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184 Safety Monitors in Hemodialysis
Incoming
dialysate
Bypass Valve Activated. (From Pittard J: Hemodialysis Nursing, Training
Manual, 7th ed., version 7.0. Santa Monica, CA, 2003, with permission.)
Bypass System
悋悋惠悋悸 惴悋
The bypass system diverts dialysate (Fig. 13.7) directly to the drain away from the
dialyzer to avoid exposure of the patients blood to unsafe dialysate. The dialysate
bypass valve, located in the incoming dialysate circuit predialyzer, is activated by
high/low conductivity, high/low pH, or high/low temperature. It is imperative to
have the dialysis staff verify and check that the bypass valve diverts the dialysate
to drain.
惴悋 
悋
惠悴悋慍
(悋愆 悋惆悋悸 悋惆悸 惡惠忰
13.7
惠悴惡 悋 愃愕 悴悋慍 惺 悋惆惡惺 悋惶惘 悒 惡悋愆惘悸 )
悴悋慍  悋悴惆  惡悋惆悋悸 悋悽悋惶 悋悴悋惡 悋惶悋 惠愆愀 惠 .悛 愃惘 愕悋悧 愃愕 悋惘惷 惆 惠惺惘惷
悖  悋悽惷悸 / 悋惺悋悸 悋惶悸 愀惘 惺  悋悋惘惆悸 悋惆悋悸 惆悋悧惘悸 悋悖 悋惠忰
/ 悋惺悋悸 悋忰惷悸 惆惘悴悸
悋 愃愕 愀悋  悖 悋惷惘惘  .悋悽惷悸 / 悋惘惠惺悸 悋忰惘悋惘悸 惆惘悴悸 悖  悋悽惷悸
惡悋惠忰
悋惠忰
悋悴悋惡 悋惶悋 悖 
忰
.悋惠惶惘 悒 悋 悋愃愕 忰
Bypass System Monitoring
悋惠悴悋慍 惴悋 惘悋惡悸
There is no monitor for bypass system failure or function on most machines. A light
on the front panel of the machine indicates when the machine is in the bypass mode.
Also, an audible alarm usually occurs. If there is a float located in the dialysate
inflow line, indicating flow, the float will drop to the bottom of the indicator. There
usually is a manually operated control to initiate the bypass mode. Failure of the
bypass valve during dialysis is a critical and dangerous situation.
悋 惺惴 惺 惴惠 悖 悋惴悋 愆 惠悴悋慍 愆悋愆悸 惠悴惆 悋
悋悖悋悸 悋忰悸 惺 悋悴惆 悋惷悄 愆惘 .悖悴慍悸
 悴惆悸 惺悋悸 悋 悋 悒悵悋 .愕惺 悒悵悋惘 忰惆惓 悋 惺悋惆悸  悖惷悋 .悋悋惠悋悸 惷惺  悋悴悋慍 悖 悒 悴悋慍
悋  悋 惺悋惆悸 .悋悗愆惘 悖愕 悒 愕惠悽惷 悋惺悋悸 悒  悋惠惆 悒 惠愆惘  悋惆悋悽 悋愕悋悧 惠惆 悽愀
惠忰 惺惶惘
忰惘悴悸 忰悋悸 悋 愃愕 悖惓悋悄 悋悴悋惡 悋惶悋 愆 惺惆 .悋惠悴悋慍 惷惺 惡惆悄 悋惆 惠愆愃 惠
.悽愀惘悸
X
Flow
meter
Diverted to drain
Figure 13.7
Safety Monitors in Hemodialysis 185
Rinse Mode
The rinse mode on dialysis machines overrides the bypass system. It allows rinsing
and disinfection of the entire fluid pathway. It should never be activated while a
patient is on dialysis. In new-model machines, the blood pump cannot be activated
when the machine is in the rinse mode.
悋愆愀 惷惺
悋 .惡悋悋 悋愕悋悧 愕悋惘 惠惺 惡愆愀 愕忰 .悋悴悋慍悸 惴悋 悋 愃愕 悖悴慍悸  悋愆愀 惷惺 愃
惆悖惡 惠愆愀 惡愃
悋惆 惷悽悸 惠愆愀  悋  悋悴惆惆 悋愀惘悋慍 悵悋惠 悋悖悴慍悸  .悋 愃愕 悒悴惘悋悄 悖惓悋悄 悋
悋愆愀 惷惺  悋悛悸 惠 惺惆悋
Dialysate Pressure Monitor
悋愕悋悧 惷愃愀 惘悋惡悸
The dialysate pressure monitor monitors ultrafiltration pressures. It is a critical func-
tion of dialysis therapy that ensures accurate and safe fluid removal from the patient.
One method to regulate the patients ultrafiltration is byapplication of transmembrane
pressure (TMP). Newer machine models have ultrafiltration/volumetric control cir-
cuits. The dialysis personnel set the goal for the desired fluid removal, set the duration
of dialysis, and activate the ultrafiltration control mode. The machine will automati-
cally calculate and apply the required transmembrane pressure to achieve the desired
ultrafiltration.
悋 愃愕 惺悋悴  忰悋愕悸 惴悸 悒悋 .悋悋悧 悋惠惘愆忰 惷愃愀 惡惘悋惡悸 悋愕悋悧 惷愃愀 惘悋惡悸 悴悋慍 
 惘惷 悋悋悧 悋惠惘愆忰 惠惴 愀惘 悒忰惆 惠惠惓 .悋惘惷  愕悋悧 悛悸 惆悸 悒慍悋悸 惠惷 悋惠
( 悋愃愆悋悄 惺惡惘 悋惷愃愀 惠愀惡
TMP
悋悋悋惠 愀惘慍 惠忰惠 .)
.忰悴 惠忰 / 悋悧 惠惘愆忰 惆悋悧惘 惺 悋悖忰惆惓
 悋惠忰 惷惺 惠愆愀  悋 愃愕 惆悸 忰惆惆悋  悋愀惡悸 悋愕悋悧 悒慍悋悸 惆 悋 愃愕 惴 忰惆惆
.悋愀惡 悋悋悧 悋惠惘愆忰 惠忰 悋愀惡 悋愃愆悋悄 惷愃愀 惠愀惡 惡忰愕悋惡 悋惠悋悧 悋悛悸 愕惠 .悋悋悧 悋惠惘愆忰
186 Safety Monitors in Hemodialysis
Volumetric control systems have different design features. Acommon design uses
balancing chambers to precisely measure fluid volume entering and leaving the
dialyzer. These machines automatically adjust the TMP. Volumetric control systems
use matched pumps, usually diaphragm pumps. The pumps are controlled by valves
and are integrated after proportioning of dialysate. Valves located above and below
the balancing chambers open and close to direct the flow of fresh and used dialysate.
Fresh dialysate is pushed out to dialyze, whereas used dialysate is pushed out to
drain. The two chambers alternate functions, creating a constant flow of fresh dialy-
sate. The system is a closed loop with both chambers exactly balanced. Air is
removed from the used dialysate, in a separation chamber, to ensure accurate
measurement.
忰悴 悋愕 悋悋慍悸 愃惘 悋愆悋悧惺 悋惠惶 愕惠悽惆 .悽惠悸 惠惶 慍悋惠 悋 悋忰悴 悋惠忰 悖惴悸
悋惘愆忰  悽惘悴 惆悽 悋悵 悋愕悋悧
惡惆悸
惡惷惡愀 悋惠悋悧 悋悛悋惠 悵 惠 .
TMP
悋惠忰 悖惴悸 惠愕惠悽惆 .
悋忰悴
悋惶悋悋惠 惡悋愕愀悸 悋惷悽悋惠  悋惠忰 惠 .愃愆悋悧悸 惷悽悋惠 惠 悋 惺悋惆悸  惠愀悋惡悸 惷悽悋惠 
惠惆 惠悴 惠愃 惠惠忰 悋悋慍悸 愃惘 悖愕 悖惺 悋悴惆悸 悋惶悋悋惠 .悋惆悋悸 愕惡悸 悋愕 惡惺惆 惆悴悋 惠
惡  悋愕悋悧 愃愕 悽悋惘悴 悋惺愆 悋愕悋悧 惆惺 惠 .悋愕惠惺悸 悋悴惆惆悸 莍悸惆悋
悋愕惠悽惆 悋愕悋悧 惆惺 惠 悋
忰悸 惺 惺惡悋惘悸 悋惴悋 .悋悴惆惆悸 惆悋悸 悋愕惠惘 悋惠惆 悽 悋  惡悋惠悋惡 悋愃惘惠悋 惠惺 .惠惶惘 悽悋惘悴
悋悋愕 惷悋 悋惶 愃惘悸  悋愕惠悽惆 悋愕悋悧  悋悋悄 悒慍悋悸 惠 .悋惠悋 惠悋慍惠悋 悋愃惘惠 悋 惺 愃悸
.悋惆
To ensure proper functioning of matched pumps and appropriate sealing of the
valves, it is recommended that a pressure-holding test be performed predialysis. This
tests the integrity of the diaphragms to ensure that they are free from defects or
flaws. Bad valve seals can cause inaccurate ultrafiltration that is potentially cata-
strophic with high-flux dialyzers. These tests can be performed manually or auto-
matically, depending on the machine model.
悋惠愀悋惡悸 惷悽悋惠 悋愕 悋悖惆悋悄 惷悋
惷愃愀 悋悽惠惡悋惘 惡悒悴惘悋悄 惶  惶悋悋惠 悋悋愕惡 悋悒愃悋
悖悽惠悋 惠惠愕惡惡 悖  .悋惺惡 悖 悋惺惡  悽悋  惠悖惆 悋悖愃愆悸 愕悋悸 悽惠惡惘 悵悋 .悋惠忰 悋惷愃愀
惺悋悸 悋愃悋慍悋惠 愃愕 悖悴慍悸 惺 悋惠  悖 忰惠 惆 愃惘 悋悧 惠惘愆忰 忰惆惓  悋惘惆悧悸 悋惶悋
悒悴惘  .悋惠惆
.悋悴悋慍 愀惘悋慍 忰愕惡  悋惠悋悧 悖 悋惆 悋悋悽惠惡悋惘悋惠 悵 悋悄
Blood-Leak Detector
悋惆 惠愕惘惡 悋愆
This monitor functions by transmitting filtered or unfiltered light through a column
of effluent dialysate that has exited the dialyzer (Fig. 13.8). Tears or leaks in the
dialyzer membrane cause RBCs to leak into the dialysate, interrupting the light
transmission.
The machine response to a blood leak alarm is an audible alarm, a visual alarm, the
blood pump stops, and the venous line clamp engages.
悋愆悋愆悸 悵 惠惺
悋悵 悋惶忰 悋惶惘 愕悋悧  惺惆 惺惡惘 悋惠惘 愃惘 悖 悋惠惘 悋惷悄 悒惘愕悋 愀惘 惺
(悋愆 悋 愃愕 悴悋慍  悽惘悴
13.8
惠愕惘惡  悋惘愆忰 愃愆悋悄  悋惠愕惘惡悋惠 悖 悋惠慍悋惠 惠惠愕惡惡 .)
惺惡悋惘悸 悋惆 惠愕惘惡 悒悵悋惘 悋悴悋慍 悋愕惠悴悋惡悸 .悋惷悄 悋惠悋 愀惺 悋  悋愕悋悧 悒 悋忰惘悋悄 悋惆 惘悋惠
悒悵悋惘 惺
.悋惘惆 悋悽愀 愆惡 惺  悋惆 惷悽悸 惠  惘悧 悒悵悋惘  愕惺
Dialystate in Dialysate out
Light source
Safety Monitors in Hemodialysis 187
Photo cell
Dialystate in Dialysate out
Light source
Photo cell = red blood cell
Blood-Leak Detector. (From Pittard J: Hemodialysis Nursing, Training Manual,
7th ed., version 7.0. Santa Monica, CA, 2003, with permission.)
It is recommended to have a blood-leak detection threshold set at 0.250.35 mL
of whole blood per liter of dialysate. False blood-leak alarms can be caused by the
presence of air bubbles in the path or by cloudy or dirty optical lenses.
悋愆 惺惠惡悸 惡惠忰惆惆 惶
惺惆 悋惆 惠愕惘惡 惺
0.25
-
0.35
.悋惆悋悸  惠惘  悋悋 悋惆  
惺惆愕悋惠 惡愕惡惡 悖 悋愕悋惘  悋悄 悋惺悋惠 悴惆 惡愕惡惡 悋惆 惠愕惘惡 悋悋悵惡悸 悋悒悵悋惘悋惠 惠忰惆惓 悖 
.惠愕悽悸 悖 愃悋悧悸 惡惶惘悸
Figure 13.8
188 Safety Monitors in Hemodialysis
Blood-Leak Detector Monitoring
愆 悴悋慍
悋惆 惠愕惘惡
If the machinery indicates this alarm, a stat Hemastix (benzidine test strip) must be
taken at the dialysate drain line. A positive Hemastix test indicates a blood leak. If
the Hemastix is weakly positive and the patient is on a hollow-fiber dialyzer, it is
possible to closely monitor the patient, observe the dialysate outflow for increased
turbidity (indicates air bubbles or RBCs), and wait a few minutes. The leaking fibers
may seal or clot off. During this time, remove the ultrafiltration, decrease the blood
flow rate, and attend the patient on a one-to-one ratio. If the patient cannot be con-
tinuously monitored, the dialyzer should be replaced.
悴  悋悒悵悋惘 悵悋 悒 悋悋悸 悖愆悋惘惠 悒悵悋
悒忰惶悋悧悋惠 悖悽悵 惡
Hemastix
悋悽惠惡悋惘 (愆惘愀
benzidine
惺惆 )
悋悽惠惡悋惘 愆惘 .莍悸惆悋 惠惶惘 悽愀
Hemastix
悋 悒悵悋 .惆 惠愕惘惡 悴惆 悒 悋悒悴悋惡
Hemastix
悋惡悴
惺 悋惘惷 惘悋惡悸 悋   悋悴悸 悋悖悋  悋 愃愕 悴悋慍 惺 悋惘惷 悋 惷惺 惡愆
 )悋忰惘悋悄 悋惆 惘悋惠 悖 悋悋悄 悋惺悋惠 悒 (愆惘 悋惠惺惘 慍悋惆悸 惺 悋悋惠悴 悋愕悋悧 惠惆 惘悋惡悸  惓惡
悵悋 悽悋 .惠惠悴愀 悖 悋惠愕惘惡悸 悋悖悋 惠愕惆 惆 .惆悋悧 惡惷惺 悋惠惴惘
悽惷  悋悋悧 悋惠惘愆忰 惡悒慍悋悸   悋惠
悴惡  惡悋愕惠惘悋惘 惘悋惡惠  悋 悋惘惷 悋 悒悵悋 .悋忰惆 悒 悋忰惆 惡愕惡悸 悋惘惷 忰惷惘  悋惆 惠惆 惺惆
.悋 愃愕 悴悋慍 悋愕惠惡惆悋
If the repeat Hemastix is negative, dialysis can be continued. If the blood-leak
alarm continues, or if blood is visible in the dialysate lines, the dialysis should
be stopped and the dialyzer changed per unit protocol. The dialyzer should be
discarded.
惠惘悋惘 悋 悒悵悋
Hemastix
悋 悒悵悋 悖  悋惆 惠愕惘惡 悒悵悋惘 悋愕惠惘 悒悵悋 .悋 愃愕 惠悋惡惺悸   悋愕惡
惡惘惠 悋 悋 愃愕 悴悋慍 惠愃惘 悋 愃愕 悒悋 悴惡  悋 愃愕 悽愀愀  悋惘悧 悋惆
悴惡 .悋忰惆悸
 悋惠悽惶
.悋 愃愕 悴悋慍
After a blood leak, it is important to clean the optical path of the blood leak
detector. Always maintain a narrow range of sensitivity. Do not dialyze a patient
with a faulty blood-leak detector. A major blood leak can be fatal.
 惷 愀悋 惺 悋惆悋悧 忰悋惴 .悋惆 惠愕惘惡 悋愆 悋惡惶惘 悋愕悋惘 惠惴 悋   悋惆 惠愕惘惡 惡惺惆
惠 悋 .悋忰愕悋愕悸
悋惡惘 悋惆 惠愕惘惡  悖  .悋悽悋愀悧 悋惆 惠愕惘惡 愆 惡悴悋慍 惡悋愕悋悧 惘惷 惡愃愕
.悋悋惠
Dialysate Flow
悋愃愕 愕悋悧 惠惆
The dialysate flow rates may be preset or adjustable. The usual dialysate flow rate
for conventional dialyzers is a minimum of 500 mL/min. For high-efficiency and
high-flux dialyzers, it is usually 700800 mL/min. It is counterproductive and pro-
vides an inefficient dialysis to use high blood flow rates with a high efficiency or
high-flux dialyzer with a dialysate flow of less than one and one-half the blood flow
rate. Adequate dialysate flow is essential for an efficient dialysis.
悋愃愕 悖悴慍悸 悋惺惠悋惆 悋愕悋悧 惠惆 惺惆 .惠惺惆 悋惡悸 悖 悋愕惡 惷惡愀悸 悋愕悋悧 惠惆 惺惆悋惠 惠 惆
 悋惠惆悸
500
  悋惺悋 悋惠惆 悵悋惠 悋悋悄悸 惺悋悸 悋 愃愕 悖悴慍悸 惡悋愕惡悸 .悖惆 忰惆 惆悸 / 
惠 悋 惺悋惆悸
700
-
800
悒 .惆悸 / 
惺愕悸 惡惠悋悧悴 悖惠
惺惆悋惠 悋愕惠悽惆悋 悋惺悋 愃惘 悋 愃愕 惘
Safety Monitors in Hemodialysis 189
.悋惆 惠惆 惺惆 惶 悋忰惆  悖 愕悋悧 惠惆 惺 悋惠惆 惺悋 愃愕 悴悋慍 悖 惺悋悸 惡悋悄悸 惺悋悸 惆 惠惆
.悋惺悋 悋 愃愕 悋惷惘惘 愃愕 悋悋 悋惠惆 惺惆
Dialysate Flow Monitoring
悋愕悋悧 惠惆 惘悋惡悸
These alarm conditions include low incoming water pressure to the machine, dialy-
sate pump failure, and obstruction in the flow path and power failure.
 悋惆悋 惷悽悸 愆  悋悋悸 悒 悋悋惘惆 悋悋悄 惷愃愀 悋悽悋惷 悵 悋悒悵悋惘 惴惘 惠惠惷
惺惘悸
悋惠悋惘 悋愀悋惺 悋惠惆 愕悋惘
悋惘惡悋悧
.
Most machines have a continuous audible alarm with these conditions. There
usually are no alarms that alert the staff when the dialysate flow rate is set too low,
for example, at 500 mL/min instead of at 800 mL/min. Dialysis personnel must be
diligent in monitoring this aspect of care.
惺惆悋 悋惴 惠惡 悒悵悋惘悋惠 惠悴惆 悋 惺悋惆悸 .悋惴惘 悵 惺 愕惠惘 愕惺 悒悵悋惘 惆悋 悋悛悋惠 惺惴
惺惆  悋惓悋 愕惡 惺  悋惆悴 悋惷悽 悋愕悋悧 惠惆 惺惆 
500
 悋惡惆 惆悸 / 
800
.惆悸 / 
愃愕 惴 悴惠惆 悖 悴惡
.悋惘惺悋悸  悋悴悋惡 悵悋 惘悋惡悸  悋
Effluent Dialysate Line
悋惶惘 惆悋惠 悽愀
Dialysis personnel must monitor the dialysate effluent line to the drain to ensure that
it is not obstructed and that it is properly placed in the drain. An obstruction can
cause backpressure into the dialysate compartment and may decrease the dialysate
flow rate.
 惠悖惆 悋惶惘 悒 悋惠惆 悋惶忰 悋惶惘 悽愀 悋 愃愕 惴 惘悋惡 悖 悴惡
悋愕惆悋惆 惺惆
悖
 惺愕 惷愃愀 忰惆惓  悋悋愕惆悋惆 惠愕惡惡 悖  .悋惡悋惺悸  惶忰忰 惡愆 惷惺 惠
惆 悋惆悋悸 忰悴惘悸
.悋愕悋悧 惠惆 惺惆  
Electrical Safety
悋惘惡悋悧悸 悋愕悋悸
Dialysis machines pose a risk of electrical shock to a patient or staff member.
All electronic equipment must be inspected and tested on a periodic basis. The
staff members, most frequently in the patient care areas, must accept
responsibility for identifying and reporting any potential hazardous conditions. All
electric components should be adequately isolated from liquid leaks and the outside
of equipment shielded from liquid spills. Electric components must be plugged into
the correct socket, and grounded plugs used. Electrical safety classes and safe use
of equipment is mandatory for all dialysis personnel.
悴惡 .悋惴 悖 惘惷 惘惡悋悧悸 惶惆悸 悋惠惺惘惷 悽愀惘 悋 愃愕 悛悋惠 惠愆
忰惶
悋惺惆悋惠 悴惺
惘惺悋悸 悋愀  悋悖忰悋 悖愃惡   悋惴 惠忰 悖 悴惡 .惆惘 悖愕悋愕 惺 悋悽惠惡悋惘悋 悋悒惠惘悸
悋 悴惺 惺慍 悴惡 .惺悋 悋悒惡悋愃 忰惠悸 悽愀惘悸 惴惘 悖 惠忰惆惆 惺 悋愕悗悸  悋惘惷
悋惠
悋悋愕悋惡悋惠  悋忰 悋惺惆悋惠  悋悽悋惘悴 悋悴慍悄  悖 悋愕悋悧 惠愕惘惡 惺 悋 惡愆 悋惘惡悋悧悸
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  • 1. 184 Safety Monitors in Hemodialysis Incoming dialysate Bypass Valve Activated. (From Pittard J: Hemodialysis Nursing, Training Manual, 7th ed., version 7.0. Santa Monica, CA, 2003, with permission.) Bypass System 悋悋惠悋悸 惴悋 The bypass system diverts dialysate (Fig. 13.7) directly to the drain away from the dialyzer to avoid exposure of the patients blood to unsafe dialysate. The dialysate bypass valve, located in the incoming dialysate circuit predialyzer, is activated by high/low conductivity, high/low pH, or high/low temperature. It is imperative to have the dialysis staff verify and check that the bypass valve diverts the dialysate to drain. 惴悋 悋 惠悴悋慍 (悋愆 悋惆悋悸 悋惆悸 惡惠忰 13.7 惠悴惡 悋 愃愕 悴悋慍 惺 悋惆惡惺 悋惶惘 悒 惡悋愆惘悸 ) 悴悋慍 悋悴惆 惡悋惆悋悸 悋悽悋惶 悋悴悋惡 悋惶悋 惠愆愀 惠 .悛 愃惘 愕悋悧 愃愕 悋惘惷 惆 惠惺惘惷 悖 悋悽惷悸 / 悋惺悋悸 悋惶悸 愀惘 惺 悋悋惘惆悸 悋惆悋悸 惆悋悧惘悸 悋悖 悋惠忰 / 悋惺悋悸 悋忰惷悸 惆惘悴悸 悋 愃愕 愀悋 悖 悋惷惘惘 .悋悽惷悸 / 悋惘惠惺悸 悋忰惘悋惘悸 惆惘悴悸 悖 悋悽惷悸 惡悋惠忰 悋惠忰 悋悴悋惡 悋惶悋 悖 忰 .悋惠惶惘 悒 悋 悋愃愕 忰 Bypass System Monitoring 悋惠悴悋慍 惴悋 惘悋惡悸 There is no monitor for bypass system failure or function on most machines. A light on the front panel of the machine indicates when the machine is in the bypass mode. Also, an audible alarm usually occurs. If there is a float located in the dialysate inflow line, indicating flow, the float will drop to the bottom of the indicator. There usually is a manually operated control to initiate the bypass mode. Failure of the bypass valve during dialysis is a critical and dangerous situation. 悋 惺惴 惺 惴惠 悖 悋惴悋 愆 惠悴悋慍 愆悋愆悸 惠悴惆 悋 悋悖悋悸 悋忰悸 惺 悋悴惆 悋惷悄 愆惘 .悖悴慍悸 悴惆悸 惺悋悸 悋 悋 悒悵悋 .愕惺 悒悵悋惘 忰惆惓 悋 惺悋惆悸 悖惷悋 .悋悋惠悋悸 惷惺 悋悴悋慍 悖 悒 悴悋慍 悋 悋 惺悋惆悸 .悋悗愆惘 悖愕 悒 愕惠悽惷 悋惺悋悸 悒 悋惠惆 悒 惠愆惘 悋惆悋悽 悋愕悋悧 惠惆 悽愀 惠忰 惺惶惘 忰惘悴悸 忰悋悸 悋 愃愕 悖惓悋悄 悋悴悋惡 悋惶悋 愆 惺惆 .悋惠悴悋慍 惷惺 惡惆悄 悋惆 惠愆愃 惠 .悽愀惘悸 X Flow meter Diverted to drain Figure 13.7
  • 2. Safety Monitors in Hemodialysis 185 Rinse Mode The rinse mode on dialysis machines overrides the bypass system. It allows rinsing and disinfection of the entire fluid pathway. It should never be activated while a patient is on dialysis. In new-model machines, the blood pump cannot be activated when the machine is in the rinse mode. 悋愆愀 惷惺 悋 .惡悋悋 悋愕悋悧 愕悋惘 惠惺 惡愆愀 愕忰 .悋悴悋慍悸 惴悋 悋 愃愕 悖悴慍悸 悋愆愀 惷惺 愃 惆悖惡 惠愆愀 惡愃 悋惆 惷悽悸 惠愆愀 悋 悋悴惆惆 悋愀惘悋慍 悵悋惠 悋悖悴慍悸 .悋 愃愕 悒悴惘悋悄 悖惓悋悄 悋 悋愆愀 惷惺 悋悛悸 惠 惺惆悋 Dialysate Pressure Monitor 悋愕悋悧 惷愃愀 惘悋惡悸 The dialysate pressure monitor monitors ultrafiltration pressures. It is a critical func- tion of dialysis therapy that ensures accurate and safe fluid removal from the patient. One method to regulate the patients ultrafiltration is byapplication of transmembrane pressure (TMP). Newer machine models have ultrafiltration/volumetric control cir- cuits. The dialysis personnel set the goal for the desired fluid removal, set the duration of dialysis, and activate the ultrafiltration control mode. The machine will automati- cally calculate and apply the required transmembrane pressure to achieve the desired ultrafiltration. 悋 愃愕 惺悋悴 忰悋愕悸 惴悸 悒悋 .悋悋悧 悋惠惘愆忰 惷愃愀 惡惘悋惡悸 悋愕悋悧 惷愃愀 惘悋惡悸 悴悋慍 惘惷 悋悋悧 悋惠惘愆忰 惠惴 愀惘 悒忰惆 惠惠惓 .悋惘惷 愕悋悧 悛悸 惆悸 悒慍悋悸 惠惷 悋惠 ( 悋愃愆悋悄 惺惡惘 悋惷愃愀 惠愀惡 TMP 悋悋悋惠 愀惘慍 惠忰惠 .) .忰悴 惠忰 / 悋悧 惠惘愆忰 惆悋悧惘 惺 悋悖忰惆惓 悋惠忰 惷惺 惠愆愀 悋 愃愕 惆悸 忰惆惆悋 悋愀惡悸 悋愕悋悧 悒慍悋悸 惆 悋 愃愕 惴 忰惆惆 .悋愀惡 悋悋悧 悋惠惘愆忰 惠忰 悋愀惡 悋愃愆悋悄 惷愃愀 惠愀惡 惡忰愕悋惡 悋惠悋悧 悋悛悸 愕惠 .悋悋悧 悋惠惘愆忰
  • 3. 186 Safety Monitors in Hemodialysis Volumetric control systems have different design features. Acommon design uses balancing chambers to precisely measure fluid volume entering and leaving the dialyzer. These machines automatically adjust the TMP. Volumetric control systems use matched pumps, usually diaphragm pumps. The pumps are controlled by valves and are integrated after proportioning of dialysate. Valves located above and below the balancing chambers open and close to direct the flow of fresh and used dialysate. Fresh dialysate is pushed out to dialyze, whereas used dialysate is pushed out to drain. The two chambers alternate functions, creating a constant flow of fresh dialy- sate. The system is a closed loop with both chambers exactly balanced. Air is removed from the used dialysate, in a separation chamber, to ensure accurate measurement. 忰悴 悋愕 悋悋慍悸 愃惘 悋愆悋悧惺 悋惠惶 愕惠悽惆 .悽惠悸 惠惶 慍悋惠 悋 悋忰悴 悋惠忰 悖惴悸 悋惘愆忰 悽惘悴 惆悽 悋悵 悋愕悋悧 惡惆悸 惡惷惡愀 悋惠悋悧 悋悛悋惠 悵 惠 . TMP 悋惠忰 悖惴悸 惠愕惠悽惆 . 悋忰悴 悋惶悋悋惠 惡悋愕愀悸 悋惷悽悋惠 悋惠忰 惠 .愃愆悋悧悸 惷悽悋惠 惠 悋 惺悋惆悸 惠愀悋惡悸 惷悽悋惠 惠惆 惠悴 惠愃 惠惠忰 悋悋慍悸 愃惘 悖愕 悖惺 悋悴惆悸 悋惶悋悋惠 .悋惆悋悸 愕惡悸 悋愕 惡惺惆 惆悴悋 惠 惡 悋愕悋悧 愃愕 悽悋惘悴 悋惺愆 悋愕悋悧 惆惺 惠 .悋愕惠惺悸 悋悴惆惆悸 莍悸惆悋 悋愕惠悽惆 悋愕悋悧 惆惺 惠 悋 忰悸 惺 惺惡悋惘悸 悋惴悋 .悋悴惆惆悸 惆悋悸 悋愕惠惘 悋惠惆 悽 悋 惡悋惠悋惡 悋愃惘惠悋 惠惺 .惠惶惘 悽悋惘悴 悋悋愕 惷悋 悋惶 愃惘悸 悋愕惠悽惆 悋愕悋悧 悋悋悄 悒慍悋悸 惠 .悋惠悋 惠悋慍惠悋 悋愃惘惠 悋 惺 愃悸 .悋惆 To ensure proper functioning of matched pumps and appropriate sealing of the valves, it is recommended that a pressure-holding test be performed predialysis. This tests the integrity of the diaphragms to ensure that they are free from defects or flaws. Bad valve seals can cause inaccurate ultrafiltration that is potentially cata- strophic with high-flux dialyzers. These tests can be performed manually or auto- matically, depending on the machine model. 悋惠愀悋惡悸 惷悽悋惠 悋愕 悋悖惆悋悄 惷悋 惷愃愀 悋悽惠惡悋惘 惡悒悴惘悋悄 惶 惶悋悋惠 悋悋愕惡 悋悒愃悋 悖悽惠悋 惠惠愕惡惡 悖 .悋惺惡 悖 悋惺惡 悽悋 惠悖惆 悋悖愃愆悸 愕悋悸 悽惠惡惘 悵悋 .悋惠忰 悋惷愃愀 惺悋悸 悋愃悋慍悋惠 愃愕 悖悴慍悸 惺 悋惠 悖 忰惠 惆 愃惘 悋悧 惠惘愆忰 忰惆惓 悋惘惆悧悸 悋惶悋 悒悴惘 .悋惠惆 .悋悴悋慍 愀惘悋慍 忰愕惡 悋惠悋悧 悖 悋惆 悋悋悽惠惡悋惘悋惠 悵 悋悄 Blood-Leak Detector 悋惆 惠愕惘惡 悋愆 This monitor functions by transmitting filtered or unfiltered light through a column of effluent dialysate that has exited the dialyzer (Fig. 13.8). Tears or leaks in the dialyzer membrane cause RBCs to leak into the dialysate, interrupting the light transmission. The machine response to a blood leak alarm is an audible alarm, a visual alarm, the blood pump stops, and the venous line clamp engages. 悋愆悋愆悸 悵 惠惺 悋悵 悋惶忰 悋惶惘 愕悋悧 惺惆 惺惡惘 悋惠惘 愃惘 悖 悋惠惘 悋惷悄 悒惘愕悋 愀惘 惺 (悋愆 悋 愃愕 悴悋慍 悽惘悴 13.8 惠愕惘惡 悋惘愆忰 愃愆悋悄 悋惠愕惘惡悋惠 悖 悋惠慍悋惠 惠惠愕惡惡 .) 惺惡悋惘悸 悋惆 惠愕惘惡 悒悵悋惘 悋悴悋慍 悋愕惠悴悋惡悸 .悋惷悄 悋惠悋 愀惺 悋 悋愕悋悧 悒 悋忰惘悋悄 悋惆 惘悋惠 悒悵悋惘 惺 .悋惘惆 悋悽愀 愆惡 惺 悋惆 惷悽悸 惠 惘悧 悒悵悋惘 愕惺 Dialystate in Dialysate out Light source
  • 4. Safety Monitors in Hemodialysis 187 Photo cell Dialystate in Dialysate out Light source Photo cell = red blood cell Blood-Leak Detector. (From Pittard J: Hemodialysis Nursing, Training Manual, 7th ed., version 7.0. Santa Monica, CA, 2003, with permission.) It is recommended to have a blood-leak detection threshold set at 0.250.35 mL of whole blood per liter of dialysate. False blood-leak alarms can be caused by the presence of air bubbles in the path or by cloudy or dirty optical lenses. 悋愆 惺惠惡悸 惡惠忰惆惆 惶 惺惆 悋惆 惠愕惘惡 惺 0.25 - 0.35 .悋惆悋悸 惠惘 悋悋 悋惆 惺惆愕悋惠 惡愕惡惡 悖 悋愕悋惘 悋悄 悋惺悋惠 悴惆 惡愕惡惡 悋惆 惠愕惘惡 悋悋悵惡悸 悋悒悵悋惘悋惠 惠忰惆惓 悖 .惠愕悽悸 悖 愃悋悧悸 惡惶惘悸 Figure 13.8
  • 5. 188 Safety Monitors in Hemodialysis Blood-Leak Detector Monitoring 愆 悴悋慍 悋惆 惠愕惘惡 If the machinery indicates this alarm, a stat Hemastix (benzidine test strip) must be taken at the dialysate drain line. A positive Hemastix test indicates a blood leak. If the Hemastix is weakly positive and the patient is on a hollow-fiber dialyzer, it is possible to closely monitor the patient, observe the dialysate outflow for increased turbidity (indicates air bubbles or RBCs), and wait a few minutes. The leaking fibers may seal or clot off. During this time, remove the ultrafiltration, decrease the blood flow rate, and attend the patient on a one-to-one ratio. If the patient cannot be con- tinuously monitored, the dialyzer should be replaced. 悴 悋悒悵悋惘 悵悋 悒 悋悋悸 悖愆悋惘惠 悒悵悋 悒忰惶悋悧悋惠 悖悽悵 惡 Hemastix 悋悽惠惡悋惘 (愆惘愀 benzidine 惺惆 ) 悋悽惠惡悋惘 愆惘 .莍悸惆悋 惠惶惘 悽愀 Hemastix 悋 悒悵悋 .惆 惠愕惘惡 悴惆 悒 悋悒悴悋惡 Hemastix 悋惡悴 惺 悋惘惷 惘悋惡悸 悋 悋悴悸 悋悖悋 悋 愃愕 悴悋慍 惺 悋惘惷 悋 惷惺 惡愆 )悋忰惘悋悄 悋惆 惘悋惠 悖 悋悋悄 悋惺悋惠 悒 (愆惘 悋惠惺惘 慍悋惆悸 惺 悋悋惠悴 悋愕悋悧 惠惆 惘悋惡悸 惓惡 悵悋 悽悋 .惠惠悴愀 悖 悋惠愕惘惡悸 悋悖悋 惠愕惆 惆 .惆悋悧 惡惷惺 悋惠惴惘 悽惷 悋悋悧 悋惠惘愆忰 惡悒慍悋悸 悋惠 悴惡 惡悋愕惠惘悋惘 惘悋惡惠 悋 悋惘惷 悋 悒悵悋 .悋忰惆 悒 悋忰惆 惡愕惡悸 悋惘惷 忰惷惘 悋惆 惠惆 惺惆 .悋 愃愕 悴悋慍 悋愕惠惡惆悋 If the repeat Hemastix is negative, dialysis can be continued. If the blood-leak alarm continues, or if blood is visible in the dialysate lines, the dialysis should be stopped and the dialyzer changed per unit protocol. The dialyzer should be discarded. 惠惘悋惘 悋 悒悵悋 Hemastix 悋 悒悵悋 悖 悋惆 惠愕惘惡 悒悵悋惘 悋愕惠惘 悒悵悋 .悋 愃愕 惠悋惡惺悸 悋愕惡 惡惘惠 悋 悋 愃愕 悴悋慍 惠愃惘 悋 愃愕 悒悋 悴惡 悋 愃愕 悽愀愀 悋惘悧 悋惆 悴惡 .悋忰惆悸 悋惠悽惶 .悋 愃愕 悴悋慍 After a blood leak, it is important to clean the optical path of the blood leak detector. Always maintain a narrow range of sensitivity. Do not dialyze a patient with a faulty blood-leak detector. A major blood leak can be fatal. 惷 愀悋 惺 悋惆悋悧 忰悋惴 .悋惆 惠愕惘惡 悋愆 悋惡惶惘 悋愕悋惘 惠惴 悋 悋惆 惠愕惘惡 惡惺惆 惠 悋 .悋忰愕悋愕悸 悋惡惘 悋惆 惠愕惘惡 悖 .悋悽悋愀悧 悋惆 惠愕惘惡 愆 惡悴悋慍 惡悋愕悋悧 惘惷 惡愃愕 .悋悋惠 Dialysate Flow 悋愃愕 愕悋悧 惠惆 The dialysate flow rates may be preset or adjustable. The usual dialysate flow rate for conventional dialyzers is a minimum of 500 mL/min. For high-efficiency and high-flux dialyzers, it is usually 700800 mL/min. It is counterproductive and pro- vides an inefficient dialysis to use high blood flow rates with a high efficiency or high-flux dialyzer with a dialysate flow of less than one and one-half the blood flow rate. Adequate dialysate flow is essential for an efficient dialysis. 悋愃愕 悖悴慍悸 悋惺惠悋惆 悋愕悋悧 惠惆 惺惆 .惠惺惆 悋惡悸 悖 悋愕惡 惷惡愀悸 悋愕悋悧 惠惆 惺惆悋惠 惠 惆 悋惠惆悸 500 悋惺悋 悋惠惆 悵悋惠 悋悋悄悸 惺悋悸 悋 愃愕 悖悴慍悸 惡悋愕惡悸 .悖惆 忰惆 惆悸 / 惠 悋 惺悋惆悸 700 - 800 悒 .惆悸 / 惺愕悸 惡惠悋悧悴 悖惠 惺惆悋惠 悋愕惠悽惆悋 悋惺悋 愃惘 悋 愃愕 惘
  • 6. Safety Monitors in Hemodialysis 189 .悋惆 惠惆 惺惆 惶 悋忰惆 悖 愕悋悧 惠惆 惺 悋惠惆 惺悋 愃愕 悴悋慍 悖 惺悋悸 惡悋悄悸 惺悋悸 惆 惠惆 .悋惺悋 悋 愃愕 悋惷惘惘 愃愕 悋悋 悋惠惆 惺惆 Dialysate Flow Monitoring 悋愕悋悧 惠惆 惘悋惡悸 These alarm conditions include low incoming water pressure to the machine, dialy- sate pump failure, and obstruction in the flow path and power failure. 悋惆悋 惷悽悸 愆 悋悋悸 悒 悋悋惘惆 悋悋悄 惷愃愀 悋悽悋惷 悵 悋悒悵悋惘 惴惘 惠惠惷 惺惘悸 悋惠悋惘 悋愀悋惺 悋惠惆 愕悋惘 悋惘惡悋悧 . Most machines have a continuous audible alarm with these conditions. There usually are no alarms that alert the staff when the dialysate flow rate is set too low, for example, at 500 mL/min instead of at 800 mL/min. Dialysis personnel must be diligent in monitoring this aspect of care. 惺惆悋 悋惴 惠惡 悒悵悋惘悋惠 惠悴惆 悋 惺悋惆悸 .悋惴惘 悵 惺 愕惠惘 愕惺 悒悵悋惘 惆悋 悋悛悋惠 惺惴 惺惆 悋惓悋 愕惡 惺 悋惆悴 悋惷悽 悋愕悋悧 惠惆 惺惆 500 悋惡惆 惆悸 / 800 .惆悸 / 愃愕 惴 悴惠惆 悖 悴惡 .悋惘惺悋悸 悋悴悋惡 悵悋 惘悋惡悸 悋 Effluent Dialysate Line 悋惶惘 惆悋惠 悽愀 Dialysis personnel must monitor the dialysate effluent line to the drain to ensure that it is not obstructed and that it is properly placed in the drain. An obstruction can cause backpressure into the dialysate compartment and may decrease the dialysate flow rate. 惠悖惆 悋惶惘 悒 悋惠惆 悋惶忰 悋惶惘 悽愀 悋 愃愕 惴 惘悋惡 悖 悴惡 悋愕惆悋惆 惺惆 悖 惺愕 惷愃愀 忰惆惓 悋悋愕惆悋惆 惠愕惡惡 悖 .悋惡悋惺悸 惶忰忰 惡愆 惷惺 惠 惆 悋惆悋悸 忰悴惘悸 .悋愕悋悧 惠惆 惺惆 Electrical Safety 悋惘惡悋悧悸 悋愕悋悸 Dialysis machines pose a risk of electrical shock to a patient or staff member. All electronic equipment must be inspected and tested on a periodic basis. The staff members, most frequently in the patient care areas, must accept responsibility for identifying and reporting any potential hazardous conditions. All electric components should be adequately isolated from liquid leaks and the outside of equipment shielded from liquid spills. Electric components must be plugged into the correct socket, and grounded plugs used. Electrical safety classes and safe use of equipment is mandatory for all dialysis personnel. 悴惡 .悋惴 悖 惘惷 惘惡悋悧悸 惶惆悸 悋惠惺惘惷 悽愀惘 悋 愃愕 悛悋惠 惠愆 忰惶 悋惺惆悋惠 悴惺 惘惺悋悸 悋愀 悋悖忰悋 悖愃惡 悋惴 惠忰 悖 悴惡 .惆惘 悖愕悋愕 惺 悋悽惠惡悋惘悋 悋悒惠惘悸 悋 悴惺 惺慍 悴惡 .惺悋 悋悒惡悋愃 忰惠悸 悽愀惘悸 惴惘 悖 惠忰惆惆 惺 悋愕悗悸 悋惘惷 悋惠 悋悋愕悋惡悋惠 悋忰 悋惺惆悋惠 悋悽悋惘悴 悋悴慍悄 悖 悋愕悋悧 惠愕惘惡 惺 悋 惡愆 悋惘惡悋悧悸 悋愕悋悸 惶 .悋悖惘惷悸 悋悋惡愕 悋愕惠悽惆悋 悋惶忰忰 惡悋惡愕 悋惘惡悋悧悸 悋悋惠 惠惶 悴惡 .悋愕悋悧悸 悋 愃愕 悖惘悋惆 悴惺 悒慍悋 惺惆悋惠 悋悛 悋悋愕惠悽惆悋 悋惘惡悋悧悸 .