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INTRODUCTION
After the development of an analytical
procedure, it is must important to assure that the
procedure will consistently produce the intended
a precise result with high degree of accuracy.
The method should give a specific result that
may not be affected by external matters.
This creates a requirement to validate the
analytical procedures.
The validation procedures consists of some
characteristics parameters that makes the
method acceptable with addition of statistical
tools

Common types of analytical
procedure that can be validated
Identification tests;
Quantitative tests for impurities content;
Limit tests for the control of impurities;
Quantitative tests of the active moiety in
samples of drug substance or drug product or
other selected component(s) in the drug product.

Typical validation characteristics
which should be considered
USP defines eight steps for validation:
Accuracy
Precision (repeatability, reproducibility,
intermediate precision)
Specificity
Limit of detection
Limit of quantitation
Linearity and range
Ruggedness
Robustness

Accuracy
The accuracy of an analytical method is the closeness of
the test results obtained by that method to the true
value.
This is sometimes termed trueness.
It is recommended that accuracy should be determined
using a minimum of nine determinations over a
minimum of the three concentration levels, covering the
specified range (3 concentrations/3 replicates each of
total analytical procedures).
It is measured as the percent of analyte recovered by
assay.

Precision
The precision of an analytical method is the degree of
agreement among individual test results when the
method is repeated to multiple samplings of a
homogeneous sample.
The precision of an analytical procedure is usually
expressed as the standard deviation or relative
standard deviation (coefficient of variation) of a series
of measurements.
It is indicated by Relative Standard Deviation

Repeatability
Repeatability refers to the use of the analytical
procedure within a laboratory over a short period of
time using the same analyst with the same equipment.
Repeatability should be assessed using a minimum of
nine determinations covering the specified range for
the procedure (i.e., three concentrations and three
replicates of each concentration or using a minimum of
six determinations at 100% of the test concentration).

Reproducibility
Reproducibility expresses the precision between
laboratories (collaborative studies, usually applied
to standardization of methodology).
Reproducibility is usually demonstrated by means
of an inter-laboratory trial.

Intermediate Precision
Intermediate precision is the results from within
lab variations due to random events such as
different days, different analysts, different
equipment, etc

Specificity
Specificity is the ability to measure accurately and
specifically the analyte of interest in the presence
of other components that may be expected to be
present in the sample matrix such as impurities,
degradation products and matrix components.
It must be demonstrated that the analytical
method is unaffected by the presence of spiked
materials (impurities and/or excipients).

In case of identification tests, the method should be able to
discriminate between compounds of closely related
structures which are likely to be present.
Similarly, in case of assay and impurity tests by
chromatographic procedures, specificity can be
demonstrated by the resolution of the two components
which elute closest to each other.
It is not always possible to demonstrate that an analytical
procedure is specific for a particular analyte (complete
discrimination).
In this case a combination of two or more analytical
procedures is recommended to achieve the necessary level
of discrimination.

Linearity
Linearity is the ability of the method to elicit test results that
are directly, or by a well-defined mathematical transformation,
proportional to analyte concentration within a given range.
It should be established initially by visual examination of a
plot of signals as a function of analyte concentration of
content.
If there appears to be a linear relationship, test results should
be established by appropriate statistical methods.
Data from the regression line provide mathematical estimates
of the degree of linearity. The correlation coefficient, y-
intercept, and the slope of the regression line should be
submitted.

It is recommended to have a minimum of five
concentration levels, along with certain minimum
specified ranges. For assay, the minimum
specified range is from 80% -120% of the target
concentration.
Regression line, y = ax + b
Where, a is the slope of regression line and b is
the y- intercept.
Here, x may represent analyte concentration and
y may represent the signal responses.

Detection Limit and Quantitation
Limit
The Detection Limit is defined as the lowest
concentration of an analyte in a sample that can be
detected, not quantified.
The Quantitation Limit is the lowest concentration
of an analyte in a sample that can be determined
with acceptable precision and accuracy under the
stated operational conditions of the analytical
procedures.

Some of the approaches to determine the Detection Limit and
Quantitation Limit are:
1. Visual Evaluation
Visual evaluation may be used for non-instrumental
methods.
For non-instrumental procedures, the detection limit is
generally determined by the analysis of samples with
known concentrations of analyte and by establishing the
minimum level at which the analyte can be reliably
detected.
And the quantitation limit is generally determined by the
analysis of samples with known concentrations of analyte
and by establishing the minimum level at which the
analyte can be determined with acceptable accuracy and
precision

2. Signal to Noise
This approach can only be applied to analytical procedures
that exhibit baseline noise.
Determination of the signal-to-noise ratio is performed by
comparing measured signals from samples with known low
concentrations of analyte with those of blank samples and
establishing the minimum concentration at which the analyte
can be reliably detected for the determination of Detection
Limit and reliably quantified for the determination of
Quantitation Limit.
A signal-to-noise ratio between 3 or 2:1 is generally
considered acceptable for estimating the detection limit and
A typical signal-to-noise ratio is 10:1 is considered for
establishing the quantitation limit.

3. Standard Deviation of the response and the
Slope.
The Detection Limit may be expressed as:
DL = 3.3σ/ s
The Quantitation Limit may be expressed as:
QL = 10σ/ s
Where, σ is standard deviation of the response
and s is slope of the linearity curve.

Range
The range of an analytical procedure is the interval
between the upper and lower levels of analyte
(including these levels) that have been
demonstrated to be determined with a suitable
level of precision, accuracy, and linearity using the
procedure as written.
The range is normally expressed in the same units
as test results (e.g., percent) obtained by the
analytical procedure.

The following minimum specified ranges should Be
considered:
For Assay of a Drug Substance (or a drug product)
the range should be from 80% to 120% of the test
concentration.
For Determination of an Impurity: from 50% to
120% of the acceptance criterion.
For Content Uniformity: a minimum of 70% to 130%
of the test concentration, unless a wider or more
appropriate range based on the nature of the dosage
form (e.g., metered-dose inhalers) is justified.
For Dissolution Testing: ±20% over the specified
range

Robustness
It is the ability of the procedure to provide analytical
results of acceptable accuracy and precision under a
variety of conditions.
The results from separate samples are influenced by
changes in the operational or environmental
conditions.
Robustness should be considered during the
development phase, and should show the reliability
of an analysis when deliberate variations are made in
method parameters

If measurements are susceptible to variations in analytical conditions,
the analytical conditions should be suitably controlled or a
precautionary statement should be included in the procedure.
One consequence of the evaluation of robustness should be that a
series of system suitability parameters (e.g., resolution test) is
established to ensure that the validity of the analytical procedure is
maintained whenever used
In the case of liquid chromatography, examples of typical variations
are:
influence of variations of pH in a mobile phase;
influence of variations in mobile phase composition;
different columns (different lots and/or suppliers);
temperature;
flow rate.

Ruggedness
The ruggedness of analytical method is the degree
of reproducibility test result obtained by the
analysis of same sample under variety of condition
(lab, analysts, equipment, different day, different
lot of reagent)
It is normally expressed as the lack of influence on
the test result of operational and environmental
variable of analytical method

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