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Diphtheria.pptx

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Diphtheria is a serious bacterial infection caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae. It primarily affects the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract but can also affect the skin and other tissues.

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MS. SONAM SHARMA ASST. PROFESSOR
? Diphtheria is a serious bacterial infection caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae. It primarily affects the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract but can also infect the skin. Diphtheria is known for its characteristic thick gray coating in the throat, which can lead to difficulty breathing, heart failure, paralysis, and even death if untreated.
Diphtheria.pptx
? Diphtheria is primarily caused by infection with the bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheriae.
Agent Corynebacterium diphtheriae Environmental Factors ? Living Conditions ? Climate Host Factors ? Age: Under 5 years & over 60 years
Respiratory Droplets Direct Contact Fomites (Contaminated Objects) Cutaneous Transmission
Toxin Production: The bacterium produces a potent toxin. Colonization of Respiratory Tract or Skin Corynebacterium diphtheriae Infection
Spread of Toxin via Bloodstream The toxin causes cell death in local tissues. The toxin can spread through the bloodstream. In the respiratory tract, the toxin causes the formation of a thick gray pseudomembrane.
? Respiratory Diphtheria: ? Incubation Period: Typically 2-5 days. ? Symptoms: Sore throat, low-grade fever, and swollen glands in the neck. ? Pseudomembrane Formation: A thick, gray coating that forms on the throat and tonsils. This can cause difficulty breathing and swallowing. ? Complications: Myocarditis, neuritis, airway obstruction, and septicemia.
? Cutaneous Diphtheria: ? Symptoms: Chronic non-healing ulcers covered by a grayish membrane. ? Complications: Rare but can include systemic effects due to toxin absorption.
Laboratory Tests ? Microbiological Culture: ? Sample Collection: Swabs from the throat, nose, or skin lesions are collected. ? Toxin Detection: ? Elek Test ? Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) ? Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)
? Antitoxin: Administered to neutralize the diphtheria toxin. It is derived from horse serum and must be given early in the course of the disease. Dosage: The dosage of the antitoxin depends on the severity and duration of symptoms and ranges from 20,000 to 100,000 units.
? Antibiotics are used to eradicate the Corynebacterium diphtheriae infection, thereby preventing transmission and secondary infections. ? Erythromycin: Administered orally or intravenously, typically 40-50 mg/kg/day for 14 days. ? Penicillin: Administered intramuscularly or intravenously, typically 250,000 to 500,000 units every 6 hours for 14 days.
? Airway Management: ? Pseudomembrane Removal: In severe cases, the pseudomembrane may need to be surgically removed to prevent airway obstruction. ? Tracheostomy or Intubation: May be necessary in cases of significant airway obstruction.
? Cardiovascular Support: ? Monitoring: Continuous monitoring of cardiac function due to the risk of myocarditis. ? Medications: Use of medications to manage arrhythmias or heart failure if needed.
? Nutritional Support: ? Hydration: Ensuring adequate hydration through intravenous fluids if the patient cannot swallow. ? Nutrition: Nutritional support may be necessary if there is difficulty swallowing.
1. Vaccination Diphtheria Toxoid Vaccine: ? Vaccine Types: Diphtheria toxoid is commonly combined with tetanus and pertussis vaccines (DTaP for children, Tdap for adults and adolescents). ? Schedule for Children: ? DTaP: Given at 2, 4, 6, and 15-18 months, with a booster at 4-6 years. ? Tdap: Given at 11-12 years.
? Schedule for Adults: ? Tdap: One dose for adults who have not previously received it. ? Td Booster: Every 10 years, a tetanus booster that includes diphtheria toxoid (Td) is recommended. ? Catch-up Vaccination: For individuals who missed their vaccinations, catch-up schedules are available to ensure adequate protection.
2. Public Health Measures ? Surveillance and Reporting: ? Monitoring ? Notifiable Disease ? Outbreak Control: ? Contact Tracing ? Prophylactic Antibiotics
? Travel Advisory: ? Vaccination Recommendations 3. Hygiene and Sanitation ? Personal Hygiene: ? Handwashing ? Respiratory Etiquette ? Environmental Sanitation: ? Cleaning and Disinfection ? Crowded Areas

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Diphtheria.pptx

  • 2. ? Diphtheria is a serious bacterial infection caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae. It primarily affects the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract but can also infect the skin. Diphtheria is known for its characteristic thick gray coating in the throat, which can lead to difficulty breathing, heart failure, paralysis, and even death if untreated.
  • 4. ? Diphtheria is primarily caused by infection with the bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheriae.
  • 5. Agent Corynebacterium diphtheriae Environmental Factors ? Living Conditions ? Climate Host Factors ? Age: Under 5 years & over 60 years
  • 7. Toxin Production: The bacterium produces a potent toxin. Colonization of Respiratory Tract or Skin Corynebacterium diphtheriae Infection
  • 8. Spread of Toxin via Bloodstream The toxin causes cell death in local tissues. The toxin can spread through the bloodstream. In the respiratory tract, the toxin causes the formation of a thick gray pseudomembrane.
  • 9. ? Respiratory Diphtheria: ? Incubation Period: Typically 2-5 days. ? Symptoms: Sore throat, low-grade fever, and swollen glands in the neck. ? Pseudomembrane Formation: A thick, gray coating that forms on the throat and tonsils. This can cause difficulty breathing and swallowing. ? Complications: Myocarditis, neuritis, airway obstruction, and septicemia.
  • 10. ? Cutaneous Diphtheria: ? Symptoms: Chronic non-healing ulcers covered by a grayish membrane. ? Complications: Rare but can include systemic effects due to toxin absorption.
  • 11. Laboratory Tests ? Microbiological Culture: ? Sample Collection: Swabs from the throat, nose, or skin lesions are collected. ? Toxin Detection: ? Elek Test ? Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) ? Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)
  • 12. ? Antitoxin: Administered to neutralize the diphtheria toxin. It is derived from horse serum and must be given early in the course of the disease. Dosage: The dosage of the antitoxin depends on the severity and duration of symptoms and ranges from 20,000 to 100,000 units.
  • 13. ? Antibiotics are used to eradicate the Corynebacterium diphtheriae infection, thereby preventing transmission and secondary infections. ? Erythromycin: Administered orally or intravenously, typically 40-50 mg/kg/day for 14 days. ? Penicillin: Administered intramuscularly or intravenously, typically 250,000 to 500,000 units every 6 hours for 14 days.
  • 14. ? Airway Management: ? Pseudomembrane Removal: In severe cases, the pseudomembrane may need to be surgically removed to prevent airway obstruction. ? Tracheostomy or Intubation: May be necessary in cases of significant airway obstruction.
  • 15. ? Cardiovascular Support: ? Monitoring: Continuous monitoring of cardiac function due to the risk of myocarditis. ? Medications: Use of medications to manage arrhythmias or heart failure if needed.
  • 16. ? Nutritional Support: ? Hydration: Ensuring adequate hydration through intravenous fluids if the patient cannot swallow. ? Nutrition: Nutritional support may be necessary if there is difficulty swallowing.
  • 17. 1. Vaccination Diphtheria Toxoid Vaccine: ? Vaccine Types: Diphtheria toxoid is commonly combined with tetanus and pertussis vaccines (DTaP for children, Tdap for adults and adolescents). ? Schedule for Children: ? DTaP: Given at 2, 4, 6, and 15-18 months, with a booster at 4-6 years. ? Tdap: Given at 11-12 years.
  • 18. ? Schedule for Adults: ? Tdap: One dose for adults who have not previously received it. ? Td Booster: Every 10 years, a tetanus booster that includes diphtheria toxoid (Td) is recommended. ? Catch-up Vaccination: For individuals who missed their vaccinations, catch-up schedules are available to ensure adequate protection.
  • 19. 2. Public Health Measures ? Surveillance and Reporting: ? Monitoring ? Notifiable Disease ? Outbreak Control: ? Contact Tracing ? Prophylactic Antibiotics
  • 20. ? Travel Advisory: ? Vaccination Recommendations 3. Hygiene and Sanitation ? Personal Hygiene: ? Handwashing ? Respiratory Etiquette ? Environmental Sanitation: ? Cleaning and Disinfection ? Crowded Areas