Komplikacije diabetes melitusaNatasa PantovicSvetski Dan borbe protiv šećerne bolesti (WDD) se obeležava svake godine 14. novembra, na rođendan Ser Frederika Bentinga, koji je 1922. zajedno sa Čarlsom Bestom otkrio insulin. Predstavlja najveću svetsku kampanju usmerenu na podizanje svesti o dijabetesu
GlikemijaNatasa PantovicPovodom Svetskog dana protiv šećerne bolesti učenici IV2 i predmetni prof. Sanja Đokić održali su predavanje u Medicinskoj školi
Red blood cell - ErythropoiesisElizabeth JosephThis document discusses erythropoiesis, the process of red blood cell formation. It outlines the stages of erythropoiesis from pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells to mature red blood cells, including proerythroblasts, basophilic erythroblasts, polychromatophilic erythroblasts, orthochromatic erythroblasts, reticulocytes, and mature red blood cells. It also describes the key factors that regulate erythropoiesis, particularly erythropoietin produced by the kidneys in response to tissue oxygen levels. Vitamin B12 and folic acid also support red blood cell formation.
Red blood cell - ErythropoiesisElizabeth JosephThis document discusses erythropoiesis, the process of red blood cell formation. It outlines the stages of erythropoiesis from pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells to mature red blood cells, including proerythroblasts, basophilic erythroblasts, polychromatophilic erythroblasts, orthochromatic erythroblasts, reticulocytes, and mature red blood cells. It also describes the key factors that regulate erythropoiesis, particularly erythropoietin produced by the kidneys in response to tissue oxygen levels. Vitamin B12 and folic acid also support red blood cell formation.
ERYTHROPOIESISDr Nilesh KateThis document discusses erythropoiesis, the process of red blood cell formation. It covers the sites of hematopoiesis, blood cell precursors, the stages of erythropoiesis from pronormoblast to reticulocyte, and the factors that regulate and are necessary for erythropoiesis. Key factors discussed include erythropoietin, which stimulates red blood cell production; vitamin B12 and folic acid, which are required for DNA synthesis and cell maturation; and intrinsic factor, which is needed for vitamin B12 absorption.
Thalassemia Case presentationaazmaThe document summarizes a case of a 16 month old female patient named Naseeba who presented with pallor and difficulty breathing for the past month and 5 days respectively. She was diagnosed with thalassemia major based on her history of severe anemia requiring regular blood transfusions since 8 months of age. Her examination revealed signs of severe anemia, failure to thrive, and secondary malnutrition. The discussion section provided an overview of thalassemia including pathogenesis, classification, management with regular blood transfusions and chelation therapy, as well as complications. It emphasized the importance of lifelong management, counseling, and screening to improve quality of life for patients with thalassemia major.
Seminar thalassemiasiti hamidah1. Thalassemia is caused by a defective production of the globin portion of hemoglobin, resulting in an imbalance between alpha and beta globin chains.
2. There are two main types - alpha thalassemia affects alpha chain production while beta thalassemia affects beta chain production.
3. Beta thalassemia major is the most severe form, characterized by severe anemia starting in early childhood requiring lifelong regular blood transfusions and iron chelation therapy to prevent iron overload.
ThalassaemiaAzilah SulaimanThis document discusses non-transfusion dependent thalassemia (NTDT), including HbE/β thalassemia. It classifies HbE/β thalassemia into severe, moderate, and mild based on hemoglobin levels and clinical symptoms. It also discusses transfusion therapy for NTDT, indicating when regular transfusions should start based on hemoglobin drop, organ enlargement, and other factors. The document further discusses chelation therapy for managing iron overload in NTDT, covering various chelating agents like deferoxamine, deferiprone, and deferasirox.
ThalassemiaLivson ThomasThis document discusses thalassemia, an inherited blood disorder characterized by reduced or absent hemoglobin. There are two main types: alpha thalassemia affects hemoglobin production; beta thalassemia has four forms ranging from mild (trait) to severe (major). Symptoms include anemia, fatigue, bone changes. Treatment involves blood transfusions, iron chelation therapy, and potentially splenectomy or bone marrow transplant.
Thalassemia Gurajala venkateshThe document discusses thalassemia, a group of inherited blood disorders characterized by reduced or absent globin chains. It covers the basics of alpha and beta thalassemia including genetic basis, classification, clinical outcomes, complications, and management approaches like transfusions, chelation therapy, splenectomy, and immunizations. Key points include the varying severity of alpha and beta thalassemia syndromes depending on which globin chains are affected, the risk of iron overload and related organ damage without proper chelation therapy, and the goal of splenectomy to reduce transfusion needs in severe cases.
2. o Anemija (malokrvnost) predstavlja
hematološko oboljenje koje nastaje
zbog smanjene količine eritrocita,
smanjene količine hemoglobina ili
smanjenog volumena eritrocita.
o Posledice anemije se ogledaju
u smanjenoj oksigenaciji krvi a
samim tim i tkiva koja bez
kiseonika ne mogu.
3. FIZIOLOGIJA KRVI
Krv se sastoji iz :
• Tečnog dela-plazme koji se sastoji
od vode i sitnih molekula i jona...
• Krvnih ćelija rastvorenih u plazmi
Krvne ćelije se dele na:
• Eritrocite-imaju hemoglobin koji učestvuje
u prenosu gasova-oksigenaciji tkiva
• Leukocite-imaju ulogu u zaštiti organizma
od stranih ćelija
• Trombocite-krvne pločice koje imaju ulogu
u koagulaciji krvi
5. Prema dimenzijama eritrocita,anemije mogu biti:
Mikrocitne – MCV < 80 fL
Normocitne– MCV =80-95 fL
Megalocitne (megaloblastične) –MCV>95 fL
Prema patogenetskom mehanizmu,anemije mogu biti:
• Hipoproliferacijske(aplastična,endokrina...)
• Zbog poremećaja u eritropoezi:
megaloblastična
sideropenijska (hipohromna)
• Hemolitičke
• Nepoznatog uzroka
6. Kod dece su najprisutnije:
• Mikrocitna anemija-anemija koja nastaje usled smanjenog
volumena eritrocita koji prouzrokuje smanjenu oskigenaciju krvi.
• Sideropenijska anemija-nastaje usled smanjene koncentracije
gvožđa u organizmu-dovodi do smanjenja sinteze hemoglobina u
eritrocitima
• Megaloblastična anemija-nastaje usled nedostatka vitamina B12
ili folne kiseline.Nedostatak B12 vitamina kod starije dece dovodi
do juvenilne perniciozne anemije.
• Nedovoljan unos folne kiseline može biti posledica:
Unošenja hrane siromašne ovim vitaminom
Unošenjem veće količine mleka iz koga je folna kiselina uklonjena
nepravilnom obradom
7. Uzroci nastanka anemije su:
• Nagla potrošnja rezervi gvožđa deteta
• Davanje hrane siromašne gvožđem (ugljeni hidrati)
• Nedovoljna resorpcija gvožđa (prolivi i povraćanja)
• Smanjeno unošenje hrane
(može biti uzrokovano dečijom anoreksijom)
8. KLINIČKA SLIKA
Glavni simptomi anemije su :
• Zamor
• Slabost
• Glavobolja
• Palpitacije(lupanje srca)
• Parestezije
• Sklonost ka infekciji
• Gubitak apetita
9. • Ako hipohromna anemija traje duži vremenski
period,dolazi do usporenog rasta i razvoja deteta kao i
raznih psihičkih problema i oštećenja unutrašnjih
organa(najviše kardiovaskularnog sistema).
• Dolazi do:
• promena na sluzokožama:
• glositis-zapaljenje jezika
• Angularni stomatitis-žvale
• Faringitis i gastritis
• Promena na noktima-koilonihija.
Nokti su konkavni,tanki
i lako lomljivi.
10. DIJAGNOZA
• Uzima se krv za Biohemijsku analizu serumskog gvožđa i
KKS-kompletnu krvnu sliku koja sadrži:
• broj eritrocita
• broj leukocita
• broj trombocita
• Vrednosti hemoglobina
• Vrednosti hematokrita
• Leukocitarnu formulu-procentualni
odnos elemenata bele krvne loze
Iz nalaza se dobijaju mikrocitni i hipohromni
eritrociti kao i smanjeno serumsko gvožđe
11. LEČENJE
Lečenje se sastoji u otklanjanju uzroka bolesti:
• Transfuzija (samo ako je ugrožen život)
• Pravilna ishrana-hrana treba da sadrži dosta
gvožđa(meso,povrće i voće)
• Treba smanjiti unos mleka i mlečnih proizvoda jer
onemogućavaju resorpciju gvožđa iz digestivnog trakta.
12. PROFILAKSA
Profilaksa se sastoji u :
• Dobroj ishrani trudnice
• Dobroj prvoj nezi novorođenčeta (presecanje pupčane
vrpce)
• Dobroj i pravilnoj ishrani deteta
• Sprečavanju infekcija i jačanju imuniteta deteta
