. # ??? ?? # ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? # ???? # ??? ? # ??? ? * ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??
- 32. ???? ? ?? ???? ??? ??? * ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??
- 33. ???? ? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? ????! ¡ú 12?? + ¦Á ¡Ö 12?? 25? ? ? ?? ?? * ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??
- 34. ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??! ?? ????? ?? ¡ú ????? ??! * ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??
- 35. ?? ??? ??? ??? ? ?? ???: ?? ???? ??? ??? * ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??
- 36. ?? ?? ? ???????? (?? ?? ? ??????) ???! # ???? # ??? ?? # ???? ??????? * ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??
- 37. ?? ??? ??? ??? ? ?? ???: ?? * ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??
- 38. ?? ??? ??? ??? ? ?? ???: ?? + ?? * ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??
- 39. ?? ??? ??? ??? ? ?? ???: ?? ?? * ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??
- 40. ?? ??? ??? ??? ? ?? ???: ??? ???? ?? (???) ?? (???) * ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??
- 41. ?? ??? ??? ??? ? ?? ???: ???/??? ??? * ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??
- 42. ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ? ?? ???: ???/??? ??? * ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??
- 43. ?? ?? ¡ú ?? ???? ??? ??? * ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??
- 44. ??? (torque) ?? ?? ¡ú ??? ?? * ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??
- 45. ?? ??? ????? ? ? ?????? ????
- 46. ???? Palomar 5 Credit: Odenkirchen et al. (2001) Sloan Digital Sky Survey ??? ??
- 47. ??? ??? ?? Credit: NASA/ESA
- 48. ? ???? ??? ???? ¡ú ??? ?? ???, ? ?? ??? ????? ? ???? ?? ?? ?? ¡®??? ?¡¯ ? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ¡ú ?? ??? ?? ? ?? ?????, ???? ??? ?? ??? ????. Take Home Message
- 49. ???? ?? ??&?? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? 2024? 8? 31?
- 50. 90? ?? ??
- 51. #??? #????? 90? ?? ??
- 52. ??? ??? ?? ? ????? ? ????? ? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ? ??????? ????? ? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ? ??? ?? ????? ? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ? ???? ????? ???? ¡®DARWIN¡¯
- 53. ?? ???? ??(JWST) ?? - ??? ??? ?? - ??? ???? ?? ?? - ??? ??? ?? ? ? - ?? ?? ?? ?? ? ? - ?? ??? ???? - ???? ??? ??? - ??? ??? - ?? ???? ?? - Galaxy
- 54. ??? ? ? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?
- 55. 90? ?? ?? ? ?? ? ? ?? (???????) ? ? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? (??? ?? ??, ??? ??? ? ??, ?????, ??, ????, ??? ???, ??? ??? ? ?) ? ??????? ??? ??, ? ?? ????? ???? ?? ? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?? ? ????? ? ????
- 57. ???? ? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???? ? ????? ???? ??
- 58. ???? ? ???? Figure 1. Size vs stellar mass for the entire sample of old, pres- sure supported systems with available central velocity dispersions. Blue squares denote Local Group dSph galaxies, and green open Forbes + 14 ???? ??? ?? ¨¨ ??? ?? ?? ¨¨ ??? ?? ??
- 59. ???? ? ???? Figure 1 ¨C Historical and current tensions between LCDM theory and observations of dwarf galaxies. We classify these according to the level of tension/challenge they present to the cosmological LCDM scenario, after the critical effects of baryonic physics have been considered. Left to right moves from ¡®no tension¡¯ to ¡®strong tension¡¯. The following sections discuss each of the topics in this chart. We discuss the M?-Mhalo relation and the Too-big-to-fail problem in sections with those respective names. We address the core-cusp problem and the diversity of rotation curves in the section: ¡®Dark matter distribution within dwarf galaxies¡¯; the diversity of sizes in the section: ¡®Baryonic distribution within dwarf galaxies¡¯; and Sales + 22 ??????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??
- 60. Missing satellites By Marcel S. Pawlowski Classical dwarfs By Marcel S. Pawlowski Classical dwarfs SDSS (2005~) DES (2015~) DM-only Cosmological sim. Moore et al. 1999 ?? ?????(??) Dark halo Luminous halo Sawala et al. 2016 Hydro Cosmological sim. Buck et al. 2019 No tension anymore with accurate baryonic physics ? ???? ???????
- 61. Too big to fail Boylan-Kolchin et al. 2012 Massive satellites are not found around the MW Wetzel et al. 2016 DM-only sim. Hydro sim.
- 62. Core-cusp cusp Navarro et al. 1997 (NFW) ????? Flores 1995 ?? core Core Lazar et al. 2020
- 63. Diversity of rotation curve Cusp Core Santos-santos et al. 2020 Cusp Core Santos-santos et al. 2017 ??? ?? ?? ??
- 64. Satellite planes Pawlowski 2021 Kroupa et al. 2005 ???? ????? ??(???? ????) Pawlowski 2021
- 65. ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??? JWST ????????? ??? ?????? JWST ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???
- 66. ??? ??? ?? ?? JWST LSST ? ??? ? ?? ???? ?? GMT ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? K-DRIFT: ? ??? ??? ????
- 67. ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??/??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ????? Privon et al. 2013
- 68. ??? ??? ?? ? ????? ? ????? ? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ? ??????? ????? ? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ? ??? ?? ????? ? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ? ???? ????? ???? ¡®DARWIN¡¯
- 69. ????????
- 70. ???? ??? ????? ?: ????? ?? - ?? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?? (wikipedia.org) Simcity Maxis Flight Simulator 2020 Microsoft
- 71. ?????(Simulation)? ??? ?? ??: New Oxford American Dictionary ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????
- 72. ?? ?? ?????(Simulation)? ?? mid-14c., simulacioun, "a false show, false profession," fro m Old French simulation "pretence" and directly from Lati n simulationem (nominative simulatio) "an imitating, feign ing, false show, hypocrisy," noun of action from past-partici ple stem of simulare "imitate," from stem of similis "like, re sembling, of the same kind" (see similar). The meaning "a model or mock-up for purposes of experiment or training" i s from 1954. (etymonline.com)
- 73. ?? ???? ?????? ???
- 74. ?????? ??? ?? ?? ?? : ??/??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??(???? ??? ??) - ??? ?? ??: ???? - ?? ?? ??: ???? + ?????(???? & ?????) ?? : ??? ???? ?? ?? - ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ? ??: ?????(??????) - ?? ?? ? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ? ??? ?? ? ?? ??
- 75. ?: ??? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??, ??? ?? ???? (one-body problem) ???? (two-body problem) ???? (three-body problem)
- 76. ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?(system)? ?? ?? ?: ??? ??????? ? ???? - ???~??? ?? ? - ??? ??? ?? ??(??, ????) - ??? ??? ???(?, ???, ??? ?? ?? ??? & ??? ??? ??) - ??? ???? ??, ?? ?????? ?? ??: ???
- 77. ????? ?? ?? NASA, ESA
- 78. ??? ??? ?? - ?? ?? ?? The Millennium simulation project ?????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? 1Mpc/h ~ 500? ?? 125Mpc/h ~ 6? ??
- 79. ?? ?? NASA, WMAP ?? ?? ??? ??( ??? ?? 138??) ???? (26.8%) ????? (68.3%) ???? (4.9%) ?? ??? = ?? ??? + ????? + ????? ??? ??? ?? ? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??
- 80. ???? ???? ?? ??
- 81. ?? ??? ?? ?? 5000? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???
- 82. ?? ?? ?? ????? ?? ?? - ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? - ¡®??¡¯? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???????? ? ? ??? ?? ??? ? ???? ?? ?? ???????? ? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ???????? Banerjee et al. 2006 Springel 2009 Liu et al. 2018
- 83. ????? ? ??/??? ?????? ?? ?? top500.org G Flops 1? Flops= 1?=1Tera Flops= 1? Flops= ?? 30? ? 100?? ?? ??? ?? ?? : Flops (Floating Point Operation per Second) = ?? ????? (???) ?? ?? ???? ?? CPU ~0.3TFlops, GPU ~ 50TFlops ?? ???? > 0.5TFlops (1TFlops=1012 Flops) ?? ????? : Frontier (??) - ?? 1? ~1Exa Flops (1018 Flops) 1Exa Flops= 1Giga Flops= 1Peta Flops=
- 84. ??: https://skirt.ugent.be/skirt9/_user_m_p_i.html ??? ????? A ????? B ????? C ???? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? (?? ?????) x ????? A ????? B ????? C ?? ??? - ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???
- 85. ??? ?? ?????
- 86. ?? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? 1. ?? : ?? 3?? ??+ 1?? ???? ?? 2. ??: ????? ?? ?? ??, ??, ??, ??? ????/??? ?? (?: ??, ????, ??? ?) 3. ??: ????? ?? ??? (?: ??, ??, ??, ??, ??? ?) 4. ????: ?????? ??? ? ??? ???? ?? (?: ???? ????, ?????? ?) http://cosmicweb.uchicago.edu/filaments.html ?? ???? 3??
- 87. ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? 1027cm 1023cm 1019cm 1015cm 1011cm 107cm 103cm 10-1cm 10-5cm ??????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? & ?? ?? The Eagle Project ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ? (2019) ??? ? ?????? ?? ?? Walch et al. (2012) ?? ?? ?? ?? University of Colorado
- 88. ?????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?? ???, ??? ? 3? (2012) ????? ??/? OurWorldinData.org ??? ?? - 2??? ????? ???? ? 2?? ??
- 89. ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ? ?? ??? ?? Nicolle Rager Fuller Andrey Kravtsov ???? ???? ?? ?? ? ?? ???? ?????
- 90. ? ??? ??? ?? = ?? ?? ?? x ?? ?? ??? ?? ??: ???? ?? ?? (??? ??) ??? ??: ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ? ?? (??? ??) Salman Habib et al. (2012) A B A B ? E. Bertschinger 10??? ?? ???? ????? - ?? ??? ??
- 91. ???? ???? ?????
- 92. ?? ?? ???? (26.8%) ????? (68.3%) ???? (4.9%) ????? (68.3%) ???? (31.7%) ???, ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? : ??? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? (??? ?? ?? ??) ???? ???? ?????
- 93. ???? ???? ????? ?????? (???? 37??)
- 94. ??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? Krstin Riebe
- 95. ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ? ?? ?? ???? ???, ??? ? 3? (2012) ?? ?? ?? ??&?? ?? ??? ??/???? ?? ??
- 96. ???? ???? ?????
- 97. ???? ???? ????? ???? ?? - ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? : ??? ?? ???-???? ??? => ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? 1. ??? ?? ??? ????? ?? 2. ??????? ??????? ?? ? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???(??? ?? ?? ??) ?? ???? ?????? ??(?????) - ?? ?? & ?? - ?????? - ? ?? - ??? ?? - ??????? ?? - ??? ??? - ??? (cosmic ray) ???, ?? & ????
- 98. ???? ???? ????? ??? ?? ???(??? ?? ?? ??) ?? ???? ?????? ??(?????) - ?? ?? & ?? - ?????? - ? ?? - ??? ?? - ??????? ?? - ??? ??? - ??? (cosmic ray) ???, ?? & ???? https://imaginecosmos.com/tag/emission ?? ?? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ??+???? ???? ?? ?? ?? & ?? Laporte & White 2015 ??: Laporte & White 2015 Bill Saxton, NRAO/AUI/NSF ? ?? Event Horizon Telescope ??? ?? Wikipedia ?? ??
- 99. ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? Silk & Mamon 2012 ??? ??? ??? NASA/ESA ??? ?? ??? ??? NASA/JPL ???? ???? ????? - ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???(??? ?? ?? ??) ?? ???? ?????? ??(?????) - ?? ?? & ?? - ?????? - ? ?? - ??? ?? - ??????? ?? - ??? ??? - ??? (cosmic ray) ???, ?? & ????
- 100. Myriam Rodrigues ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????? - ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???(??? ?? ?? ??) ?? ???? ?????? ??(?????) - ?? ?? & ?? - ?????? - ? ?? - ??? ?? - ??????? ?? - ??? ??? - ??? (cosmic ray) ???, ?? & ????
- 101. ?? ?? Mark Vogelsberger/The Illustris Collaboration ?? ?? x 10?? ?? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ??
- 102. ?? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ?? Dylan Nelson/The Illustris TNG Team ?? & ???? ?? ?? ???
- 103. ?? ??? ????? ?? ?? (?? ???) ??????? ??? ?? ???
- 104. ?? (?? ???) ??????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??
- 105. Vogelsberger et al. (2014) ?? ?? Eagle ????? Illustris ????? Horizon-AGN ????? The Eagle project The Illustris Collaboration Yohan Dubois The HR5 collaboration HR5 ????? Horizon Run 5 (HR5)
- 106. Horizon Run 5 (HR5) ??????? 5?? ??? ?? ?? ?? 11? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???? (?) ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? Brad Gibson Gareth Few Owain Snaith Christophe Pichon Yohan dubois ??? ?? - ??? ??? 1/3? 3+3?? ? ?? ?? : 2500 ??, 160,000 ??, 7.5????? - ? ????: 10,800,000 ?? ?? 691,200,000 ?? ?? - ? ??? ???: 160 ????? - ? ??? ??: 1 ????? - ????: 19? 1?-3?, 19? 7? - 9? - PI : ??? (1?), ??? (2?)
- 107. HR5 ???? ??? ?? credit: ???
- 108. ??? ??? ???? ??: ??? / HR5 ????? ??? ????? ?? ?? credit: ???
- 109. ??? ??? ?? ? ????? ? ????? ? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ? ??????? ????? ? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ? ??? ?? ????? ? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ? ???? ????? ???? ¡®DARWIN¡¯
- 110. DARWIN: DAzzling Realization of dWarf galaxies In the Next generation of cosmological hydrodynamic simulations ???? ????? DARWIN
- 111. ??????? ?? ????? ?? ??
- 112. ??: ????? ???? ?? ????? ??? + ??? ??? ??? ?? + ???? ?? ??: ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ?? o ?? ?? ????? & HPC ???? ??? ?? o ?? ?? ?? ????? ?? ?? ?? o ???? ???? ???? ?? (???/??? ??) o ??? ??? ????? ????? GPU??? ?? o ?????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? o ????? ??? 3?? ??? ???? ?? o ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??
- 113. DARWIN ???? ?? ??? PI: ??? Co-PI: ??? PM: ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???
- 114. ? Required conditions: a very wide dynamic range is necessary (>106) - effective radius R1/2?1kpc: resolution ? 0.1kpc - diversity across different environments: volume ? (100Mpc)3 DARWIN¡¯s strategy 1. Efficient utilization of exa-scale computing - massively-parallel supercomputer - hybrid parallelization (MPI, OMP, GPU) 2. Three-step zoom-in simulations - aggressive application of the zoom-in technique 3. Implementing AI¡¯s prediction to low-resolution data - deriving de facto high-resolution results
- 115. spatial res. star mass res. volume feature DARWIN-1 500pc 105 Msun (~65Mpc)3 various galaxies in various environments DARWIN-2 125pc, 62.25pc 2x103 Msun (5-20Mpc)3 formation/evolution of dwarf galaxies in various env. DARWIN-3 4-8pc 1x103 Msun < (1Mpc)3 ISM and internal structures of dwarf galaxies ¦¤x=500pc ¦¤x=125pc, 62.25pc ¦¤x=4-8 pc DARWIN-2 DARWIN-3 DARWIN-1 cluster Galaxy zoo in HR5 group filament Isolated 3-step zoom-in simulations ~ 65Mpc
- 116. DARWIN1 analogue (¦¤x= 500pc) 2cMpc DARWIN2 analogue (¦¤x=125pc) 2cMpc 100ckpc 100ckpc 2ckpc DARWIN3 analogue (¦¤x=16pc) Resolution of DARWIN DARWIN-1 Detailed internal properties of galaxies (roughly Mstar?3x107Msun) in various environments DARWIN-2 Formation of dwarf galaxies (global: Mstar?105Msun, internal: Mstar?106Msun ) in various environments DARWIN-3 ISM and formation of internal structures of dwarf galaxies
- 117. spatial res. strength weakness DARWIN-1 500pc statistical analysis inability to describe dwarf galaxies DARWIN-2 125pc, 62.25pc dwarf galaxies in various environments reduced reliability of statistical analysis DARWIN-3 4-8pc most realistically describe the dwarf galaxies inability to perform statistical analysis ??? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??? Trained AI apply AI model associating low- and high- resolution results Predicting high-resolution results based on low-resolution results o Training from overlapped region between DARWIN-1 and DARWIN-2 o Implementing AI¡¯s prediction in the low-resolution region outside the DARWIN-2 o Deriving de facto high-resolution results in DARWIN-1 o Preliminary study using TNG were recently published (Jung+24) AI¡¯s prediction Trained AI
- 118. cooling stellar/BH feedback star formation chemical enrichment Tumlinson + 2017 Possible solutions in simulation side o High-resolution to resolve internal structures o Realistic chemistry and cooling modules o Precise star formation recipe (sink SF model) o Sophisticated stellar/BH Feedback o Numerous samples comparable to observations ¨¨ Baryonic physics model in a self-consistent manner down to a several parsec scale TIGRESS cooling model, stars seeded in sink scheme + Pop III + SN II + SN Ia + stellar winds + RAMSES-RTZ + PRISM + 4 pc resolution + large number of sample Figure 1 ¨C Historical and current tensions between LCDM theory and observations of dwarf galaxies. We classify these according to the level of tension/challenge they present to the cosmological LCDM scenario, after the critical effects of baryonic physics have been considered. Left to right moves from ¡®no tension¡¯ to ¡®strong tension¡¯. The following sections discuss each of the topics in this chart. We discuss the M?-Mhalo relation and the Too-big-to-fail problem in sections with those respective names. We address the core-cusp problem and the diversity of rotation curves in the section: ¡®Dark matter distribution within dwarf galaxies¡¯; the diversity of sizes in the section: ¡®Baryonic distribution within dwarf galaxies¡¯; and satellite planes together with quiescent fractions grouped in the section: ¡®Satellite dwarf galaxies¡¯. Alternately, on just the theoretical side, one can compare the predictions of different simulations regarding the relation between galaxy stellar mass and dark-matter halo mass in the ultra-faint regime. Indeed, as discussed below, a careful look into state-of-the-art numerical simulations that predict the correct number of MW-like galaxies and classical dwarf galaxies suggests that their expected ultra-faint populations may differ, signaling an important theoretical uncertainty that persists. We thus emphasize that our discussion of this relation between stellar mass and dark-matter halo mass is different from the others in this review, because our comparison is only between different simulations, not (yet) between simulations and observations. Fig. 2 shows the relation between stellar mass and dark-matter halo mass, where we collect the present-day relation predicted from a sample of state-of-the-art cosmological simulations. Halo mass corresponds to the spherical radius within which the average density is 200 times the critical density, the so-called virial radius. Where a different definition of halo mass was presented in the published work, we convert those values using average mass-concentration relation from ref.70. On the left panel, we include zoom-in simulations of MW-like or Local Group-like environments from various works: APOSTLE44,71 from the EAGLE project72, Latte and ELVIS suites45,65 from the FIRE-2 project73, Auriga74, NIHAO-UHD41, DC Justic League75; or zooms of relatively large regions, like the Marvel Suite66. In all cases, we show only central (field) galaxies (not satellites), which are located beyond a MW-mass halo within the zoom-in region and therefore have not been stripped of mass like satellites have. The numerical resolution of these simulations varies between a gas particle mass ? 103 M for the highest resolution case (Marvel Suite), ? 5?103M for Auriga-L3 and FIRE-2, to ? 104 for APOSTLE and NIHAO-UHD. The physics modeled and its particular implementation also vary from code to code, often with differences in predictions far more impacted by these physics choices than by numerical resolution. A detailed and fair account of the physics included in each simulation is beyond the scope of this review. But each simulation included in Fig. 2 is a good example of the current state of affairs in galaxy formation modeling with demonstrated successes in the prediction of MW-like galaxies with realistic sizes, morphologies, kinematics, metallicities, star-formation rates, among other properties. There is substantial overlap on the space spanned by different simulations, which is encouraging given the different codes LCDM tension with dwarf galaxies High-precision baryonic physics
- 119. 2025 2024 2026 2027 2028 DARWIN-1 DARWIN-2 DARWIN-3 ??????? 5?? ¨C ??? Development, test, preparation Data analysis, catalog, virtual images ??????? 6?? (????) DARWIN¡¯s timeline
- 120. Research topics related to dwarf galaxies o Correlation between the diversity of dwarf galaxies and large-scale structures o Formation/evolution channels of mysterious dwarf galaxies: UFD, UCD, etc. o Tracing the earliest star remnants in our Milky Way dwarf galaxies o Relationship between primordial galaxies and supermassive black holes in the early universe o Effects of ram pressure and hydrodynamic effects on dwarf galaxies o Tracing the characteristics of stars and galaxies that first appear in the universe o Internal evolution of gas instability and the impact of environmental factors o Lyman-? properties of dwarf galaxies and emission/absorption to be compared with observations o AI modelling to trace history of dwarf galaxies from observational characteristics of dwarf galaxies ¨¨ Various in-depth/detailed research topics from the DARWIN ¨¨ Maximizing synergy through collaboration with observation experts Research topics using the DARWIN
- 121. DARWIN & LCDM tensions 500pc 125pc, 62.25pc 4 ¨C 8 pc Statistical superiority DARWIN-1 DARWIN-2 High precision DARWIN-3 Core-cusp Too big to fail Diversity of rotation curves Satellite planes Missing satellites