Vortioxetine is a novel antidepressant approved by the FDA in 2013 for the treatment of major depressive disorder. It is manufactured by Takeda Pharmaceuticals and works as a serotonin modulator. It has multiple mechanisms of action including inhibiting the serotonin transporter, acting as an agonist on 5HT1A/B receptors, antagonizing 5HT3 and 5HT7 receptors. Clinical studies showed it was effective in reducing depressive symptoms and had a lower risk of side effects like insomnia compared to SSRIs and SNRIs. Common side effects included nausea, diarrhea and sexual dysfunction. It has a favorable safety and tolerability profile. More long term studies are still needed but it shows promise as a treatment for MDD
Alzheimer's disease: Clinical Assessment and ManagementRavi Soni
油
This PPT is a seminar on the Alzheimer's disease which was prepared for sensitizing post graduate psychiatry students on the day of World Alzheimer's Day.
The document discusses the high prevalence and negative impacts of depression among those with diabetes, as depression is associated with worse diabetes outcomes and control. It reviews epidemiological data showing the bidirectional relationship between depression and diabetes. Several studies cited find associations between depression and longer diabetes duration or poorer glycemic control.
This document provides an overview of dementia, including its definition, diagnosis, causes, and approach to evaluation and management. It defines dementia as acquired cognitive impairment that interferes with daily life. The diagnostic criteria from the DSM-V are outlined. Common causes of dementia like Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, and Lewy body dementia are reviewed. The document discusses taking a history, performing a physical and neurological exam, cognitive testing, and medical investigations to diagnose the underlying cause of dementia.
Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures resulting from abnormal electrical discharges in the brain. Seizures can be generalized, affecting both sides of the brain, or partial, affecting one area. Epilepsy is diagnosed when a person has two or more unprovoked seizures more than 24 hours apart. While the specific cause is unknown in many cases, potential contributing factors include genetic predisposition, head injuries, brain tumors, infections, and developmental disorders. Treatment involves anticonvulsant medications to prevent seizures.
Vascular dementia is caused by problems in the supply of blood to the brain, often due to conditions like strokes or mini-strokes. It is characterized by stepwise cognitive decline following vascular events and symptoms that overlap with Alzheimer's disease, though it often occurs at a younger age. Risk factors include age, history of strokes, high blood pressure, diabetes, smoking, and atrial fibrillation. Treatment focuses on controlling vascular risk factors and symptoms.
Topic 7 - Comorbidity in ADHD and Autism 2010Simon Bignell
油
Autism, Asperger's and ADHD.
Topic 7 - Comorbidity on ADHD and Autism.
The views expressed in this presentation are those of the individual Simon Bignell and not University of Derby.
Vortioxetine Brintellix Trintellix Clinical and Pre-clinical DataAmit Vishwakarma
油
Vortioxetine is indicated for the treatment of Major Depressive Disorder
Vortioxetine has several novel pharmacological properties
Vortioxetine is different from SSRIs/SNRIs due to direct effects at 5-HT receptors
In addition to being a SSRI, vortioxetine has modulating activity of a variety of serotonin receptors
Cognitive improvement is novel in series of antidepressant drugs
This document provides information about the brainstem, including its parts (midbrain, pons, and medulla), functions, internal structures, blood supply, and various clinical case scenarios involving lesions or syndromes associated with the brainstem. It describes key features of the midbrain, pons, and medulla such as their locations, surfaces, and structures. It also summarizes several important brainstem syndromes and lesions, outlining the sites and clinical signs involved. Diagrams are included to illustrate anatomical structures and lesions.
Dystonia
Dystonia is a movement disorder in which your muscles contract involuntarily, causing repetitive or twisting movements.
The condition can affect one part of your body (focal dystonia), two or more adjacent parts (segmental dystonia) or all parts of your body (general dystonia). The muscle spasms can range from mild to severe. They may be painful, and they can interfere with your performance of day-to-day tasks.
Dystonia: Causes, Types, Symptoms, and Treatments
The document outlines the approach to neurological diagnosis. It discusses always asking where the lesion is located and what type of lesion it is for neuroanatomical and etiological diagnosis. The diagnostic process involves taking a chief complaint, obtaining a history, performing a neurological exam, and considering possible diseases and differential diagnosis. A symptom-based approach is recommended starting with disorders of consciousness, mental functions, sensory and motor systems, and considering the temporal profile of symptoms. Common misinterpretations of symptoms are discussed.
The document discusses various causes of central vertigo including:
1. Wallenberg syndrome which is caused by occlusion of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery and presents with nausea, vomiting, nystagmus, ataxia and other neurological signs.
2. Brainstem or cerebellar infarcts which present with abrupt vertigo and accompanying neurological symptoms depending on location and size of infarct.
3. Cerebellar hemorrhage which is a neurosurgical emergency that can cause sudden onset headache, vertigo and vomiting.
4. Other causes discussed include multiple sclerosis, central nervous system tumors, acoustic neuromas, neurodegenerative disorders, epilepsy, familial atax
The document discusses different types and causes of ataxia. It describes ataxia as a lack of coordination involving gait, limbs and speech caused by lesions in the cerebellum or its pathways. Various hereditary forms of ataxia are discussed, including autosomal dominant and recessive cerebellar ataxias such as Friedreich's ataxia. Acquired forms such as paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration, immune-mediated ataxias, and ataxias caused by toxins or metabolic derangements are also summarized. The diagnostic approach involves a detailed history, neurological exam, and ancillary tests including imaging, bloodwork and genetic testing to determine the cause of ataxia in each
This document summarizes psychiatric manifestations that can occur with epilepsy. It discusses how epilepsy commonly presents with psychiatric comorbidities like personality changes, mood disorders like depression, and psychotic symptoms. Diagnosing epilepsy can be difficult when psychiatric symptoms are prominent. It emphasizes that psychiatrists should maintain a high suspicion for underlying epilepsy even without classical seizure signs. The temporal lobe is particularly associated with psychiatric presentations of epilepsy.
The document discusses frontal lobe epilepsy, including its anatomy and functions, aetiology, diagnosis, and treatment. It covers the different classifications of frontal lobe seizures based on their functional anatomy and manifestations. Some key seizure types mentioned are Rolandic epilepsy, which involves characteristic "Jacksonian march" seizures, and ventromedial and dorsolateral prefrontal seizures, which present with different behavioral and autonomic symptoms. Evaluation involves neuroimaging like MRI and EEG to localize the seizure focus. Treatment options include medications, surgery, diet, and management of impairments.
The document provides information about Huntington's disease (HD), including:
1) HD is a hereditary neurodegenerative disorder caused by a CAG repeat expansion in the HD gene, and is characterized by motor, cognitive, and psychiatric symptoms.
2) The disease primarily involves degeneration of the basal ganglia, especially the caudate and putamen nuclei.
3) Symptoms typically begin in mid-life and include chorea, dystonia, cognitive impairment, and psychiatric issues. There is currently no cure for HD.
This document provides information about cerebral palsy, including its causes, types, and classification. It begins by defining cerebral palsy as a non-progressive neurological disorder caused by damage to the developing brain that causes impaired movement and posture. The causes are then categorized as prenatal, natal, or postnatal. There are three main physiological types - spastic, athetoid or dyskinetic, and ataxic - based on muscle tone and movement. Cerebral palsy is also classified topographically based on what parts of the body are affected, and etiologically based on when the brain damage occurred. The document focuses on describing the characteristics and treatments of the different types of cerebral palsy.
This document summarizes a workshop on addressing the palliative and end-of-life care needs of people with dementia in hospitals. The workshop covered challenges in caring for people with dementia, communication strategies, recognizing dementia as a life-limiting illness, assessing pain and symptoms, the role of multidisciplinary teams, and available resources from the Irish Hospice Foundation. The presentation emphasized taking a person-centered approach, advance care planning, continuity of care, and the importance of staff training to meet the complex needs of people with dementia at the end of life.
Guillain-Barr辿 syndrome is an acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy characterized by progressive muscle weakness and loss of reflexes. It is usually preceded by a gastrointestinal or respiratory infection and can cause paralysis. Treatment involves plasmapheresis or intravenous immunoglobulin to reduce antibodies, with most patients recovering fully or having minor deficits, but 5-10% having permanent disability and 3-8% dying despite intensive care.
This document discusses various learning theories that have evolved over time to explain how learning occurs. It begins with classical theories proposed by Plato, who believed that knowledge is present at birth and learning involves recollection. It then covers behaviorist theories from Pavlov, Skinner, and Thorndike, including classical and operant conditioning. Cognitive theories focus on how knowledge is processed, stored, and retrieved. Constructive theories view learning as an active process where learners construct understanding. Connectivity theories examine learning in the brain. Key concepts are explained, such as reinforcement, punishment, extinction, and different conditioning procedures.
This document discusses EEG abnormalities associated with brain tumors. It begins by reviewing the history and role of EEG in localizing brain lesions. It then describes common EEG findings seen with tumors, such as polymorphic delta activity and focal slowing, and how findings depend on tumor location, type, and other factors. Specifically, it outlines EEG characteristics of tumors in different brain regions and how patterns vary for tumors like meningiomas versus gliomas. The document provides an in-depth review of EEG changes that can occur with brain tumors.
Agnosia is a rare neurological disorder where a patient is unable to recognize and identify objects, sounds, or people despite having normal sensory functions. There are two main types - apperceptive agnosia caused by deficits in early perceptual processing, and associative agnosia where recognition fails despite intact perception. Agnosia most commonly affects the visual or auditory senses. It is caused by conditions like strokes, tumors, or injuries. Diagnosis involves examinations to rule out other cognitive issues, and management focuses on treatment of the underlying cause along with rehabilitation therapy.
1. Dementia is defined as a progressive decline in intellectual functioning that interferes with daily life. It is caused by over 60 disorders and is marked by declines in memory, spatial skills, task performance, language, thinking, and math skills.
2. There are two main types of dementia - reversible and irreversible. Reversible dementias can potentially be cured by treating underlying causes, while irreversible dementias like Alzheimer's disease currently have no cure.
3. Delirium is a disturbance of consciousness and cognition that develops over a short period of time, while dementia is a longer-term progressive decline. Delirium has many potential causes and treatments involve treating the underlying medical condition.
Convulsioni febbrili Prof Ettore Piro Universit di Palermo.pdfEttorePiro1
油
Febrile seizures
presentazione aggiornata al maggio 2024
in lingua italiana con estratti da pi湛 documenti citati all'inizio della presentazione relativi a linee guida in italiano e contributi da Cochrane e Uptodate. Presenti riferimenti a classificazione ILAE delle epilessie ed encefalopatie epilettiche e a recenti articoli di diagnostica differenziale
Children, febrile seizures, differential diagnosis
Vortioxetine Brintellix Trintellix Clinical and Pre-clinical DataAmit Vishwakarma
油
Vortioxetine is indicated for the treatment of Major Depressive Disorder
Vortioxetine has several novel pharmacological properties
Vortioxetine is different from SSRIs/SNRIs due to direct effects at 5-HT receptors
In addition to being a SSRI, vortioxetine has modulating activity of a variety of serotonin receptors
Cognitive improvement is novel in series of antidepressant drugs
This document provides information about the brainstem, including its parts (midbrain, pons, and medulla), functions, internal structures, blood supply, and various clinical case scenarios involving lesions or syndromes associated with the brainstem. It describes key features of the midbrain, pons, and medulla such as their locations, surfaces, and structures. It also summarizes several important brainstem syndromes and lesions, outlining the sites and clinical signs involved. Diagrams are included to illustrate anatomical structures and lesions.
Dystonia
Dystonia is a movement disorder in which your muscles contract involuntarily, causing repetitive or twisting movements.
The condition can affect one part of your body (focal dystonia), two or more adjacent parts (segmental dystonia) or all parts of your body (general dystonia). The muscle spasms can range from mild to severe. They may be painful, and they can interfere with your performance of day-to-day tasks.
Dystonia: Causes, Types, Symptoms, and Treatments
The document outlines the approach to neurological diagnosis. It discusses always asking where the lesion is located and what type of lesion it is for neuroanatomical and etiological diagnosis. The diagnostic process involves taking a chief complaint, obtaining a history, performing a neurological exam, and considering possible diseases and differential diagnosis. A symptom-based approach is recommended starting with disorders of consciousness, mental functions, sensory and motor systems, and considering the temporal profile of symptoms. Common misinterpretations of symptoms are discussed.
The document discusses various causes of central vertigo including:
1. Wallenberg syndrome which is caused by occlusion of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery and presents with nausea, vomiting, nystagmus, ataxia and other neurological signs.
2. Brainstem or cerebellar infarcts which present with abrupt vertigo and accompanying neurological symptoms depending on location and size of infarct.
3. Cerebellar hemorrhage which is a neurosurgical emergency that can cause sudden onset headache, vertigo and vomiting.
4. Other causes discussed include multiple sclerosis, central nervous system tumors, acoustic neuromas, neurodegenerative disorders, epilepsy, familial atax
The document discusses different types and causes of ataxia. It describes ataxia as a lack of coordination involving gait, limbs and speech caused by lesions in the cerebellum or its pathways. Various hereditary forms of ataxia are discussed, including autosomal dominant and recessive cerebellar ataxias such as Friedreich's ataxia. Acquired forms such as paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration, immune-mediated ataxias, and ataxias caused by toxins or metabolic derangements are also summarized. The diagnostic approach involves a detailed history, neurological exam, and ancillary tests including imaging, bloodwork and genetic testing to determine the cause of ataxia in each
This document summarizes psychiatric manifestations that can occur with epilepsy. It discusses how epilepsy commonly presents with psychiatric comorbidities like personality changes, mood disorders like depression, and psychotic symptoms. Diagnosing epilepsy can be difficult when psychiatric symptoms are prominent. It emphasizes that psychiatrists should maintain a high suspicion for underlying epilepsy even without classical seizure signs. The temporal lobe is particularly associated with psychiatric presentations of epilepsy.
The document discusses frontal lobe epilepsy, including its anatomy and functions, aetiology, diagnosis, and treatment. It covers the different classifications of frontal lobe seizures based on their functional anatomy and manifestations. Some key seizure types mentioned are Rolandic epilepsy, which involves characteristic "Jacksonian march" seizures, and ventromedial and dorsolateral prefrontal seizures, which present with different behavioral and autonomic symptoms. Evaluation involves neuroimaging like MRI and EEG to localize the seizure focus. Treatment options include medications, surgery, diet, and management of impairments.
The document provides information about Huntington's disease (HD), including:
1) HD is a hereditary neurodegenerative disorder caused by a CAG repeat expansion in the HD gene, and is characterized by motor, cognitive, and psychiatric symptoms.
2) The disease primarily involves degeneration of the basal ganglia, especially the caudate and putamen nuclei.
3) Symptoms typically begin in mid-life and include chorea, dystonia, cognitive impairment, and psychiatric issues. There is currently no cure for HD.
This document provides information about cerebral palsy, including its causes, types, and classification. It begins by defining cerebral palsy as a non-progressive neurological disorder caused by damage to the developing brain that causes impaired movement and posture. The causes are then categorized as prenatal, natal, or postnatal. There are three main physiological types - spastic, athetoid or dyskinetic, and ataxic - based on muscle tone and movement. Cerebral palsy is also classified topographically based on what parts of the body are affected, and etiologically based on when the brain damage occurred. The document focuses on describing the characteristics and treatments of the different types of cerebral palsy.
This document summarizes a workshop on addressing the palliative and end-of-life care needs of people with dementia in hospitals. The workshop covered challenges in caring for people with dementia, communication strategies, recognizing dementia as a life-limiting illness, assessing pain and symptoms, the role of multidisciplinary teams, and available resources from the Irish Hospice Foundation. The presentation emphasized taking a person-centered approach, advance care planning, continuity of care, and the importance of staff training to meet the complex needs of people with dementia at the end of life.
Guillain-Barr辿 syndrome is an acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy characterized by progressive muscle weakness and loss of reflexes. It is usually preceded by a gastrointestinal or respiratory infection and can cause paralysis. Treatment involves plasmapheresis or intravenous immunoglobulin to reduce antibodies, with most patients recovering fully or having minor deficits, but 5-10% having permanent disability and 3-8% dying despite intensive care.
This document discusses various learning theories that have evolved over time to explain how learning occurs. It begins with classical theories proposed by Plato, who believed that knowledge is present at birth and learning involves recollection. It then covers behaviorist theories from Pavlov, Skinner, and Thorndike, including classical and operant conditioning. Cognitive theories focus on how knowledge is processed, stored, and retrieved. Constructive theories view learning as an active process where learners construct understanding. Connectivity theories examine learning in the brain. Key concepts are explained, such as reinforcement, punishment, extinction, and different conditioning procedures.
This document discusses EEG abnormalities associated with brain tumors. It begins by reviewing the history and role of EEG in localizing brain lesions. It then describes common EEG findings seen with tumors, such as polymorphic delta activity and focal slowing, and how findings depend on tumor location, type, and other factors. Specifically, it outlines EEG characteristics of tumors in different brain regions and how patterns vary for tumors like meningiomas versus gliomas. The document provides an in-depth review of EEG changes that can occur with brain tumors.
Agnosia is a rare neurological disorder where a patient is unable to recognize and identify objects, sounds, or people despite having normal sensory functions. There are two main types - apperceptive agnosia caused by deficits in early perceptual processing, and associative agnosia where recognition fails despite intact perception. Agnosia most commonly affects the visual or auditory senses. It is caused by conditions like strokes, tumors, or injuries. Diagnosis involves examinations to rule out other cognitive issues, and management focuses on treatment of the underlying cause along with rehabilitation therapy.
1. Dementia is defined as a progressive decline in intellectual functioning that interferes with daily life. It is caused by over 60 disorders and is marked by declines in memory, spatial skills, task performance, language, thinking, and math skills.
2. There are two main types of dementia - reversible and irreversible. Reversible dementias can potentially be cured by treating underlying causes, while irreversible dementias like Alzheimer's disease currently have no cure.
3. Delirium is a disturbance of consciousness and cognition that develops over a short period of time, while dementia is a longer-term progressive decline. Delirium has many potential causes and treatments involve treating the underlying medical condition.
Convulsioni febbrili Prof Ettore Piro Universit di Palermo.pdfEttorePiro1
油
Febrile seizures
presentazione aggiornata al maggio 2024
in lingua italiana con estratti da pi湛 documenti citati all'inizio della presentazione relativi a linee guida in italiano e contributi da Cochrane e Uptodate. Presenti riferimenti a classificazione ILAE delle epilessie ed encefalopatie epilettiche e a recenti articoli di diagnostica differenziale
Children, febrile seizures, differential diagnosis
The document discusses laparoscopy procedures for various gynecological conditions such as infertility, chronic pelvic pain, ectopic pregnancy, and oncological issues. It notes that laparoscopy can be used for both diagnostic and operative purposes. It then discusses different techniques for laparoscopic access such as direct trocar insertion versus Verres needle insertion. It reviews studies comparing complication rates between different access techniques. The document emphasizes the importance of evidence-based medicine and following guidelines from organizations like NICE when determining appropriate diagnostic tests and treatments for conditions like infertility.
The document discusses laparoscopy procedures for various gynecological conditions. It begins by outlining conditions that can be diagnosed or treated via laparoscopy, including infertility, ectopic pregnancy, adhesions, endometriosis, ovarian masses, hysterectomy, uterine fibroids, and gynecological oncology issues. It then discusses different laparoscopy access techniques such as direct trocar insertion, open laparoscopy, and Verres needle insertion. It provides data on complication rates for different access methods. The document also discusses techniques for avoiding major vascular injuries during access. In summary, the document provides an overview of laparoscopy procedures and techniques for gynecological conditions.
Nuovo metodo ad ultrasuoni per il trattamento dei calcoli renaliMerqurio
油
This document describes a novel method using focused ultrasound to reposition kidney stones. Researchers created a kidney phantom with an artificial collecting system and lower pole. Both artificial and human kidney stones were placed in the lower pole. An ultrasound imaging probe was used to locate the stones, while a separate focused ultrasound probe could deliver bursts of ultrasound to move the stones. In experiments, stones were successfully repositioned from the lower pole to the collecting system in seconds, moving at about 1 cm/s. This noninvasive method shows promise for aiding stone clearance after surgery or during medical expulsive therapy.
Litotrissia percutanea laparoscopica nel rene pelvico casi cliniciMerqurio
油
This document describes a novel technique of laparoscopically assisted percutaneous pyelolithotomy for treating kidney stones in pelvic kidneys. The technique was used in 3 patients with large pelvic kidney stones who were not suitable candidates for standard percutaneous or laparoscopic approaches. The procedure involves using laparoscopy to expose the renal pelvis, then inserting a needle percutaneously into the pelvis under direct visualization. The tract is dilated and a nephroscope is used to remove stones without needing to incise or suture the pelvis. This approach provides direct access to the pelvis without risks of standard percutaneous or laparoscopic techniques. All 3 patients were successfully treated with no complications and no
Chirurgia di preservazione dell'udito. lento progresso e nuove strategieMerqurio
油
This study evaluated hearing outcomes for 115 patients who underwent hearing preservation surgery for acoustic neuromas. The goal was to determine the tumor size and level of pre-operative hearing that resulted in high rates of preserved hearing. Two groups of patients were evaluated based on tumor size - those with tumors 10mm and those >10mm. Patients with tumors 10mm and good pre-operative hearing (20dB PTA, 80% SDS) had a 76% success rate of preserved hearing. Patients with smaller tumors but poorer pre-operative hearing had lower success rates. The authors concluded that hearing preservation surgery is most effective for acoustic neuromas 10mm with good pre-operative hearing and can be an optimal treatment
Il trattamento chirurgico dei tumori del labbroMerqurio
油
This document summarizes a study on the surgical management of lip cancer. The study examined 32 patients treated for lip cancer over 5 years. Most cases involved squamous cell carcinoma of the lower lip. Surgical excision of the tumor was performed with oncologically appropriate margins. Reconstruction after surgery posed challenges, especially for advanced or extensive lesions. Local flaps from the lip or surrounding tissues were often used for reconstruction. Neck dissection was also performed in some cases to control lymph node metastases. While early stage tumors had good postoperative outcomes, advanced lesions resulted in greater functional impairments like drooling or chewing difficulties after surgery. The document discusses the surgical and reconstructive techniques used to treat lip cancers while aiming to preserve lip appearance and
Il trattamento chirurgico dei tumori del labbroMerqurio
油
The document summarizes the surgical management of lip cancer. It discusses that lip cancer is most commonly squamous cell carcinoma, usually originating in the lower lip. The management of lip cancer involves controlling the primary tumor with appropriate margins while allowing for oral competence, as well as potential neck metastases. Reconstruction is challenging, especially for advanced lesions, requiring preoperative planning and various surgical techniques. Early stage tumors have better prognostic and functional outcomes after surgery compared to advanced lesions. The authors report their experience treating lip tumors and managing neck metastases.
Effetti degli integratori di calcio sul rischio di infarto del miocardio e di...Merqurio
油
This meta-analysis investigated whether calcium supplements increase the risk of cardiovascular events. It analyzed 15 eligible randomized controlled trials involving over 11,000 participants who took calcium supplements for an average of 4 years. The analysis found a small increased risk of myocardial infarction among those taking calcium supplements compared to placebo, with 143 people experiencing a heart attack in the calcium group versus 111 in the placebo group. There was also a non-significant trend towards increased risks of stroke and cardiovascular death. These modest increases in risk could translate to a significant burden of disease at the population level given widespread calcium supplement use. The results suggest a reassessment of calcium supplements for osteoporosis is warranted.
Il trattamento chirurgico dei tumori del labbroMerqurio
油
This document summarizes a study on the surgical management of lip cancer. The most common type of lip cancer is squamous cell carcinoma, usually occurring on the lower lip. Treatment involves complete excision of the primary tumor with oncologically appropriate margins while preserving lip structure and function during reconstruction. For early-stage tumors, surgery results in good aesthetic and functional outcomes. More advanced tumors require complex reconstruction techniques using local or regional flaps to restore lip shape, texture, and mobility. Management of possible neck metastases is also important, as lymph node involvement significantly reduces survival rates. The authors report their experience treating 32 cases of lip cancer with surgical excision and various reconstructive procedures.
La sindrome rino bronchiale. indagine conoscitiva sio-aimar.Merqurio
油
This study aimed to standardize the diagnosis and treatment of rhino-bronchial syndrome (RBS), which links inflammation of the upper and lower airways. 159 patients meeting criteria for RBS underwent a two-level diagnostic protocol including endoscopy and spirometry. RBS was confirmed in 116 patients who had higher rates of allergic and infectious diseases than unconfirmed cases. Common symptoms were nasal obstruction, rhinorrhea, cough, and dyspnea. After 3 months of treatment including steroids, antibiotics, and nasal lavage, 96% of patients recovered. The study proposes a diagnostic workflow and highlights the importance of correct diagnosis through multidisciplinary evaluation for effective treatment of RBS.
La sindrome rino bronchiale. indagine conoscitiva sio-aimar.Merqurio
油
This document describes a survey conducted by the Italian Society of Otorhinolaryngology and the Interdisciplinary Scientific Association for the Study of Respiratory Diseases to better understand the epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of rhino-bronchial syndrome. 159 patients from 9 ENT and pulmonology centers were enrolled based on clinical history and symptoms. 116 patients received a confirmed diagnosis based on examinations of the upper and lower airways. Allergic and infectious diseases were more common in patients with a confirmed diagnosis. After 3 months of standard treatment, 96% of patients recovered. The study proposes a diagnostic workflow and emphasizes the importance of correct diagnosis through multidisciplinary evaluation and treatment.
Cefalea a grappolo e altre cefalalgie autonomico trigeminali
1. Cefalea a grappolo e altre cefalalgie autonomico-trigeminali Le cefalee primarie: la gestione del medico di medicina generale e dello specialista neurologo Dottor Sauro Cavalletti medico di Medicina Generale distretto di Castelnuovo Monti
2. 3 . Cefalea a grappolo e altre cefalalgie autonomico-trigeminali (Trigeminal Autonomic Cephalalgias, TACs) (IHS,2003) 3.1 CEFALEA A GRAPPOLO (Cluster Headache) 3.1.1 Cefalea a grappolo episodica 3.1.2 Cefalea a grappolo cronica 3.2 HEMICRANIA PAROSSISTICA 3.2.1 Hemicrania parossistica episodica 3.2.2 Hemicrania parossistica cronica
3. 3. Cefalea a grappolo e altre cefalalgie autonomico-trigeminali (Trigeminal Autonomic Cephalalgias, TACs) (IHS,2003) 3.3 Short-lasting Unilateral Neuralgiform headache attacks with conjunctival injection and Tearing (SUNCT) 3.4 Probabile cefalalgia autonomico trigeminale 3.4.1 Probabile Cefalea a grappolo 3.4.2 Probabile Hemicrania parossistica 3.4.3 Probabile SUNCT
4. CEFALEA A GRAPPOLO Precedenti denominazioni: cefalea istaminica di Horton (1936) nevralgia sfenopalatina, faciale, ciliare, vidiana, petrosa eritroprosopalgia di Bing, eritromelalgia della testa Kunkel (1952): cluster period ( grappolo )
5. CEFALEA A GRAPPOLO Epidemiologia E la forma pi湛 rara di cefalea primaria. PREVALENZA : 1 caso su 1000 (popolazione generale). SESSO : M:F = 6:1 (2,1:1 esordio cefalea anni novanta). FAMILIARITA : rara (7-20%), autosomica dominante. ESORDIO : 20-40 ANNI (picco a 30 anni).
6. CEFALEA A GRAPPOLO Sintomatologia Decorso periodico. Fase attiva (attacchi): grappolo. Fase inattiva (paziente asintomatico). Modalit di comparsa della crisi: improvvisa, senza prodromi (max. intensit in 5-10 minuti). Sede del dolore: unilaterale (15% cambia lato da un grappolo allaltro).
7. CEFALEA A GRAPPOLO A) Sdr. superiore; B) Sdr. inferiore
8. CEFALEA A GRAPPOLO Sintomatologia Qualit del dolore: trafittivo, lancinante, insopportabile (cefalea del suicidio). La posizione supina aggrava il dolore. Stato di agitazione psicomotoria. Durata dellattacco: 30-120 minuti. Frequenza delle crisi: 1-3 crisi al giorno. Disturbi neurovegetativi (omolaterali al dolore) associati al dolore.
9. CEFALEA A GRAPPOLO Sintomi e segni neurovegetativi OCULARI (85% dei casi) Arrossamento congiuntivale Lacrimazione Miosi Ptosi palpebrale NASALI (70% dei casi) Ostruzione nasale Rinorrea
10. CEFALEA A GRAPPOLO Sintomi e segni neurovegetativi Sudorazione nella sede del dolore. Flushing facciale (cute dellemivolto arrossata, calda, umida). Nausea, fotofobia, fonofobia e pi湛 raramente vomito : negli attacchi pi湛 gravi. Tachicardia (allinizio della crisi), bradicardia (successivamente), aumento P.A. (allacme della crisi).
11. CEFALEA A GRAPPOLO Distribuzione degli attacchi
12. CEFALEA A GRAPPOLO Distribuzione degli attacchi Periodicit giornaliera Di notte (ore 1-2: fase REM del sonno) con brusco risveglio Ore 13-15 (riposo post-prandiale) 1-3 crisi al giorno Periodicit stagionale Primavera Autunno
13. CEFALEA A GRAPPOLO Fattori scatenanti Gli attacchi possono essere scatenati da: Assunzione di alcol. Istamina. Nitroglicerina, vapori di solventi organici e di benzina. Associazione col fumo di sigaretta : l80% dei pazienti con CG fuma; il 50% dei fumatori con CG fuma >20 sigarette/d狸.
14. 3.1 CEFALEA A GRAPPOLO CRITERI DIAGNOSTICI A) Almeno 5 attacchi che soddisfino i criteri B-D B) Dolore di intensit severa, unilaterale, in regione orbitaria, sovraorbitaria e/o temporale della durata da 15 a 180 minuti (senza trattamento)
15. C) La cefalea 竪 associata ad almeno uno dei seguenti sintomi o segni (omolaterali al dolore): 1. Iniezione congiuntivale e/o lacrimazione 2. Ostruzione nasale e/o rinorrea 3. Sudorazione frontale e facciale 4. Edema palpebrale 5. Miosi e/o ptosi palpebrale 6. Senso di irrequitezza e/o agitazione
16. D) La frequenza degli attacchi 竪 compresa tra 1 attacco ogni 2 giorni e 8 attacchi al giorno. Gli attacchi ricorrono, in genere, 1-3 volte al giorno. I tempi di inizio e fine attacco sono repentini. Il dolore raggiunge lacme in 5-10 minuti e dura in media 30-120 minuti. Lintensit della crisi 竪 forte o fortissima.
17. Gli attacchi si manifestano in periodi attivi ( grappoli ) della durata di settimane o mesi, separati da periodi di remissione di mesi o anni. Di solito i grappoli durano da 15 a 90 giorni (massimo 180 giorni). Frequenza della fase attiva : da 1 grappolo ogni 2 anni a 2 grappoli lanno. D) La frequenza degli attacchi 竪 compresa tra 1 attacco ogni 2 giorni e 8 attacchi al giorno.
18. E) Lanamnesi, lesame obiettivo generale e neurologico escludono una causa organica alla base della cefalea in oggetto (gruppi 5-12 IHS), oppure lanamnesi e lesame obiettivo generale e neurologico ne suggeriscono la presenza, ma questa viene esclusa da appropriate indagini strumentali. D) La frequenza degli attacchi 竪 compresa tra 1 attacco ogni 2 giorni e 8 attacchi al giorno.
19. 3.1.1 CEFALEA A GRAPPOLO EPISODICA A) Soddisfa tutti i criteri per la cefalea a grappolo. B) Almeno due periodi attivi di cefalea (grappoli) che durano da 7 giorni a 1 anno (senza trattamento), separati da periodi di remissione che durano > 1 mese.
20. CEFALEA A GRAPPOLO EPISODICA Periodo attivo ( grappoli/cluster period ): dura da 2 settimane a 3 mesi. Periodo intervallare di remissione (fase inattiva) : si protrae da alcuni mesi a 2 anni.
21. 3.1.2 CEFALEA A GRAPPOLO CRONICA A) Devono essere soddisfatti tutti i criteri indicati per la diagnosi di cefalea a grappolo. B) Attacchi presenti da pi湛 di 1 anno, in assenza di fasi di remissione, o con periodi di remissione che durano meno di 1 mese.
22. CEFALEA A GRAPPOLO CRONICA Presente nel 10-15% dei pazienti con cefalea a grappolo. Pu嘆 esordire de novo= Cefalea a grappolo cronica primitiva . Pu嘆 evolvere da una forma episodica= Cefalea a grappolo cronica secondaria . Alcuni pazienti possono passare da una forma cronica ad una episodica.
23. CEFALEA A GRAPPOLO FORMA EPISODICA Fase attiva (da 2 settimane a 3 mesi) Fase inattiva (da 6 a 12 mesi) Frequenza: 1-2 allanno FORMA CRONICA Et insorgenza pi湛 tardiva (40 anni) > frequenza delle crisi < risposta alla terapia
26. HEMICRANIA PAROSSISTICA Descritta da Sjaastad nel 1974. Molto rara (1-2% circa delle TACs). Prevale nel sesso femminile : F:M=3:1. Esordio: et adulta ( 20-30 anni ). Risposta completa allindometacina .
27. HEMICRANIA PAROSSISTICA Dolore unilaterale nel territorio della branca oftalmica del trigemino. Intensit del dolore : molto forte. Frequenza degli attacchi : elevata (15/die). Durata attacco : breve (2-30 minuti). Comportamento del paziente : raramente agitato (sta quieto con la testa tra le mani).
28. HEMICRANIA PAROSSISTICA Disturbi neurovegetativi : oculari e nasali (sovrapponibili a quelli della cefalea a grappolo). Induzione meccanica delle crisi : ruotando la testa verso il lato colpito o flettendola in avanti o con digitopressione sul processo mastoideo o su apofisi trasversa di C2-C5.
29. 3.2 Hemicrania parossistica Almeno 20 attacchi che soddisfino i criteri B-D. Attacchi con dolore unilaterale, di intensit severa, con localizzazione orbitaria, sovraorbitaria e/o temporale, della durata di 2-30 minuti.
30. C) Dolore associato ad almeno uno dei seguenti sintomi o segni omolaterali al dolore: - iniezione congiuntivale e/o lacrimazione. - congestione nasale e/o rinorrea. - edema palpebrale. - sudorazione facciale. - miosi e/o ptosi palpebrale. 3.2 Hemicrania parossistica
31. D) Frequenza degli attacchi > 5 al giorno per pi湛 della met del tempo. E) Gli attacchi sono prevenuti in maniera completa da dosi terapeutiche di indometacina (dose giornaliera di > 150 mg per via orale o rettale, oppure > 100 mg per via parenterale). F) Lanamnesi, lesame obiettivo generale e neurologico escludono una causa organica alla base della cefalea in oggetto (gruppi 5-12 IHS), oppure lanamnesi e lesame obiettivo ne suggeriscono la presenza, ma questa viene esclusa da appropriate indagini strumentali. 3.2 Hemicrania parossistica
32. Caratteristiche distintive tra H.Parossistica e Cefalea a Grappolo Hemicrania parosssistica Cefalea a grappolo Sesso M:F=1:3 M:F=6:1 Frequenza attacchi 15/die 1-3/die Durata attacchi 2-30 minuti 30-180 minuti Efficacia Indometacina Completa e permanente Nessuna o parziale
33. 3.2.1 EMICRANIA PAROSSISTICA EPISODICA Attacchi che soddisfano i criteri diagnostici A-F per 3.2 Hemicrania parossistica. Almeno due periodi attivi della durata di 7 giorni-1 anno, intervallati da periodi di remissione che durano > 1mese.
34. 3.2.2 EMICRANIA PAROSSISTICA CRONICA (Chronic Paroxysmal Hemicrania, CPH) Attacchi che soddisfano i criteri diagnostici A-F per 3.2 Hemicrania parossistica. Attacchi presenti da > di 1 anno senza periodi di remissione o con periodi di remissione che durano <1mese.
35. Cefalea unilaterale di tipo nevralgico di breve durata, con iniezione congiuntivale e lacrimazione. 3.3 Short-lasting Unilateral Neuralgiform headache attacks with Conjunctival injection and Tearing (SUNCT).
36. SUNCT Descritta da Sjaastad nel 1989. Molto rara. Prevale nel sesso maschile: M:F=2,25:1. Esordio: et adulta (40-70 anni). Brevissimi parossismi dolorosi in sede orbitaria e periorbitaria (branca oftalmica del V属 N.C.), sempre dallo stesso lato .
37. SUNCT Durata delle crisi: da 5 secondi a 4 minuti. Dolore trafittivo,urente,nevralgiforme (a scossa elettrica). Intensit del dolore : moderata-forte. Comportamento del paziente in corso di crisi : stato di quiete. Frequenza degli attacchi : da 3 a 200 al giorno.
38. SUNCT Distribuzione degli attacchi : diurna (assenza di crisi notturne). Profilo temporale degli attacchi : a tipo cluster con periodi attivi di giorni o mesi e fasi di remissione di mesi. Attacchi scatenati da movimenti del collo o stimoli meccanici su regioni innervate da I e III branca del V N.C.
39. SUNCT Presenza di sintomi e segni neurovegetativi: Iperemia congiuntivale Lacrimazione Rinorrea Ostruzione nasale Ptosi palpebrale
40. SUNCT A) Almeno 20 attacchi che soddisfino i criteri B-D: B) Attacchi di dolore unilaterale, in sede orbitaria, sovraorbitaria o temporale, trafittivo o pulsante della durata compresa tra 5 secondi e 4 minuti.
41. SUNCT C) Il dolore si associa a iniezione congiuntivale e lacrimazione omolaterali. D) La frequenza degli attacchi 竪 compresa tra 3 e 200 al giorno.
42. SUNCT E) Non attribuita ad altra condizione o patologia. Lanamnesi, lesame obiettivo generale e neurologico, le indagini strumentali escludono una causa organica alla base della cefalea in oggetto (gruppi 5-12 IHS).
44. 3.4 PROBABILE CEFALALGIA AUTONOMICO-TRIGEMINALE Attacchi di cefalea che appartengono al gruppo delle cefalalgie autonomico-trigeminali, ma che non soddisfano pienamente i criteri diagnostici per nessuna delle forme precedentemente descritte.
45. 3.4.1 PROBABILE CEFALEA A GRAPPOLO A) Attacchi che soddisfino tutti i criteri A-D per 3.1 Cefalea a grappolo tranne uno. B) Non attribuita ad altra condizione o patologia (gruppi 5-12 IHS).
46. 3.4.2 PROBABILE HEMICRANIA PAROSSISTICA A) Attacchi che soddisfino tutti i criteri A-E per 3.2 Hemicrania parossistica tranne uno. B) Non attribuita ad altra condizione o patologia (gruppi 5-12 IHS).
47. 3.4.3 PROBABILE SUNCT A) Attacchi che soddisfino tutti i criteri A-D per 3.3. Short-lasting Unilateral Neuralgiform headache attacks with Conjunctival injection and Tearing (SUNCT) tranne uno. B) Non attribuita ad altra condizione o patologia (gruppi 5-12 IHS).