Ranavalona III was the last sovereign of the Kingdom of Madagascar, ruling from 1883 to 1897. As a young woman, she was selected to succeed Queen Ranavalona II upon her death. Like her predecessors, Ranavalona III entered a political marriage with Prime Minister Rainilaiarivony, who largely oversaw governance. Throughout her reign, Ranavalona III tried to resist colonial efforts by France by strengthening trade with other nations, but France ultimately captured Antananarivo in 1895, ending the kingdom's sovereignty and exiling Ranavalona III.
In 1832, settlement began in an area called Little Thames in what would become Stratford, Ontario. By the 1840s, Stratford had around 200 inhabitants and various mills, stores, and other businesses. The town slowly grew until the 1850s when the railway arrived, bringing furniture manufacturing and locomotive repair that became major industries by the 20th century. In 1933, a major strike in the furniture industry was led by communist organizers. While some of the documents discuss outlandish claims about Adolf Hitler living in Stratford after being kidnapped as a child, Stratford is best known as the home of the renowned Shakespearean Stratford Festival held from May to October each year.
Shannon Selin's book about Napoleon is criticized for being very boring and poorly written. Reviews indicate the book feels as dead as its subject, Napoleon, and that readers found it difficult to stay awake while reading due to the sad writing style. The reviews suggest Wikipedia entries provide more interesting information about Napoleon than the book.
Eskilstuna's history dates back to medieval times when an English monk named Saint Eskil established a base called "Tuna" and served as the bishop of the southern coast of Lake Mälaren. Saint Eskil was later killed by pagan Vikings for trying to convert them to Christianity. The monastery founded by Saint Eskil was eventually destroyed during the Protestant Reformation and replaced with Eskilstuna House, the royal castle. Eskilstuna was granted city privileges in 1659 and grew significantly during the Industrial Revolution as it became a major center of steel production in Sweden, earning its nickname "The City of Steel."
This document discusses several tactics and behaviors that are characteristic of authoritarian regimes and dictators, and provides examples of Donald Trump exhibiting some of these concerning behaviors:
1) Trump attacks the free press and media that criticize him, similar to propaganda techniques used in Nazi Germany.
2) Trump holds large rallies to glorify himself and spread his message, like Hitler and Goebbels did in Nazi Germany.
3) Trump scapegoats immigrants and racial minorities as enemies and dangers, and offers simplistic solutions like building a border wall, mirroring tactics used by authoritarian leaders.
4) Experts have warned that Trump's narcissism, dishonesty, and disregard for facts are traits shared by soci
The document summarizes German federal elections between 1928 and 1938, during which time the Nazi party rose to power. Some key points:
- In 1928, the Social Democratic Party remained the largest but failed to gain a majority. The Nazi party received less than 3% of the vote.
- In 1930, the Nazi party dramatically increased its seats from 12 to 107, becoming the second largest party.
- In 1932, the Nazi party became the largest party for the first time with 37% of the vote and 230 seats.
- The 1933 and 1938 elections after Hitler became Chancellor were not free and fair, with intimidation of opposition parties. The Nazi party was the sole party by 1938.
The Nazi government in Germany was able to significantly reduce unemployment between 1933-1939 through policies like public works programs and encouraging women to leave the workforce. However, while unemployment dropped from around 6 million to only 300,000, standards of living did not improve for workers under the Nazi regime. Workers faced increasingly long hours, low wages set by the state, and removal of union rights. Overall, the Nazi economic system prioritized rearmament and military spending over improving conditions for average German citizens.
Robert Wadlow, from Alton, Illinois, was the tallest person in recorded history at 8 feet 11.1 inches tall due to a pituitary gland condition. The list also includes John Rogan, the tallest African American on record at 8 feet 9 inches; John F. Carroll who suffered from severe spinal curvature and reached 8 feet 1/4 inch; Leonid Stadnyk who grew to 8 feet 5 inches due to a pituitary tumor; and Donald A. Koehler who was recognized as the tallest living man from 1969 to 1981 reaching 8 feet 2 inches due to acromegalic gigantism. The document lists 10 of the tallest people in history, many of whom suffered from medical conditions
The document discusses Andrzej Duda, the president of Poland since 2015 and member of the nationalist conservative Law and Justice party (PiS). It outlines Duda's election and reelection as president while supported by PiS. It then discusses criticisms of PiS and Duda, including that they threaten democracy and the rule of law in Poland, want to increase control over the media and judiciary, are xenophobic and homophobic, and restrict abortion rights. Citizens and organizations in Poland oppose some actions of PiS and Duda.
Peter Driben was one of the most prolific American pin-up artists of the 1940s and 1950s. He created hundreds of covers for magazines like Beauty Parade and established himself as one of the most recognized glamour artists in America through his work for publisher Robert Harrison. Driben studied art in Boston and Paris before beginning his career drawing showgirls in Paris and creating magazine covers in the 1930s. In addition to pin-ups, he also produced advertising artwork and posters, including for the film The Maltese Falcon. After retiring from pin-up art, Driben spent his later years in Miami Beach painting portraits and other fine art works with his wife.
Mallorca is the largest island of the Balearic Islands located in the Mediterranean Sea and part of Spain. The capital and largest city is Palma, which has a population of over 400,000. Like nearby islands Menorca, Ibiza, and Formentera, Mallorca is a popular tourist destination, especially for visitors from Germany and the UK, receiving over 28 million passengers annually at its international airport in Palma.
Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin began developing airship technology in 1874 and conducted the first flight of his airship LZ 1 over Lake Constance in 1900. While this initial flight proved the airship's potential, investors declined further funding. Undeterred, Zeppelin continued experimenting and received patents for his designs in Germany and the United States. Zeppelins went on to be the first airliners, operated by DELAG starting in 1910, carrying over 10,000 passengers on 1,500 flights by 1914. They were also extensively used as bombers and scouts by Germany in World War I.
Louis XIV ruled France from 1643 to 1715, the longest reign of any monarch in European history. He began personal rule in 1661 after the death of his chief minister. Louis sought to strengthen the French monarchy and centralized state power. He enacted significant legal and administrative reforms. Louis was also known for his numerous wars against other European powers such as the Netherlands, Spain, and the Holy Roman Empire in an effort to expand French territory and influence.
The 25th Dynasty was a line of Nubian pharaohs who ruled Egypt from 744-656 BC after invading from their kingdom in Kush, located in modern-day Sudan. They established their capital at Napata and assimilated Egyptian culture while also introducing some Kushite aspects. However, after defeats by the Assyrian Empire, Kushite rule over Egypt came to an end and they were replaced by the 26th Dynasty as vassals of Assyria, marking the end of the Late Period in ancient Egypt.
The Swedish Empire had a formidable military during the 17th century under the leadership of Gustavus Adolphus. Gustavus reformed the army into a professional national force and introduced an effective regimental system. The Swedish army was well-equipped with modern weapons and tactics, including light artillery and combined arms. While the navy lagged behind Denmark's, Gustavus allied with other Protestant naval powers. At its peak in the early 18th century under Charles XII, the Swedish military numbered over 150,000 troops and achieved a major victory over a larger Russian force at the Battle of Narva in 1700.
Ranavalona III was the last sovereign of the Kingdom of Madagascar, ruling from 1883 to 1897. As a young woman, she was selected to succeed Queen Ranavalona II upon her death. Like her predecessors, Ranavalona III entered a political marriage with Prime Minister Rainilaiarivony, who largely oversaw governance. Throughout her reign, Ranavalona III tried to resist colonial efforts by France by strengthening trade with other nations, but France ultimately captured Antananarivo in 1895, ending the kingdom's sovereignty and exiling Ranavalona III.
In 1832, settlement began in an area called Little Thames in what would become Stratford, Ontario. By the 1840s, Stratford had around 200 inhabitants and various mills, stores, and other businesses. The town slowly grew until the 1850s when the railway arrived, bringing furniture manufacturing and locomotive repair that became major industries by the 20th century. In 1933, a major strike in the furniture industry was led by communist organizers. While some of the documents discuss outlandish claims about Adolf Hitler living in Stratford after being kidnapped as a child, Stratford is best known as the home of the renowned Shakespearean Stratford Festival held from May to October each year.
Shannon Selin's book about Napoleon is criticized for being very boring and poorly written. Reviews indicate the book feels as dead as its subject, Napoleon, and that readers found it difficult to stay awake while reading due to the sad writing style. The reviews suggest Wikipedia entries provide more interesting information about Napoleon than the book.
Eskilstuna's history dates back to medieval times when an English monk named Saint Eskil established a base called "Tuna" and served as the bishop of the southern coast of Lake Mälaren. Saint Eskil was later killed by pagan Vikings for trying to convert them to Christianity. The monastery founded by Saint Eskil was eventually destroyed during the Protestant Reformation and replaced with Eskilstuna House, the royal castle. Eskilstuna was granted city privileges in 1659 and grew significantly during the Industrial Revolution as it became a major center of steel production in Sweden, earning its nickname "The City of Steel."
This document discusses several tactics and behaviors that are characteristic of authoritarian regimes and dictators, and provides examples of Donald Trump exhibiting some of these concerning behaviors:
1) Trump attacks the free press and media that criticize him, similar to propaganda techniques used in Nazi Germany.
2) Trump holds large rallies to glorify himself and spread his message, like Hitler and Goebbels did in Nazi Germany.
3) Trump scapegoats immigrants and racial minorities as enemies and dangers, and offers simplistic solutions like building a border wall, mirroring tactics used by authoritarian leaders.
4) Experts have warned that Trump's narcissism, dishonesty, and disregard for facts are traits shared by soci
The document summarizes German federal elections between 1928 and 1938, during which time the Nazi party rose to power. Some key points:
- In 1928, the Social Democratic Party remained the largest but failed to gain a majority. The Nazi party received less than 3% of the vote.
- In 1930, the Nazi party dramatically increased its seats from 12 to 107, becoming the second largest party.
- In 1932, the Nazi party became the largest party for the first time with 37% of the vote and 230 seats.
- The 1933 and 1938 elections after Hitler became Chancellor were not free and fair, with intimidation of opposition parties. The Nazi party was the sole party by 1938.
The Nazi government in Germany was able to significantly reduce unemployment between 1933-1939 through policies like public works programs and encouraging women to leave the workforce. However, while unemployment dropped from around 6 million to only 300,000, standards of living did not improve for workers under the Nazi regime. Workers faced increasingly long hours, low wages set by the state, and removal of union rights. Overall, the Nazi economic system prioritized rearmament and military spending over improving conditions for average German citizens.
Robert Wadlow, from Alton, Illinois, was the tallest person in recorded history at 8 feet 11.1 inches tall due to a pituitary gland condition. The list also includes John Rogan, the tallest African American on record at 8 feet 9 inches; John F. Carroll who suffered from severe spinal curvature and reached 8 feet 1/4 inch; Leonid Stadnyk who grew to 8 feet 5 inches due to a pituitary tumor; and Donald A. Koehler who was recognized as the tallest living man from 1969 to 1981 reaching 8 feet 2 inches due to acromegalic gigantism. The document lists 10 of the tallest people in history, many of whom suffered from medical conditions
The document discusses Andrzej Duda, the president of Poland since 2015 and member of the nationalist conservative Law and Justice party (PiS). It outlines Duda's election and reelection as president while supported by PiS. It then discusses criticisms of PiS and Duda, including that they threaten democracy and the rule of law in Poland, want to increase control over the media and judiciary, are xenophobic and homophobic, and restrict abortion rights. Citizens and organizations in Poland oppose some actions of PiS and Duda.
Peter Driben was one of the most prolific American pin-up artists of the 1940s and 1950s. He created hundreds of covers for magazines like Beauty Parade and established himself as one of the most recognized glamour artists in America through his work for publisher Robert Harrison. Driben studied art in Boston and Paris before beginning his career drawing showgirls in Paris and creating magazine covers in the 1930s. In addition to pin-ups, he also produced advertising artwork and posters, including for the film The Maltese Falcon. After retiring from pin-up art, Driben spent his later years in Miami Beach painting portraits and other fine art works with his wife.
Mallorca is the largest island of the Balearic Islands located in the Mediterranean Sea and part of Spain. The capital and largest city is Palma, which has a population of over 400,000. Like nearby islands Menorca, Ibiza, and Formentera, Mallorca is a popular tourist destination, especially for visitors from Germany and the UK, receiving over 28 million passengers annually at its international airport in Palma.
Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin began developing airship technology in 1874 and conducted the first flight of his airship LZ 1 over Lake Constance in 1900. While this initial flight proved the airship's potential, investors declined further funding. Undeterred, Zeppelin continued experimenting and received patents for his designs in Germany and the United States. Zeppelins went on to be the first airliners, operated by DELAG starting in 1910, carrying over 10,000 passengers on 1,500 flights by 1914. They were also extensively used as bombers and scouts by Germany in World War I.
Louis XIV ruled France from 1643 to 1715, the longest reign of any monarch in European history. He began personal rule in 1661 after the death of his chief minister. Louis sought to strengthen the French monarchy and centralized state power. He enacted significant legal and administrative reforms. Louis was also known for his numerous wars against other European powers such as the Netherlands, Spain, and the Holy Roman Empire in an effort to expand French territory and influence.
The 25th Dynasty was a line of Nubian pharaohs who ruled Egypt from 744-656 BC after invading from their kingdom in Kush, located in modern-day Sudan. They established their capital at Napata and assimilated Egyptian culture while also introducing some Kushite aspects. However, after defeats by the Assyrian Empire, Kushite rule over Egypt came to an end and they were replaced by the 26th Dynasty as vassals of Assyria, marking the end of the Late Period in ancient Egypt.
The Swedish Empire had a formidable military during the 17th century under the leadership of Gustavus Adolphus. Gustavus reformed the army into a professional national force and introduced an effective regimental system. The Swedish army was well-equipped with modern weapons and tactics, including light artillery and combined arms. While the navy lagged behind Denmark's, Gustavus allied with other Protestant naval powers. At its peak in the early 18th century under Charles XII, the Swedish military numbered over 150,000 troops and achieved a major victory over a larger Russian force at the Battle of Narva in 1700.
1. GEORG HAUPT
GEORG HAUPT, FÖDD 1741 I STOCKHOLM,DÖD 18 SEPTEMBER 1784 I
STOCKHOLM,VAR EN SVENSK KONSTHANTVERKARE OCH EN AV DE MEST
BERÖMDA FORMGIVARNA AV GUSTAVIANSKA MÖBLER.
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:George_haupt,_cassettone,_1781.JPG
2. Georg Haupt var son till snickarmästaren Elias
Haupt och Magdalena Hochfeldt, och morbror till
konstnären Elias Martin. Hans farfar var
konstsnickaren Jürgen Haupt som på 1660-talet
invandrade till Stockholm från Nürnberg . Hans
farfar levererade bl.a. 1696 bänkinredningen i
slottskyrkan, vilken räddades undan
slottsbranden 1697 och fortfarande finns
bevarad.
3. Fadern till Georg Haupt dog
dock när sonen endast var
knappt tre år gammal. Från
tretton års ålder gick han i
lära hos snickarmästaren
Johan Conrad Eckstein, där
han sedan arbetade fram till
1759. Han fick sin utbildning i
Stockholm och det var just när
den franska rokokon kommit
till Sverige. Georg Haupt (forts)
4. Byrå med Gustaf III:s
monogram. Kan genom
utdragning av fronten
förvandlas till säng.
5. Utsikt från Norrmalm mot Saltsjön", färglagd gravyr av av Johan Fredrik
Martin (1755–1816). Ill. i Konsten att försörja sig.
Stockholms Stadsmuseum
6. Elias Martin, döpt 8 mars 1739 i
Stockholm, död 25 januari 1818 i
Stockholm, var en svensk målare som
under sin livstid vann internationell
berömmelse för sina
landskapsmålningar, porträtt och
genremålningar. Han var bland annat
medlem av Konstakademien och
associate member av brittiska Royal
Academy of Arts. Martinvägen i Södra
Ängby i Stockholm är uppkallad efter
honom.
En släkting till Haupt
8. Elias Martin var son till åldermannen i
snickarämbetet Olof Martin i Dillnäs socken och Ulrika
Haupt, syster till Georg Haupt. Han fick sin tidigaste
utbildning hos fadern och visade sådan talang att han
sändes till ämbetsmålaren Friedrich Schultz. Genom
denne fick han anställning hos Fredrik Henrik af
Chapman som arkitekturritare och teckningslärare för
officerarna i Sveaborg. Där fick han ledning av
fältmarskalken Augustin Ehrensvärd, och umgicks med
och undervisade dennes son Carl August Ehrensvärd.
9. Långholmen, 1787 Rödbotorget, 1780-talet
Galleri
Han anställdes av Gustav III, för vilken han gjorde gravyrserien "Svenska vuer".
Elias Martins verk
10. Fredrik Erik Martin "Dalkarlar af Mora Sokon".
Fredrik Erik Martin son till Elias
Martin
Han var son till Elias Martin och
engelskan Augusta Lee och gift med
Juliana Magdalena Lengdahl samt far till
Elias Fredrik Martin. Han studerade
gravyr för sin far och teckning och
målning för Pehr Hilleström vid
Konstakademien i Stockholm. Han
medverkade i Konstakademiens
utställningar 1806-1808 där han bland
annat visade upp porträtt avmålade
efter Johan Tobias Sergel.
11. BYRÃ…, AV GEORG
HAUPT (MÄSTARE
I STOCKHOLM
1770-1784)
Utropspris:
3 000 000 – 4 000 000 kr
Klubbat pris: 5 300 000 kr
Prisbild
En signerad Hauptbyrå såldes 1989 på Bukowskis för 12,2
miljoner kronor, till den småländske finansmannen Roy
Gustafsson vilket gör den till Sveriges näst dyraste antikvitet.
15. Stöldbegärligt
År 2003 stals från Sturehofs slott
en byrå värd kring 5,2 miljoner
Den återträffades sedan i Polen
Ã…r 2014
16. Georg Haupt företog därefter från 1762
sin gesällvandring till Amsterdam och
Paris. Från Frankrike reste Haupt vidare
till England, där han 1768 etablerade sig
som cabinet-maker i London. Ryktet om
hans skicklighet nådde snart Sverige
och sommaren 1769 utsågs han till
hovschatullmakare (hovsnickare) 1769
av kung Adolf Fredrik. Det var då som
han fick uppdraget att utföra sitt
mästerstycke, skrivbordet, den möbel
som var avsedd som gåva till drottning
Lovisa Ulrika. Adolf Fredrik
17. Under sina läroår hade Haupt
enbart arbetat med möbler i
rokokostil. I Paris kom han i kontakt
med klassicistiska strömningar och
lärde sig träinläggningens konst.
Man har antagit att Jean-François
Leleu varit hans lärare i Paris. I
början av hans verksamhet i
Sverige visar hans möbler på en
egenartad blandning mellan rokoko
och klassicism, men blir med åren
allt mer klassiska i formen.
18. Nyklassicism
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:British_Museum_from_NE_2.JPG
År 1770 var det år, då han tillverkade sitt
mästerstycke och han introducerade då
nyklassicismen i svensk möbelkonst.
Mästerstycket var ett fanerat smäckert
skrivbord med en uppsats och med rikt inlagd
dekor. Den så kallade uppsatsen är försedd
med rulljalusi, som öppnas i sidled. Drottning
Lovisa Ulrikas profil ses på gaveln i inlagt trä.
Rulljalusin har också inläggningar. Uppsatsens
motiv syftar på drottningens intellektuella
intressen, motiven visar böcker, skrivdon och en
lyra. Georg Haupt utförde skrivbordet på
uppdrag av Adolf Fredrik.
19. Sedan har hovsnickaren Haupt gått till historien för
alla de praktmöbler som han utförde på beställning
av Gustav III och den kungliga familjen, hovet och
adeln. Haupts arbeten är av enastående hög kvalitet,
både konstnärligt och tekniskt och alla hans arbeten
utmärks av väl avvägda proportioner, värdighet och
finess. Georg Haupt bad att det beställda skrivbordet
skulle betraktas som hans mästerstycke genom att
han kontaktade Stockholms snickarämbete. Efter viss
tvekan beviljades det, och det bestämdes att arbetet
skulle utföras i Christian Linnings verkstad under
övervakning av den unge mästaren Anders Hult.
Johan Christian Linning den äldre (1706-1779) drev
en stor verkstad med 13 hyvelbänkar på
Köpmangatan 3 i Gamla stan.
Rokokobyrå av Christian
Linning (1744-1750).
Christian Linning började som
lärling hos Christoper
Wellendorph 1730 och blev
gesäll där 1734.
20. KONSTNÄR Lorens Pasch d.y.
Nationalmuseum
Kunglig kund
Gustav III
Sofia Magdalena
Drottning
Alexander Roslin konstnär
21. Verkstaden
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sm%C3%A5landsgatan_2010.JPG
Georg Haupt hade sin verkstad på Smålandsgatan 40
i Stockholm. Det var en förhållandevis liten
möbelverkstad med i allmänhet tre gesäller och fyra
lärgossar. I möbelverkstaden tillverkade han allt från
skrivbord och byråar till små lätta bord. I hans
möbler förenas den gustavianska stilens raka linjer
och räta vinklar med rokokons mjukt svängda ben.
Detta var en kombination som han antagligen såg
under sin vistelse i Frankrike på 1760-talet. Hans
berömda byråar har en mycket karaktäristisk form
och de inlagda motiven är klassiska med urnor,
medaljonger, lagerkransar och girlanger.
Smålandsgatan
23. Internationell möbelmästare
Det är i synnerhet sina byråer som han blivit berömd för, men
han tillverkade också andra möbler, vanligen med lådor,
exempelvis sekretärer och bord, såväl enklare som dyrbarare
verk. Han samarbetade ofta med Jean Eric Rehn. Arbetena
kännetecknas av goda proportioner och mycket hög kvalitet,
samt rikliga orneringar, ofta med intarsia, som täcker en stor
del av möbelytan. De flesta av Haupts möbler utgörs av byråer
och sekretärer, de senare ofta på höga ben, men han har också
utfört en mängd bord, skåp och dylikt.
25. Signering
I regel signerade Haupt sina arbeten i en låda eller på annat mindre
framträdande plats på möbeln. Haupt hade stort inflytande på sin samtid och
kopierades flitigt av samtida möbelsnickare, särskilt Anders Lundelius. Många
osignerade arbeten som tillskrivits Haupt, härrör troligen från hans efterbildare
Bukowskis auktioner
En signerad Hauptbyrå såldes 1989 på Bukowskis för 12,2 miljoner kronor, till
den småländske finansmannen Roy Gustafsson vilket gör den till Sveriges näst
dyraste antikvitet.
26. NÃ¥gra samtida
Lorentz eller Lars Nordin, född 1708, död 3
oktober 1786, var en svensk
möbelsnickare, framstående när det gäller
fanering med hela faner.
28. Den här skriften har tillhört hovschatullmakare
Georg Haupt. Han tillverkade alltså skåp, skrivbord
och liknande möbler åt kungafamiljen. Hans namn,
G.Haupt, finns präntat på skriftens framsida.
Men här är han aktuell som en av delägarna till
"Civil-statens enke- och pupill-cassa". Eftersom det
inte fanns några pensioner på 1700-talet var
familjefadern själv tvungen att sörja för att familjen
skulle överleva om något skulle hända honom. I
denna kassa kunde de män bli medlemmar som
arbetade inom "civilstaten", det vill säga inom staten.
Senare ändrades detta och även privat anställda och
borgare kunde gå med.