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Introduction to Computers
Lecture 1

Course Details
• Course Title: Introduction To Computer
• Credit Hours: 2 + 1
• Course Prerequisites: No
• Semester: 1st
• Labs Status: Yes
• Program: BS- Computer Science

Recommended Book
• Introduction to computers by
Peter Norton 7th edition
• Computer Fundamentals by
Pradeep K.Sinha, Priti Sinha
4th edition

COURSE OBJECTIVES
• The main objectives of this course are:
• Discuss Fundamental Concepts of Information Technology (IT)„
• Show how Computers are used as Practical Tools for Solving
Personal, Business, and Academic Problems„
• Learn Basic Computer Skills that Enables the Students Explore
IT World„
• Enabling students to work with various office / Productivity
software's„
• Learning use of internet and email

Course Description:
• Introducing Computer Systems, History and generation of
Computers. The Parts of a Computer System, The
Information Processing Cycle, Essential Computer
Hardware Types of software: System and Application
software, Introduction and features of different Operating
systems Input devices: Keyboard , Mouse, optical mouse
Others: trackball, touchpad, pointing stick, light pen,
touch screen, stylus, Microphone, Scanners Types of
storage : Primary and secondary-RAM vs ROM Output
Devices: Display device-CRT monitor, Liquid Crystal
Display

Printers: Impact printers-Dot-matrix printer, Line
printer Audio output- Speakers, headsets Non-impact
printers-Ink-jet, Laser, Thermal Working with
Windows:- The Desktop, Taskbar, and Start MenuParts
of a Window. Customizing desktop. Files and Folders,
Control panel Introduction word processing: MS word
Creating presentation: MS PowerPoint Creating
spreadsheets: Ms excel Networking : types of networks-
LAN, MAN and WAN, peer-to-peer & client/server
networks Internet Services: email, World-Wide Web,
E-Commerce Security and Privacy- Protection:
antivirus program Terms: hacker, cracker, Methods of
security: Passwords, Backup Assignment submission
and presentation

Marks distribution
• Assignments: 10%
• Quizzes: 10%
• Midterm Exam: 35%
• Final Term: 45%

What is Computer?
• Computer is an electronic machine used to solve different
problems according to the set of instructions given to it.
• A computer can accept data, process data into useful information
and store it for later use.
• The word computer is derived from word compute that means to
calculate.
• Computer can be used as calculating machine to produce results
at very high speed.

What is Computer?
• However, calculation is not the only use of computer. It can also be used for
different purposes.
• People can use computer to perform different problems quickly and easily.
• It has changed the way of life. (How?)

Computer is a electronic machine
(device). Which takes input (data)
from user and process it according
to given instructions (program), then gives
specific output or result (information) for user.
INPUT
DEVICE
OUTPUT
DEVICE
PROCES
S
KEYBOARD
MOUSE
CPU
PROCES
MONITOR
(SOFTCOPY)
PRINTER
(HARDCOPY)
75+25
DATA INFO
100
What is Computer?

What is Computer?
Computer is an electronic device which is
capable of doing arithmetic calculations,
taking logical decisions and giving very
accurate results. It can also store a large
volume of data for a long time.
Father of Computer Charles Babbage

What is Computer?
It can process both numerical and non-numerical (arithmetic and
logical) calculations.
A computer has four functions:
a. accepts data (Input)
b. processes data (Processing)
c. produces output (Output)
d. stores results (Storage)

Input (Data): Input is the raw information entered into a computer from the
input devices. It is the collection of letters, numbers, images etc.
Process: Process is the operation of data as per given instruction. It is
totally internal process of the computer system.
Output: Output is the processed data given by computer after data
processing. Output is also called as Result. We can save these results in
the storage devices for the future use.
Computer System: All of the components of a computer system can be
summarized with the simple equations.
COMPUTER SYSTEM = HARDWARE + SOFTWARE+ USER
• Hardware = Internal Devices + Peripheral Devices All physical parts of
the computer (or everything that we can touch) are known as Hardware.
• Software = Programs Software gives "intelligence" to the computer.
• USER = Person, who operates computer.

Computers in the Home
• Computers used for a variety of tasks:
– Looking up information and news
– Exchanging e-mail
– Shopping and paying bills
– Watching TV and videos
– Downloading music and movies
– Organizing digital photographs
– Playing games

Characteristics/Advantages of Computer
• The important characteristics of a computer are as follows:
1. Speed
2. Reliability
3. Storage
4. Processing
5. Accuracy
6. Recalling
7. Control Sequence
8. Consistency
9. Versatile
10. Communication
11. Cost Reduction

Speed
• Computer processes data at a very high speed. It is much faster than human
beings.
• A computer can perform billions of calculations in a second.
• Computer speed is measured in Mega Hertz (MHz) or Giga Hertz (GHz)
For example
The process of multiplying 750 and 927
can take one or two minutes if its is
performed by human beings. However, a
computer can perform millions of such
calculations within a second.

Reliability
• Computer is very reliable. The electronic components in modern
computer rarely break or fail.

Storage
• Computer can store a large amount of data permanently.
• People can use this data at any time.
• The user can store any type of data in the computer.
• The storage capacity of computer is increasing rapidly.
• A computer can store thousands of books easily.

Processing
• A computer can process the given instructions.
• It can perform different type of processing like addition, subtraction, multiplication
and division.
• It can also perform logical operations like comparing two numbers to decide
which is the bigger etc.

Accuracy
• Accuracy means that computer provides results without any error.
• Computer process large amount of data and produce results accurately. The
results can be wrong only if the data given to the computer is not correct.
Example:
Suppose the average marks of a class are
required. There can be a chance of mistake
in a result if it is performed by human
being. However, computer can produce
this result very accurately and quickly.

Recalling
• A computer can recall the stored data and information as and when required.
• The stored in the computer can be used at a later time.
• The computer can recall the data in few seconds.

Control Sequence
• A computer works strictly according to the given instructions. It follows the same
sequence of execution that is given in a program.

Consistency
• Computer works in a consistent way. It does not lose concentration due to heavy
work. It does not become tired or bored. Computer performs all jobs with equal
attention.

Versatile
• Computer is a versatile machine. It can perform different types of tasks. That is
why it is being used in every field of life.
• Computers are used in hospitals, banks, offices and at home.
• A user can paly games, listen to music, watch movies and use the internet using
computer.

Communication
• Most of the computer have the capability of communicating with other computers.
We can connect two or more computers by a communication device such as
MODEM.
• Connected computer can share data, instructions and information. These
connected computers makes a network.
• We can communicate with other people in the world using network like Internet.

Cost Reduction
• We can perform a difficult task in less time and less cost.
• For example, we may have to hire many people to handle an office. The same
work can be performed by single person with the help of the computer. It reduces
the cost.

What is Technology?
• Technology is a body of knowledge used to create
tools, develop skills, and extract or collect materials.
• It is also the application of science (the combination
of the scientific method and material) to meet an
objective or solve a problem.
• Technology is the process by which humans modify
nature to meet their needs and wants.
• “Technology" term can also be used to refer to a
collection of techniques.

What is Data?
• Data means “Collection of raw material”.
• A collection of facts from which conclusions may be
drawn.
• Data refers to graphs or images, particularly as
measurements or observations of a set of variables.
• Data can exist in a variety of forms as numbers or
text on pieces of paper, as bits and bytes stored in
electronic memory, or as facts stored in a person's
mind.

What is Information?
• Knowledge acquired through study or
experience or instruction.
• When information is entered into and stored in a
computer, it is generally referred to as data.
• After processing (such as formatting and
printing), output data can again be perceived as
information.

What is an Information Technology?
The branch of engineering that deals with the use of
computers and telecommunications to retrieve and
store and transmit information-

What is Communication?
• The term ‘communication' covers just about any
interaction with another person.
• It includes sharing information, ideas and feelings
between people.
• Communication is a ‘two way' process.

• When you communicate you perceive the other
persons responses and react with your own
thoughts and feelings.
• It is only by paying attention to the other person that
you have any idea about what to say or do next.
• Communication is a process of transferring
information from one entity to another.

The Five Generations of Computers

First generation computers
(1940-1956)
• The first computers used vacuum tubes
• Punched cards secondary storage
• Bulky in size
• Highly unreliable
• Limited commercial use, commercial production difficult
and costly
• Difficult to use
• First generation computers relied on machine language.

First generation computers
(1940-1956)
• They were very expensive to operate and in addition to
using a great deal of electricity, generated a lot of heat,
which was often the cause of malfunctions.
• The UNIVAC I, IBM 701, EDVAC,
and ENIAC computers are examples of first-generation
computing devices.

Second generation computers
(1956-1963)
• Transistors replaced vacuum tubes in the
second generation of computers.
• Magnetic tape and disks secondary storage
• High-level programming languages were also
being developed at this time, such as early
versions of COBOL and FORTRAN.
• These were also the first computers that stored
their instructions in their memory.

Second generation computers
(1956-1963)
• Faster
• Smaller
• More reliable and easier to program
• Commercial production was still difficult and
costly
• IBM 7030, UNIVAC LARC

Third generation computers
(1964-1971)
• The development of the integrated circuit was the
hallmark(symbol) of the third generation of computers.
• Larger magnetic core memory
• Larger capacity magnetic disks secondary storage
• Instead of punched cards and printouts, users interacted
with third generation computers through keyboards
and monitors and interfaced with an operating system.
• Allowed the device to run many different applications at
one time.

Third generation computers
(1964-1971)
• Faster
• Smaller
• More reliable
• Easier and cheaper to produce commercially
• Easier to upgrade
• IBM 360/370

Fourth generation computers (1971-
present)
• The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of
computers.
• The Intel 4004 chip, developed in 1971, located all the
components of the computer.
• From the central processing unit and memory to
input/output controls on a single chip.
• Fourth generation computers also saw the development
of GUIs, the mouse and handheld devices.

present)
• Larger capacity hard disks as in-built
• Personal computers
• Spread of high-speed computer network
• Operating systems for PCs
• GUI multiple windows
• UNIX operating system
• C programming language

present)
• Small
• Affordable
• Reliable and easy to use
• More powerful and reliable mainframe systems
• Easier to produce commercially
• IBM PC, Apple II

Fifth generation computers (present and beyond)
• Fifth generation computing devices, based on artificial
intelligence.
• Are still in development, though there are some
applications, such as voice recognition.
• The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop
devices that respond to natural language input and are
capable of learning and self-organization.
• Larger capacity main memory and hard disks
• Notebook computers, Powerful desktop PCs and
workstations
• Very powerful mainframes

Fifth generation computers (present and
beyond)
• The Internet, World Wide Web(WWW)
• Multimedia applications, Internet-based
applications
• More powerful, cheaper, reliable and easier to
use
• Very powerful mainframes
• Easier to produce commercially
• IBM notebooks, Pentium PCs, IBM SP/2

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Comp App Lect 1.ppt

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