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Glossary of Taxonomic
terminology

A, Erect: upright, e.g. of a shrub, perpendicular to a surface; B, Ascending: at first
spreading horizontally and then becoming erect; F, Suckers: a vegetative shoot of
underground origin; H, Lignotuber: : a woody swelling, partly or wholly
underground, at the base of certain plants and containing numerous cortical buds, as
in many eucalypts
Fig. 1. Plant Habits and Growth Forms

I, Epiphytes: a plant perched, but not parasitic, on another plant; J, Decumbent:
spreading horizontally with the ends growing upwards; K, Procumbent: having
stems trailing or spreading over the ground; L, Prostrate: lying flat on the ground;
M, Stoloniferous: a more or less horizontal stem growing above ground and
rooting at the nodes; N, Rhizomatous: an underground stem, usually growing
horizontally; O, Pendent: drooping, hanging downwards; e.g. of a shrub.
Fig. 1. Plant Habits and Growth Forms

• A, Alternate: of leaves or flowers, inserted singly at different levels along the
branches; C, Opposite: inserted at the same level, as in leaves on the opposite side
of the stem; D, Opposite and decussate: (in pairs, with successive pairs borne at
right angles to each other); F, Whorled: a ring of leaves, bracts or floral parts
borne at the same level on a stem or axis; I, Basal: attached or grouped at the
base, e.g. of leaves in a rosette; J, Fascicled: arranged in bundles or clusters, e.g.
leaves.
Fig. 2. Leaf Arrangement

• A, Tripinnate: (3-pinnate): of a compound leaf, with lamina pinnately divided
three times, i.e. the pinnules are again pinnately divided; B, Bipinnate: (2-
pinnate): of a compound leaf, with the lamina divided twice pinnately, i.e. with
the pinnae themselves divided pinnately into pinnules; C, Imparipinnate: term
describing a pinnate leaf with a single terminal leaflet, and therefore usually with
an odd number of leaflets; D, Paripinnate: term describing a pinnately compound
leaf without a single terminal leaflet, and therefore usually with an even number of
leaflets
Fig. 3. Compound Leaves (A–F & I–M) and Simple Leaves (G & H)

• G, Scale leaves: any thin and often scarious body, often a reduced or rudimentary
leaf, e.g. covering a dormant bud; H, Simple: of a single piece or series; (1) of a
leaf, with lamina not divided into leaflets; M, Biternate: (2-ternate): twice
ternate, the 3 pinnae each divided into 3 pinnules (a total of 9 pinnules).
Fig. 3. Compound Leaves (A–F & I–M) and Simple Leaves (G & H)

• A, Peltate: term describing an organ with a stalk or point of attachment on its
lower surface away from the margin, often umbrella-like; e.g. leaves ; B,
Petiolate: the stalk of a leaf. adj. petiolate; CD, Sessile: without a stalk, e.g. of a
leaf without a petiole; E, Gamophyllous: having the bases of opposite leaves
fused around the stem; F, Perfoliate: of a sessile leaf or bract, having its base
completely surrounding the stem
Fig. 4. Lamina or Leaf Attachment, Stipules etc

Fig. 4. Lamina or Leaf Attachment, Stipules etc
• G, sheathing: clasping or surrounding the stem.; H, ocrea: a sheath
formed from two fused stipules encircling the node in Polygonaceae.;
I–L, stipules; I, paired stipules; J, interpetiolar stipules; K, spinose
stipules; L, rolled terminal stipules.

A, filiform: thread-like; B, linear: long and narrow with more or less
parallel sides, more than 12 times as long as broad; C, oblong: a 2-
dimensional shape, rectangular with length greater than breadth.; D,
elliptic: a 2-dimensional shape, oval in outline, broadest about the
middle; E, circular (orbiculate): a 2-dimensional shape with length and
breadth more or less equal.; F, oblate: almost circular, but with breadth
slightly greater than the length.
Fig. 5. Lamina Shapes.

G, reniform: kidney-shaped; H, rhombic: having the form of a
2-dimensional diamond-shaped; I, lanceolate: lance-shaped; 3-6
times as long as broad and broadest below the middle and
tapering to the apex.; J, ovate: a 2-dimensional shape, with the length
1–3 times the breadth, and broadest below the middle; K, triangular: a
2-dimensional shape, 3-angled and 3-sided; L, oblanceolate : a 2-
dimensional shape, lanceolate but broadest in the upper third; M,
obovate: a 2-dimensional shape, ovate but broadest above the middle.

N, falcate: sickle-shaped, e.g. of a leaf.; O, spathulate: spoon-shaped,
e.g. of a leaf.; P, lyrate: lyre-shaped, of pinnatifid or pinnatisect leaves
with the terminal lobes much larger than the basal ones

S, pinnatisect: of simple leaves or leaflets, of the lamina cut down
almost to the midrib but having the segments confluent with it. e.g. as in
the ultimate segments of some fern fronds; T, bipinnatifid: of a simple
leaf, with the primary lobes cut into smaller lobes (i.e. lobes pinnatifid);
U, palmatifid: of a leaf cut into lobes to less than halfway in a palmate
form; V, palmatisect: of a leaf cut into lobes to more than halfway in a
palmate form.

A, subulate: narrow and gradually tapering to a fine apex; B, aristate:
having a stiff, bristle-like awn or tip; C, acuminate: gradually tapering to
a point; D, acute : pointed, having a short sharp apex, the converging
edges forming an angle of less than 900.; E, obtuse: blunt or broadly
rounded, the converging edges separated by an angle greater than 900,
e.g. of an lamina apex or of a lamina base; F, truncate: with an abruptly
transverse edge as if cut off, e.g. of a lamina apex or base.
Fig. 6. Leaf Apices

Fig. 6. Leaf Apices
G, emarginate: having a broad shallow notch at the apex.; H,
retuse: having the apex rounded and with a small notch; I,
obcordate: heart-shaped but attached at the pointed end, e.g. of
leaf lamina ; J, hooked; K, mucronate: having a mucro.

A, attenuate: narrowing gradually; B, cuneate: wedge-shaped, e.g. of a
leaf or leaf base; C, obtuse: blunt or broadly rounded, the converging
edges separated by an angle greater than 900, e.g. of an lamina apex or of
a lamina base; D, truncate: with an abruptly transverse edge as if cut off,
e.g. of a lamina apex or base; E, asymmetric : of a leaf, leaf base or
other organ, having the sides unequal.
Fig. 7. Leaf Bases

F, cordate: of a leaf or leaf base, heart-shaped with a basal
notch; G, auriculate; an ear-shaped lobe at the base of a leaf or
other organ. adj. auriculate; H, sagittate : shaped like an arrow-
head, with the two lobes at the base acute and retrorse; e.g of a
lamina or sometimes applied to the base of a lamina.; I, hastate :
spear-shaped; of a leaf, with a narrow, pointed lamina with two
basal lobes spreading more or less at right angles to the petiole.
Fig. 7. Leaf Bases

A, entire: of a margin, neither dissected nor toothed; B,
crenate: of a margin, with shallow, rounded teeth.; C,
toothed: toothed; D, doubly toothed; E, erose: of
margins, irregular as if nibbled.; F, lacerate: as if torn;
irregularly cut or cleft.
Fig. 8. Leaf Margins

J, undulate: wavy, i.e. not flat

F, parallel: of veins in a lamina, all running in the same direction and
equally distant from one another, as in grass leaves; G, dichotomous:
divided into two equal forks, e.g. of the branching pattern of stems or
veins; H, reticulate: forming a network or reticulum; e.g. of veins,; I,
areolate: of surface pattern or venation, divided into many angular or
squarish spaces, e.g. the venation and surface pattern in dried specimens
in many Lauraceae.

A, Circinate: spirally coiled with the tip innermost as in the young fronds of many
ferns; B, equitant: of leaves, folded longitudinally with the two inner surfaces
(representing the upper leaf surface) fused except towards the base where it clasps
another leaf on the opposite side of the stem; one margin represents the leaf keel
and the lamina is vertically orientated; as in Iris. C, conduplicate: folded flat
together lengthwise, e.g. as in aestivation; D, convolute: rolled with margins
overlapping.; E, contorted: twisted; a form of imbricate aestivation in which each
segment has one edge overlapping the next segment.
Fig. 11. Vernation and Aestivation

F, imbricate: (1) of perianth parts, having their edges
overlapping in the bud, see aestivation; (2) of leaves, closely
packed and overlapping; G, valvate: of floral parts, with the
edges touching but not overlapping;

A, Ovary superior, floral parts, hypogynous: inserted below
the level of the ovary, e.g. of sepals, petals and stamens.
Fig. 12. Ovary position

B, ovary inferior, floral parts epigynous; C, ovary half-
inferior; D, ovary superior, floral parts perigynous, hypanthium
cup-shaped.

A, marginal: with the placenta along the margin of a simple
ovary, as in many legumes; B, parietal: with placentas on the
wall or intruding partitions of a unilocular compound ovary; C,
axile: with the placentas and ovules along the central axis of the
ovary in a compound ovary with septa, ovary with 2 loculi; D,
axile: ovary with 3 loculi.
Fig. 13. Ovary Placentation
Ovaries in cross section above ovaries in
longitudinal section

E, free-central: with the placenta along the central axis in a
compound ovary without septa; F, free-central; G, apical: of the
apex or attached at the apex or top, e.g. ‘ovules attached to an
apical placenta’; H, basal: with the placenta at the base of the
ovary.

A, velvety: very densely covered with fine short soft erect hairs; B,
pubescent: a somewhat dense covering of short, weak, soft hairs; C,
silky: covered with fine soft more or less straight appressed hairs aligned
in the same direction, with a lustrous sheen and satin-like to the touch; D,
felted: matted with very short interlocked hairs, having the appearance or
texture of felt.
Fig. 14. Indumentum Types and Surface Appendages

E, tomentose: covered with dense intertwined hairs; F, woolly:
densely covered with matted long hairs; G, villous: covered with
long shaggy hairs, not matted; H, pilose: hairy with long soft
weak hairs which are clearly separated but not sparse.

I, ciliate: having the margin fringed with hairs, resembling an
eyelash.; J, fimbriate: having the margin fringed with long hair-
like processes; K, scabrous: rough to the touch; having the
surface rough with minute hard processes or very short rigid
hairs.; L, hirsute: bearing coarse, moderately stiff, longish hairs.

M, strigose: covered with sharp appressed rigid bristly hairs that
are often swollen at the base N, bristles: a more or less straight
stiff hair; O, prickles; a hard, pointed outgrowth from the surface
of a plant, involving several layers of cells, but not containing a
vascular system; P, spines: a stiff process with a sharp point,
formed by a modification of a plant organ that contains vascular
tissue.

A, simple hairs; b, tubercle-based hairs mineral concretions, usually
of calcium carbonate on a cellulose stalk, chiefly occurring in specialized
hairs in some Urticaceae and Cannabaceae and in Acanthaceae; C,
glandular hairs; D, vesicular hairs; vesicular hairs often collapse and
form a silvery layer on the surface of the organ on which they are
formed; E, moniliform hairs: constricted , so as to resemble a necklace
of beads; F, dendritic hairs: much branched, like the crown of a tree.
Fig. 15. Trichome Types

G, stellate hairs: star-shaped; e.g. of hairs with radiating branches; H,
peltate scales: term describing an organ with a stalk or point of
attachment on its lower surface away from the margin, often umbrella-
like; I, elongate scales: lengthened; stretched out; J, barbed bristles:
term describing a bristle or awn with terminal or lateral backward
pointing projections, each projection being a barb; K, plumose hair:
feather-like, with a central axis and fine hairs arising from.

• (Circle – flower bud; arrow – vegetative bud). A, Panicle: a compound
inflorescence with a main axis and lateral branches which are further branched,
and in which each axis ends in a flower or flower bud; B, Thyrsoid: a compound
inflorescence which ends in a flower and in which the main axis is raceme-like
and the lateral ones cymose, i.e. similar to a thyrse except for the terminal flower;
C, Thyrse: a compound inflorescence ending in a vegetative (non-floral) bud and
with mixed types of branching, the main axis bearing several or many lateral
cymes; D, Dichasium: a cyme in which branches appear in regular opposite pairs.
Fig. 17. Inflorescence Types

• E, Monochasium: a cyme with the branches arising singly; F, Triad: a three-
flowered inflorescence of dichasial form; G, Panicle-like: a compound
inflorescence with a main axis and lateral branches which are further branched,
and in which each axis ends in a flower or flower bud; H, Raceme: a simple
inflorescence ending in a non-floral bud and in which the flowers are stalked, i.e.
an indeterminate inflorescence; I, Spike: a simple inflorescence, terminating in a
non-floral bud, in which the flowers are sessile, i.e. a type of indeterminate
inflorescence.

• J, Umbel: an inflorescence (strictly an indeterminate one) in which all the flowers or
flower-stalks arise from one point at the top of the peduncle; K, Corymb: an
inflorescence (without a terminal flower) in which all the flowers are at the same level
even though the pedicels arise at different levels; L, Solitary on a scape: the stem-like
flowering stalk of a plant with radical leaves; M, Solitary in axils of leaves; N, spikelet:
the small partial inflorescence (unit) in Poaceae, Cyperaceae and Restionaceae,
composed of an axis bearing glumes, most of which enclose a small flower; O, head
with expanded receptacle (in L.S.), as in many Asteraceae; P, head with small
receptacle (in L.S.); Q, Spadix: a spicate inflorescence with a thickened, often succulent
axis, the whole often being surrounded by a spathe; R, Cyathium (in L.S.): an
inflorescence of reduced unisexual flowers surrounded by involucral bracts, e.g. in
Euphorbia species.
Fig. 17. Inflorescence Types

• A–E, succulent indehiscent fruit: A, Drupe: an indehiscent succulent fruit
derived from a single carpel in which the pericarp consists of three layers, 1-
seeded (in T.S.); B, Drupe, 5 seeded (in T.S.); C, Pome (in L.S.): a fleshy false
fruit, formed from an inferior ovary, in which the hypanthium has enlarged to
enclose the true fruit, as in Malaceae; D, Superior berry (in L.S.): a fleshy or
pulpy indehiscent fruit with 1 or more seeds, the seeds embedded in the fleshy
tissue of the pericarp; may be formed from either a superior or an inferior ovary;
E, Inferior berry (in L.S.); F–K, Dry dehiscent fruits; F, Many-seeded follicle:
a dry fruit derived from a single carpel and opening along one suture; G, Follicle
with 2-winged seeds; H, Schizocarp.
Fig. 18. Fruit Types (seeds black)

I, Legume or pod: a pod, a dry dehiscent fruit formed from one carpel and having
two longitudinal lines of dehiscence; J, Lomentum: a legume that breaks
transversely into usually 1-seeded indehiscent articles when mature; K, Siliqua: a
dry dehiscent fruit derived from a superior ovary of two carpels and with 2 parietal
placentas connected by a false septum, usually at least 3 times as long as broad, as
in family Brassicaceae; L–P, Capsules: a dry dehiscent fruit derived from two or
more carpels; L, Loculicidal capsule; M, Septicidal capsule; N, Poricidal casule;
O, Circumsciss capsule; P, Schizocarp capsule.

• Q–U, Dry indehiscent fruits, with sections showing position of seed: Q,
Achene from a superior ovary; R, Achene from inferior ovary with apical
pappus; S, Caryopsis: a dry, indehiscent 1-seeded fruit in which the seed is fused
to the wall of the fruit, as in family Poaceae; T, Nut: a dry indehiscent one-seeded
fruit formed from two or more carpels; U, Samara: a dry indehiscent fruit with its
wall expanded into a wing.

• V–X, Aggregate fruits in L.S.: V, rose ‘hip’, individual fruits drupelets: the
false aggregate ‘fruit’ in Rosa species; W, Strawberry, individual fruits
achenes; X, Blackberry, individual fruits drupelets; Y & Z, multiple fruits in
L.S.: Y, Syconium or ‘fig’: a ‘fig’, the multiple fruit formed in figs (Ficus
species) by the invagination of the floral axis where the minute flowers and fruits
are actually inside the swollen inflorescence stem; Z, Syncarp: a multiple fruit
consisting of several united fruits, originating from several originally free carpels,
usually fleshy.

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