Cretaceous Coatlines and Modern Voting Patterns Presentation
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The document discusses how the coastline of North America during the Cretaceous Period 80 million years ago, with a Western Interior Seaway dividing the continent, still influences patterns today. It notes that the fertile soil deposited along this ancient coastline attracted slave plantations, and after emancipation the populations remained high in African Americans. As a result, modern voting patterns follow the same curve as the long-gone Cretaceous coastline, with counties with larger African American populations voting predominantly Democrat.
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This document discusses various natural and human-caused processes that can degrade soils, as well as best management practices to mitigate soil degradation. It covers topics like erosion from water and wind, desertification, acidification, salinization, effects of deforestation, urbanization, construction projects, land application of manures and wastes, and mining reclamation. Sustainable land management and soil conservation techniques aim to renew resources rather than deplete them over time through practices like maintaining vegetative cover, controlling grazing intensity, and properly applying nutrients from wastes.Educators PPT chapter 3
Educators PPT chapter 3SERC at Carleton College
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This chapter discusses the living components of soil, including bacteria, fungi, protists, and fauna. Bacteria and fungi play important roles in nutrient cycling and forming soil structure. Fungi exist as filaments called hyphae that can form partnerships with plant roots. Protists include amoebas, ciliates, and flagellates that consume bacteria and debris. Larger soil fauna include earthworms, nematodes, springtails, and arthropods that further break down organic matter and improve soil structure through bioturbation. The variety of organisms in soil work together to create a living system that supports plant growth.Unit 4 background presentation
Unit 4 background presentationSERC at Carleton College
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This document discusses the 2012-2017 California drought and its impacts. It provides historical context on droughts in California and examines precipitation data. Specific topics covered include:
1. The spatial extent and timing of the 2012-2017 drought across California and how it compares to historical droughts.
2. How precipitation was measured using tools like snow pillows and GPS reflection to track snow levels.
3. The societal impacts of the drought, including mandatory water rationing and transformations to California's landscape and economy.Presentation: Unit 3 background information
Presentation: Unit 3 background informationSERC at Carleton College
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This document discusses using GPS vertical positioning to monitor groundwater storage changes. It begins by explaining that groundwater mining is a global problem, and that extracting groundwater causes the land surface to rise as the total water storage decreases. It then discusses how GPS networks can detect these vertical position changes at the sub-centimeter level on a daily basis, allowing monitoring of seasonal water changes. Finally, it notes that long-term groundwater pumping can lead to both reversible and irreversible subsidence exceeding several meters, and provides examples from California's Central Valley.Presentation: Unit 2 Measuring Groundwater Background Information
Presentation: Unit 2 Measuring Groundwater Background InformationSERC at Carleton College
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This document discusses methods for characterizing groundwater storage, including traditional well measurements and satellite-based GRACE observations. It defines terrestrial water storage as all water on the land surface, and explains that groundwater often dominates variations in storage. Wells measure groundwater levels, with changes indicating replenishment or depletion over time. GRACE satellites detect changes in mass distribution and associated gravity field variations to infer changes in total water storage, including groundwater, at coarse spatial scales. The document provides examples of using both approaches to monitor groundwater in key aquifers.Introduction to GPS presentation
Introduction to GPS presentationSERC at Carleton College
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The document provides an introduction to GPS/GNSS basics, including:
- GPS uses 24-32 satellites in medium Earth orbit that transmit positioning and timing data. Receivers need signals from 4 satellites to calculate a 3D location.
- Ground control stations monitor the satellites and send updates to synchronize their atomic clocks and orbital data.
- GPS determines location by calculating distances to satellites using signal transmission times and triangulating the receiver's position.
- Precise GPS uses permanent stations with stable monuments to collect data over many years, achieving sub-centimeter positioning and millimeter-per-year velocity estimates.StatVignette04_Distribution_v04_07_15_2020.pptx
StatVignette04_Distribution_v04_07_15_2020.pptxSERC at Carleton College
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The document discusses the normal distribution, which is a specific type of probability distribution where the mean, median, and mode are centered around the middle. It depends on the mean and standard deviation. The document describes the key elements needed to construct a normal distribution like the mean and standard deviation. It also provides an example of calculating the percentage of yearly pizza sales that would be less than $90,000 given the normal distribution of annual sales has a mean of $120,000 and standard deviation of $30,000. Approximately 16% of yearly sales would be less than $90,000.Cretaceous Coatlines and Modern Voting Patterns Presentation
- 1. Cretaceous coastlines and modern voting patterns
- 2. The Cretaceous Period 80 million years ago, the Western Interior Seaway was dividing America into two continents, Laramidia (left, west) and Appalachia (right, east) The coastline was several hundred miles inland compared to where it is now in the American southeast.
- 3. The Cretaceous Period Through the late Cretaceous, the Western Interior Seaway slowly disappeared as the rocky mountains were forming in Laramidia, causing a drop in sea levels. The seaway was mostly dried up 65 million years ago, leaving behind traces of coastlines that are very rich in limestone and other sediments good for farming.
- 4. 19th Century When white settlers came to North America looking for new lives and profits, they looked to the south, where conditions were perfect to grow cotton. The Black Belt as they called it, was a strip of very dark and fertile Blackland prairie dirt that was exactly what they needed to farm cotton. The curve of the Cretaceous coastline can be seen through Mississippi and Alabama on this map of Blackland prairie dirt.
- 5. 19th Century Due to this area being very fertile, slave owners flocked to the area to stake their claim on the black belt. The slave population in the black belt far surpassed the white population This map shows the density of slaves per county in the South, the same distinct curve of the Black Belt can be seen through Mississippi and Alabama through the Carolinas.
- 6. Modern Day After the slaves were emancipated, many of them stayed in the same areas where they were originally enslaved. Therefore, the black belt is now known for the large African American population rather than the Blackland prairie dirt that it was once named for. This map from 2000 shows counties in the south that have a majority African American Population. It, once again, follows the same curved outline where the Cretaceous coastline of Appalachia once was.
- 7. Modern Day People of color vote overwhelmingly democrat in modern political America. When looking at county-by- county voting maps for any election, the pattern of blue follows the same curved route as the Blackland dirt, slave population, and ancient coastline of Appalachia. This is how an ancient Cretaceous coastline has affected modern voting patterns in the American South.
- 8. Modern Day