This PowerPoint document provides instructions for an activity to analyze climate and biomes using data on cities from around the world. Students will sort city climate information cards into biome categories, plot locations on a map, and fill out a worksheet characterizing climate and biome for each city. The PowerPoint includes over 50 slides providing detailed climate and location data on cities to support categorizing into biomes.
Ecosystem functioning: food webs and trophicl evels.pptSumant Saini
Ìý
The document discusses trophic levels, food chains, and energy transfer through ecosystems. It defines key terms like trophic levels, producers, consumers, and explains how energy flows from producers to different consumer levels in a food chain. Energy is lost at each transfer, which is why there are generally fewer organisms at higher trophic levels. This relationship is depicted by ecological pyramids that show the decrease in energy and biomass from the base to the top of the pyramid.
International relations(Introduction and its Theories)Wathan Lin
Ìý
This document provides an overview of key theories in international relations, including realism, liberalism, Marxism, and constructivism. It discusses the main assumptions and policy prescriptions of each theory. Realism focuses on state power and security, seeing states as rational actors. Liberalism emphasizes international cooperation and institutions. Marxism views the international system as perpetuating capitalist exploitation. Constructivism examines how state identities and non-state actors shape international politics. The document aims to describe, explain, and predict international relations from the perspectives of different theoretical approaches.
Presentation on Dependency Theory for PS 212 Culture and Politics in the Third World at the University of Kentucky, Summer 2007. Dr. Christopher S. Rice, Instructor.
World system theory, developed by Immanuel Wallerstein, proposes that the global economy consists of a core, semi-periphery, and periphery. The core countries engage in banking, manufacturing, and technology and exploit peripheral countries for raw materials and labor. Peripheral countries have weak governments and economies and are dependent on core countries. Semi-peripheral countries share some characteristics of both, exploiting peripheries while also being exploited by cores. The theory emphasizes global economic inequality between these zones.
The document discusses the key elements of a state - population, territory, government, and sovereignty. It provides details on each element: population refers to the number and quality of citizens; territory denotes the geographical area over which the state has jurisdiction; government is the institution that determines policies, regulates affairs, and provides services; and sovereignty represents the state's supreme legal authority over both internal and external matters.
This document discusses different perspectives on the concept of power in international relations. It begins by defining power as a state's ability to influence or control other states. It then outlines two main traditions for analyzing power: the national power approach, which equates power with material resources, and the relational power approach, which sees power as the ability to influence another's behavior. The document also discusses various theorists' perspectives on power, including Joseph Nye's concepts of hard, soft, and smart power, and rules for analyzing power put forth by William Wohlforth.
Geopolitical theory examines the relationship between geography, politics, and international relations. Key thinkers in geopolitical theory include:
- Alfred Thayer Mahan (1890) who argued that naval power was essential for trade and that countries with long coastlines and access to key sea lanes would be most powerful.
- Halford Mackinder (1904) who developed the heartland theory that whoever controlled the strategically located heartland region of Eurasia would control the world.
- Nicholas Spykman (1940s) argued that the inner crescent region (Western Europe, Middle East, South Asia, Southeast Asia) known as the rimland was most important, as it provided access to both sea and
The document discusses dependency theory, which argues that resources flow from poorer "periphery" states to enrich wealthier "core" states. It originated in reaction to modernization theory. There are two perspectives on dependency - the capitalist view that it facilitates development, and the socialist view that it is a form of imperialism that enriches core states. Key aspects of dependency include globalization, free markets, surplus value flowing to core states, political and technological control by core states, and neo-colonialism. While it was influential in the 1960-70s, dependency theory has lost some influence with the growth of some developing economies, though still impacts anti-poverty campaigns.
Politics involves the authoritative allocation of resources and power in a society. It can be defined as the study of who gets what, when, and how or as any persistent patterns of human relationships that involve significant control, power, influence, and authority. The core concepts in politics include power, influence, authority, and legitimacy. Power is the ability to make others do something against their will through threats of sanctions, while influence uses no threats. Authority is the right to exercise power due to one's position. Legitimacy means a government's rule is valid and should generally be obeyed.
This presentation is about ending poverty in our time. It is about making the right choices that can lead to a much safer world based on a true reverence and respect for human life.
This presentation brings to our attention the daily struggles for survival, and the vast number of impoverished people around the world who lose that struggle. We attempt to demonstrate that all parts of the world have a chance to join an age of unprecedented prosperity, building on global science, technology and markets. However, one can also see that certain parts of the world are caught in a downward spiral of impoverishment, hunger and disease. We demonstrate this by means of case studies.
This presentation attempts at outlining why some countries fail to thrive and how the developed world can assist the rest of humanity get a foothold on the ladder of development.
I have compiled these notes from different resources. I am hopeful that these notes will help students who are willing to grab information on this subject for civil services exams or university exams. Good Luck
What is Political Economy?
Different types of Economic Systems and its influence on planning process
Capitalism and Capitalist Planning Model
Communism and Communist Planning Model
Socialism and Socialist Planning Model
Dependency theory argues that poorer countries are prevented from developing due to their economic dependence on richer countries. It was popularized in the 1960s by Raúl Prebisch and other Latin American economists and theorists. They proposed that poorer countries pursue import substitution to reduce reliance on manufactured goods from richer nations. However, this was difficult due to smaller internal markets, lack of control over primary commodities, and insufficient political will. Major dependency theorists like Andre Gunder Frank, Theotonio dos Santos, Samir Amin, and Immanuel Wallerstein expanded on these ideas, arguing that underdevelopment is generated by capitalism and the unequal power dynamics between core and peripheral nations.
This document provides an overview of the key concepts in international relations, including the sub-fields of international security studies and international political economy. It discusses how IR scholars use descriptive and theoretical approaches to understand why international events occur, and outlines three broad theoretical perspectives: conservatism, liberalism, and revolutionary. It also introduces the three levels of analysis in IR: individual, state, and systemic (international).
Superpowers Smart States Global Initiative: EU, USA, China, Russia,...Azamat Abdoullaev
Ìý
This document discusses states, powers, and superpowers in the modern world. It defines different levels of geopolitical influence, from regional powers to emerging superpowers to hyperpowers. Potential superpowers for the 21st century that are mentioned include the US, China, EU, India, and others. Achieving superpower status requires influence across multiple axes including military, economic, political, cultural, technological, and environmental leadership on a global scale. Sustainable development and smart strategies will be important for states seeking to maximize their power in the coming decades.
Approaches to the study of Public AdministrationBhargav Dangar
Ìý
The document outlines several approaches to studying public administration, including the normative approach which focuses on what administration should be, the empirical approach which analyzes actual administrative situations, and the philosophical, legal, historical, case method, institutional/structural, and behavioural approaches. The legal approach uses laws framed by society in countries like France, Germany, and Belgium. The case method reconstructs administrative realities through narratives of real events.
This document provides an overview of world systems theory, which examines how structures shape the flow of people, goods, and ideas globally. It discusses key concepts such as the core, semi-periphery, and periphery of the global economic system. World systems theory views the global economy as a single world-economy larger than any political unit, with economic relations between parts being most important. It also examines resistance to the world system, modernity, global flows of different types, and the central role of media and cultural imagination.
Dependency theory posits that peripheral, less developed nations are dependent on core countries for their economic development, which hinders their ability to develop and benefits core nations. It was developed by Raul Prebisch in response to global disparities and argues that the structure of the world economy favors core countries over peripheral ones. The theory is illustrated through Haiti's history as a peripheral nation dependent on France during colonial rule, which left it impoverished despite producing valuable exports.
The document summarizes different types of international conflicts:
- Contemporary wars are occurring in the global South, particularly in Iraq, Western Sudan, and Afghanistan. Most peace agreements in postwar zones are holding.
- Types of war include hegemonic war, total war, limited war, civil war, and guerrilla war. The largest drivers of conflict are ethnic, religious, ideological, territorial, governmental, and economic. Nationalism has also been a major force shaping conflicts over the past two centuries.
Liberalism theory,Types of liberalism,and criticismTallat Satti
Ìý
Liberalism is an international relations theory that focuses on cooperation between states. Key assumptions of liberalism include a positive view of human nature and belief in progress through cooperation. Classical liberalism thinkers like Grotius and Kant believed states could cooperate despite anarchy. Modern liberalism includes interdependence liberalism, which sees increased economic interdependence reducing conflict, and institutional liberalism, which argues international institutions help states cooperate by reducing fears and encouraging trust. Neoliberal institutionalism posits that institutions mediate cooperation among self-interested states.
Welcome to my presentation on dependency theoryOjhor Shrabon
Ìý
1. Andre Gunder Frank's dependency theory argues that underdeveloped countries are kept in a state of underdevelopment due to their economic dependence on developed "metropolis" countries, which extract economic surplus from satellite underdeveloped countries through trade.
2. The theory posits that underdeveloped countries experience the most development when their ties to the metropolis are weakest, such as during wars or economic crises, or due to geographic isolation.
3. Regions with the closest past ties to metropolis countries, through the export of primary commodities, are now the most underdeveloped, while regions that were able to industrialize saw a decline in dependence on the metropolis.
This document discusses theories of nation-building success and failure. It explores Immanuel Wallerstein's world-systems theory that countries can be categorized as core, semi-peripheral, or peripheral in the global economic system. Core countries control and benefit the most from global trade. Peripheral countries are less developed and dependent on core countries. A country's position in the global economic hierarchy can influence its success in establishing the qualities of a modern nation-state. The document also examines theories of imperialism and colonialism in shaping the modern world order and economic dominance of Western European nations.
The document provides an overview of realism as a theory of international relations. It discusses classical realism focusing on thinkers like Thucydides, Machiavelli, Hobbes, and Morgenthau who saw states primarily pursuing power in an anarchic system. It also covers neo-realism of Waltz who analyzed how the distribution of power among states and different systems of polarity (unipolar, bipolar, multipolar) impact international relations. A key concept for neo-realists is the balance of power where states form alliances to balance more powerful states or coalitions. The prisoner's dilemma is used as a game theory example of why cooperation can be difficult due to lack of trust among states as real
Neorealism, also called structural realism, argues that the international system influences state behavior based primarily on the distribution of power. It views states as acting to maximize their security in an anarchic system, which leads them to engage in a self-help balance of power. The theory was first established by Kenneth Waltz in his 1979 book Theory of International Politics, departing from classical realism by arguing that the structure of the international system, not human nature, determines state actions.
The document discusses subversion, which is defined as the first phase of an insurgency aimed at undermining a government. It involves secretly influencing people's loyalty through persuasion, rewards, or coercion. Key activities include infiltrating organizations, conducting propaganda, forming front organizations, and exploiting existing grievances to turn people against the government. The goal is to cause discord, instability, and weaken the government's authority in preparation for an armed struggle phase. Effective countermeasures include addressing legitimate public grievances, strengthening intelligence networks, and conducting psychological operations to counter the insurgency's messaging.
This document discusses the concept of significant figures and how to determine the number of significant figures in measurements and calculations. It defines significant figures as the "important digits" that indicate the precision of a measurement. Rules are provided for determining significant figures depending on leading or trailing zeros and whether the number is read from left to right or right to left. Examples demonstrate applying these rules and how to round final answers in calculations like addition, subtraction, multiplication and division based on the least precise measurement used. The key takeaway is that significant figures convey precision and final answers should not be more precise than the least precise input.
This document discusses hypothesis testing. It explains that hypothesis testing is used to determine if data is statistically significant enough to reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis. The key aspects covered are:
- Identifying when hypothesis testing is appropriate
- Distinguishing between the null and alternate hypotheses
- Determining whether to reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis based on comparing a test statistic to a critical value from a distribution table
Politics involves the authoritative allocation of resources and power in a society. It can be defined as the study of who gets what, when, and how or as any persistent patterns of human relationships that involve significant control, power, influence, and authority. The core concepts in politics include power, influence, authority, and legitimacy. Power is the ability to make others do something against their will through threats of sanctions, while influence uses no threats. Authority is the right to exercise power due to one's position. Legitimacy means a government's rule is valid and should generally be obeyed.
This presentation is about ending poverty in our time. It is about making the right choices that can lead to a much safer world based on a true reverence and respect for human life.
This presentation brings to our attention the daily struggles for survival, and the vast number of impoverished people around the world who lose that struggle. We attempt to demonstrate that all parts of the world have a chance to join an age of unprecedented prosperity, building on global science, technology and markets. However, one can also see that certain parts of the world are caught in a downward spiral of impoverishment, hunger and disease. We demonstrate this by means of case studies.
This presentation attempts at outlining why some countries fail to thrive and how the developed world can assist the rest of humanity get a foothold on the ladder of development.
I have compiled these notes from different resources. I am hopeful that these notes will help students who are willing to grab information on this subject for civil services exams or university exams. Good Luck
What is Political Economy?
Different types of Economic Systems and its influence on planning process
Capitalism and Capitalist Planning Model
Communism and Communist Planning Model
Socialism and Socialist Planning Model
Dependency theory argues that poorer countries are prevented from developing due to their economic dependence on richer countries. It was popularized in the 1960s by Raúl Prebisch and other Latin American economists and theorists. They proposed that poorer countries pursue import substitution to reduce reliance on manufactured goods from richer nations. However, this was difficult due to smaller internal markets, lack of control over primary commodities, and insufficient political will. Major dependency theorists like Andre Gunder Frank, Theotonio dos Santos, Samir Amin, and Immanuel Wallerstein expanded on these ideas, arguing that underdevelopment is generated by capitalism and the unequal power dynamics between core and peripheral nations.
This document provides an overview of the key concepts in international relations, including the sub-fields of international security studies and international political economy. It discusses how IR scholars use descriptive and theoretical approaches to understand why international events occur, and outlines three broad theoretical perspectives: conservatism, liberalism, and revolutionary. It also introduces the three levels of analysis in IR: individual, state, and systemic (international).
Superpowers Smart States Global Initiative: EU, USA, China, Russia,...Azamat Abdoullaev
Ìý
This document discusses states, powers, and superpowers in the modern world. It defines different levels of geopolitical influence, from regional powers to emerging superpowers to hyperpowers. Potential superpowers for the 21st century that are mentioned include the US, China, EU, India, and others. Achieving superpower status requires influence across multiple axes including military, economic, political, cultural, technological, and environmental leadership on a global scale. Sustainable development and smart strategies will be important for states seeking to maximize their power in the coming decades.
Approaches to the study of Public AdministrationBhargav Dangar
Ìý
The document outlines several approaches to studying public administration, including the normative approach which focuses on what administration should be, the empirical approach which analyzes actual administrative situations, and the philosophical, legal, historical, case method, institutional/structural, and behavioural approaches. The legal approach uses laws framed by society in countries like France, Germany, and Belgium. The case method reconstructs administrative realities through narratives of real events.
This document provides an overview of world systems theory, which examines how structures shape the flow of people, goods, and ideas globally. It discusses key concepts such as the core, semi-periphery, and periphery of the global economic system. World systems theory views the global economy as a single world-economy larger than any political unit, with economic relations between parts being most important. It also examines resistance to the world system, modernity, global flows of different types, and the central role of media and cultural imagination.
Dependency theory posits that peripheral, less developed nations are dependent on core countries for their economic development, which hinders their ability to develop and benefits core nations. It was developed by Raul Prebisch in response to global disparities and argues that the structure of the world economy favors core countries over peripheral ones. The theory is illustrated through Haiti's history as a peripheral nation dependent on France during colonial rule, which left it impoverished despite producing valuable exports.
The document summarizes different types of international conflicts:
- Contemporary wars are occurring in the global South, particularly in Iraq, Western Sudan, and Afghanistan. Most peace agreements in postwar zones are holding.
- Types of war include hegemonic war, total war, limited war, civil war, and guerrilla war. The largest drivers of conflict are ethnic, religious, ideological, territorial, governmental, and economic. Nationalism has also been a major force shaping conflicts over the past two centuries.
Liberalism theory,Types of liberalism,and criticismTallat Satti
Ìý
Liberalism is an international relations theory that focuses on cooperation between states. Key assumptions of liberalism include a positive view of human nature and belief in progress through cooperation. Classical liberalism thinkers like Grotius and Kant believed states could cooperate despite anarchy. Modern liberalism includes interdependence liberalism, which sees increased economic interdependence reducing conflict, and institutional liberalism, which argues international institutions help states cooperate by reducing fears and encouraging trust. Neoliberal institutionalism posits that institutions mediate cooperation among self-interested states.
Welcome to my presentation on dependency theoryOjhor Shrabon
Ìý
1. Andre Gunder Frank's dependency theory argues that underdeveloped countries are kept in a state of underdevelopment due to their economic dependence on developed "metropolis" countries, which extract economic surplus from satellite underdeveloped countries through trade.
2. The theory posits that underdeveloped countries experience the most development when their ties to the metropolis are weakest, such as during wars or economic crises, or due to geographic isolation.
3. Regions with the closest past ties to metropolis countries, through the export of primary commodities, are now the most underdeveloped, while regions that were able to industrialize saw a decline in dependence on the metropolis.
This document discusses theories of nation-building success and failure. It explores Immanuel Wallerstein's world-systems theory that countries can be categorized as core, semi-peripheral, or peripheral in the global economic system. Core countries control and benefit the most from global trade. Peripheral countries are less developed and dependent on core countries. A country's position in the global economic hierarchy can influence its success in establishing the qualities of a modern nation-state. The document also examines theories of imperialism and colonialism in shaping the modern world order and economic dominance of Western European nations.
The document provides an overview of realism as a theory of international relations. It discusses classical realism focusing on thinkers like Thucydides, Machiavelli, Hobbes, and Morgenthau who saw states primarily pursuing power in an anarchic system. It also covers neo-realism of Waltz who analyzed how the distribution of power among states and different systems of polarity (unipolar, bipolar, multipolar) impact international relations. A key concept for neo-realists is the balance of power where states form alliances to balance more powerful states or coalitions. The prisoner's dilemma is used as a game theory example of why cooperation can be difficult due to lack of trust among states as real
Neorealism, also called structural realism, argues that the international system influences state behavior based primarily on the distribution of power. It views states as acting to maximize their security in an anarchic system, which leads them to engage in a self-help balance of power. The theory was first established by Kenneth Waltz in his 1979 book Theory of International Politics, departing from classical realism by arguing that the structure of the international system, not human nature, determines state actions.
The document discusses subversion, which is defined as the first phase of an insurgency aimed at undermining a government. It involves secretly influencing people's loyalty through persuasion, rewards, or coercion. Key activities include infiltrating organizations, conducting propaganda, forming front organizations, and exploiting existing grievances to turn people against the government. The goal is to cause discord, instability, and weaken the government's authority in preparation for an armed struggle phase. Effective countermeasures include addressing legitimate public grievances, strengthening intelligence networks, and conducting psychological operations to counter the insurgency's messaging.
This document discusses the concept of significant figures and how to determine the number of significant figures in measurements and calculations. It defines significant figures as the "important digits" that indicate the precision of a measurement. Rules are provided for determining significant figures depending on leading or trailing zeros and whether the number is read from left to right or right to left. Examples demonstrate applying these rules and how to round final answers in calculations like addition, subtraction, multiplication and division based on the least precise measurement used. The key takeaway is that significant figures convey precision and final answers should not be more precise than the least precise input.
This document discusses hypothesis testing. It explains that hypothesis testing is used to determine if data is statistically significant enough to reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis. The key aspects covered are:
- Identifying when hypothesis testing is appropriate
- Distinguishing between the null and alternate hypotheses
- Determining whether to reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis based on comparing a test statistic to a critical value from a distribution table
This document discusses how scientists measure the hydrologic cycle. It describes traditional methods like stream gaging stations, groundwater wells, and SNOTEL stations to monitor streams, groundwater levels, and snowpack. It also discusses newer geodetic methods like GPS and GRACE satellites that can measure subtle changes in gravity or ground movement related to water storage and flow. These comprehensive measurements across different reservoirs help scientists better understand the complex global hydrologic cycle.
The document discusses how the coastline of North America during the Cretaceous Period 80 million years ago, with a Western Interior Seaway dividing the continent, still influences patterns today. It notes that the fertile soil deposited along this ancient coastline attracted slave plantations, and after emancipation the populations remained high in African Americans. As a result, modern voting patterns follow the same curve as the long-gone Cretaceous coastline, with counties with larger African American populations voting predominantly Democrat.
This document provides instructions for tracking weather systems using maps. Students are asked to print maps showing the location of low pressure centers over time. By examining the date and time stamps, students track one low pressure system as it moves across the United States over several days, recording its location on blank maps. They then connect the locations with a line to show the storm's path. Students also have the option to track additional storms, measure distances traveled between maps to calculate speed, or use software to analyze and animate the map images.
This document provides an overview of traditional and geodetic methods for measuring water resources. It discusses the hydrological cycle and key reservoirs and fluxes. Traditional measurements like gauging stations and SNOTEL stations that measure snowpack are introduced. Geodetic methods using GPS and gravity satellites are presented as newer techniques to measure vertical land motion, snow depth, soil moisture, and groundwater levels. Declining trends in snowpack and streamflow in Montana watersheds are highlighted as impacts of climate change on water resources. Stakeholders in water resources like local residents, industry, and government are identified.
This document defines and compares the three main measures of central tendency: mean, median, and mode. It explains that the mean is calculated by adding all values and dividing by the total number of values, the median is the middle value when the values are arranged in order, and the mode is the most frequently occurring value. The document also notes that outliers can affect the mean more than the median or mode. An example calculation is provided to demonstrate how an outlier impacts each measure. The key takeaway is that the mean, median and mode are important for summarizing large datasets with a single representative value.
Soils are essential to supporting life and human civilization. As populations grow, pressures on soils increase and maintaining soil health is important. Throughout history, human activities like deforestation, overgrazing, and poor irrigation have led to soil degradation problems like erosion, desertification, and salinization. This has negatively impacted societies by reducing agricultural productivity and sometimes causing civilizations to fail. However, more recent initiatives show people rediscovering the importance of soils and taking steps to promote sustainable land use and soil conservation.
The document discusses soil classification systems and soil surveys. It explains that soil taxonomy is a hierarchical system used to classify soils based on observable properties like color, structure, and chemistry. Soils are grouped into increasingly broader categories from the most specific level of series up to the broadest level of order. Soil surveys involve soil scientists mapping and describing soils in a given area in order to group soils with similar properties. The classifications aim to convey information about soil formation and management needs.
The document discusses nutrient management and soil fertility. It outlines key nutrients needed by plants and their analogous benefits for human health, including nitrogen for growth, potassium for water uptake and disease resistance, and calcium for growth and strong bones. It also addresses how soil pH impacts nutrient availability and describes common nutrient deficiencies like zinc deficiency that causes stunted growth and yellowing.
This document discusses several issues that can negatively impact soil quality including disturbed and degraded soil, desertification, deforestation, salinization, run-off, mineral extraction, and wind erosion. These processes can damage soil structure and reduce fertility.
The document discusses the major biomes of the world and the soils typically found within each one. It describes the key biomes as tropical rainforests, temperate forests, boreal forests, grasslands, tundra, deserts, shrublands, and wetlands. Each biome is defined by its climate, vegetation, and characteristic soil orders that form as a result of the particular environmental conditions within that biome.
This document discusses the physical properties and formation of soil. It describes how soil characteristics like color, texture, structure, and horizons/profiles influence water movement, storage, erosion, and plant growth. Soil formation is influenced by climate, organisms, topography, parent material, and time in a process known as CLORPT. The physical properties of soil determine how quickly water can infiltrate and percolate through different soil types.
This document discusses various natural and human-caused processes that can degrade soils, as well as best management practices to mitigate soil degradation. It covers topics like erosion from water and wind, desertification, acidification, salinization, effects of deforestation, urbanization, construction projects, land application of manures and wastes, and mining reclamation. Sustainable land management and soil conservation techniques aim to renew resources rather than deplete them over time through practices like maintaining vegetative cover, controlling grazing intensity, and properly applying nutrients from wastes.
This chapter discusses the living components of soil, including bacteria, fungi, protists, and fauna. Bacteria and fungi play important roles in nutrient cycling and forming soil structure. Fungi exist as filaments called hyphae that can form partnerships with plant roots. Protists include amoebas, ciliates, and flagellates that consume bacteria and debris. Larger soil fauna include earthworms, nematodes, springtails, and arthropods that further break down organic matter and improve soil structure through bioturbation. The variety of organisms in soil work together to create a living system that supports plant growth.
This document discusses the 2012-2017 California drought and its impacts. It provides historical context on droughts in California and examines precipitation data. Specific topics covered include:
1. The spatial extent and timing of the 2012-2017 drought across California and how it compares to historical droughts.
2. How precipitation was measured using tools like snow pillows and GPS reflection to track snow levels.
3. The societal impacts of the drought, including mandatory water rationing and transformations to California's landscape and economy.
This document discusses using GPS vertical positioning to monitor groundwater storage changes. It begins by explaining that groundwater mining is a global problem, and that extracting groundwater causes the land surface to rise as the total water storage decreases. It then discusses how GPS networks can detect these vertical position changes at the sub-centimeter level on a daily basis, allowing monitoring of seasonal water changes. Finally, it notes that long-term groundwater pumping can lead to both reversible and irreversible subsidence exceeding several meters, and provides examples from California's Central Valley.
This document discusses methods for characterizing groundwater storage, including traditional well measurements and satellite-based GRACE observations. It defines terrestrial water storage as all water on the land surface, and explains that groundwater often dominates variations in storage. Wells measure groundwater levels, with changes indicating replenishment or depletion over time. GRACE satellites detect changes in mass distribution and associated gravity field variations to infer changes in total water storage, including groundwater, at coarse spatial scales. The document provides examples of using both approaches to monitor groundwater in key aquifers.
The document provides an introduction to GPS/GNSS basics, including:
- GPS uses 24-32 satellites in medium Earth orbit that transmit positioning and timing data. Receivers need signals from 4 satellites to calculate a 3D location.
- Ground control stations monitor the satellites and send updates to synchronize their atomic clocks and orbital data.
- GPS determines location by calculating distances to satellites using signal transmission times and triangulating the receiver's position.
- Precise GPS uses permanent stations with stable monuments to collect data over many years, achieving sub-centimeter positioning and millimeter-per-year velocity estimates.
The document discusses the normal distribution, which is a specific type of probability distribution where the mean, median, and mode are centered around the middle. It depends on the mean and standard deviation. The document describes the key elements needed to construct a normal distribution like the mean and standard deviation. It also provides an example of calculating the percentage of yearly pizza sales that would be less than $90,000 given the normal distribution of annual sales has a mean of $120,000 and standard deviation of $30,000. Approximately 16% of yearly sales would be less than $90,000.
1. Climate and Biomes
Instructional PowerPoint to accompany
Google Earth activity located at:
https://serc.carleton.edu/eslabs/weather/4b.
html
Copyright TERC, 2018
3. Instructions:
This PowerPoint is designed to be used as a supplement or alternative to the Google
Earth activity described on this page: http://serc.carleton.edu/eslabs/weather/4b.html
Pre-lab Preparation:
1. Print the PowerPoint 2 slides per page, preferably in color. If possible, laminate
the cards for longevity. Prepare enough sets of cards for each of the lab teams.
2. Print the a copy of the Whittaker classification scheme diagram for each lab team.
3. Print a world climate map (http://www.eduplace.com/ss/maps/world.html) for
each team.
4. Optional: Provide a world map or globe for each lab team. Calculators may also be
helpful for calculating average annual precipitation and temperature.
Day of Activity:
Students read the information on the cards and then sort the cards into stacks
matching them to the Whittaker classification scheme.
Using the data on the cards, place the cards in the correct locations on a large world
map or place location tags on a globe.
fill in a chart, next slide, with the following information: name of the city; average
precipitation and temperature; and biome type.
Answer the Checking In and Stop and Think questions included with this activity.
53. Vancouver, BC (Canada)
Elev: 38.7 m Lat: 49 Ëš 17' N Long: 123 Ëš 05'W
Image of biome Climatograph
Copyright TERC, 2018
54. Name of City, Country
elevation lat long
Image of biome
Insert a picture of your home
area here.
Climatograph
Insert your Climatograph here:
source of climatographs
Weather.com type in your city
name. On your cities
weather page, click the link
for historical data. Set up
and copy your local
climatograph here.
Copyright TERC, 2018
Editor's Notes
#2: This file can be used to replace the Google Earth Activity on the Earthlabs site.