Getting to Know קַל Passive Verbs
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This document provides an overview of the Hebrew "l" passive verb forms, including the common "l" passive participle and more rare "l" passive perfect and imperfect forms. It explains that all "l" passive forms have u-class vowels, though in different positions, and discusses distinguishing characteristics for each form such as the placement of daghesh and vowel changes. The document is intended to supplement classroom learning on this grammar topic.
![The "לpassive participle can
serve as a noun. For example,
the כin # תַּנ%״stands for ,כְּת=בִים
“Writings” (i.e., “[things that
have been] written”).
15](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/gtk-qalp-130404133403-phpapp01/85/Getting-to-Know-Passive-Verbs-15-320.jpg)
Getting to Know קַל Passive Verbs
- 1. Biblical Hebrew Getting to Know "לPassive Verbs by Chris Heard
- 2. Table of Contents Abbreviations .............................. 3 Getting Ready .............................. 4 The "לPassive Participle ......... 10 Rare "לPassive Forms ............. 17 Credits ........................................ 37
- 3. Abbreviations 1, 2, 3 indicate grammatical person m, f, c indicate grammatical gender s, p indicate grammatical number R1, R2, R3 indicate root letters 3
- 4. Getting Ready Before we start getting to know the "לpassive, let’s run a few preflight checks. 4
- 5. Do you remember how a Hebrew verb changes to form the various combinations of person, gender, and number, as well as perfect and imperfect? 5
- 6. Do you know your Masoretic vowels well enough to distinguish between the three classes (a, i, and u)? 6
- 7. If you answered “yes,”you’re ready for the "לpassive! 7
- 8. Remember that certain patterns can create predictable variations. This slideshow focuses on core patterns. It does not illustrate every possible variation. 8
- 9. Furthermore, this slideshow is intended to supplement, not replace, classroom instruction and practice. 9
- 10. The "לPassive Participle The "לpassive participle appears over 950 times in the # ,תַּנ%״but other forms of the "ל passive are very rare. 10
- 11. Therefore, most readers don’t need to learn any "לpassive form except the participle. 11
- 12. The ms "לpassive participle looks like the 3ms "לactive perfect, but with וּas R2’s vowel: #בָּר ַ 3ms active perfect #בָּר וּ ms passive participle 12
- 13. The plural and feminine participles inflect like the "לactive participle, with predictable vowel changes: #בָּר וּ ms participle וּ ה ָבּרכ ְ fs participle ים ִבּרכ ְֻ mp participle בּרכ וֹתְֻ fp participle 13
- 14. Note that R2 tends to take a שׁוּ8קin the singular and a ;בּוּץin the plural, though this isn’t a firm rule. Either vowel can be used. 14
- 15. The "לpassive participle can serve as a noun. For example, the כin # תַּנ%״stands for ,כְּת=בִים “Writings” (i.e., “[things that have been] written”). 15
- 16. The "לpassive participle can also serve as an adjective, as in ,כָּל–הָאָלָהכְּתוּבָהבַּסֵּפֶרהַזֶּה “every curse written on this scroll” (Deut 29:19). 16
- 17. Rare "לPassive Forms Alert! Most readers of the #תַּנ%״ need only learn the "לpassive participle. The "לpassive perfect and imperfect occur, but they’re very rare. 17
- 18. Therefore, you don’t really need to learn the information the following pages supply. They’re given here for those inquiring minds who want to know more. 18
- 19. Recognizing "לPassive Perfects The "לpassive perfect is characterized by R1 taking a ;בּוּץand R2 gaining a .דָּגֵשׁ 19
- 20. ֻּ ל"ח The suffix ל ה י ֻ ְד ָּ R1’s ;בּוּץand indicates R2’s דָּגֵשׁindicate a perfect. ָהְתּIל ֻּ a "לpassive. תֶּםJַלּ ֻי 20
- 21. In words where R2 rejects the ,דָּגֵשׁR1’s vowel becomes a חוֹלֶםinstead of a .;בּוּץ 21
- 22. The "לpassive perfect and פֻּעַל perfect look alike. Fortunately, since both express passive voice, any confusion between them rarely affects the sense. 22
- 23. If you need to precisely identify a particular verb as a "לpassive perfect or a פֻּעַלperfect, look it up in a lexicon. 23
- 24. Recognizing "לPassive Imperfects The "לpassive imperfect is quite rare—fewer than 25 instances in the #.תַּנ%״ 24
- 25. All שִׁיםNָ שׁused in the "ל passive imperfect exhibit a “weakness”—such as a נas R1, וor יas R2 (biconsonantal), or R2 = R3 (geminate)—and therefore the patterns vary. 25
- 26. On the other hand, all but one of the "לpassive imperfects in the # תַּנ%״are 3ms or 2ms, which is convenient for those trying to learn this conjugation. 26
- 27. The most consistent feature of the "לpassive imperfect is the u-class prefix vowel, normally a .;בּוּץ 27
- 28. That u-class vowel is supplied by the "לpassive conjugation. All of the other variations are based on characteristics of the .שֹׁ8שׁ 28
- 29. Over half of the "לpassive imperfects in the # תַּנ%״are instances of a שֹׁ8שׁthat has נin R1, or of ( לקחwhich behaves like a 1- נverb). 29
- 30. As usual, R1’s ( נor לin )לקחwill undergo aphaeresis (disappear) in the prefix pattern, and R2 will compensate by taking a .דָּגֵשׁ 30
- 31. The rest of the "לpassive imperfects are split between biconsonantal verbs (R2 = וor )י and geminate verbs (R2 = R3). Of these, biconsonantal verbs are more common, by about 2:1. 31
- 32. Both biconsonantal and geminate verbs in the "לpassive imperfect will lose R2 to aphaeresis, and the prefix’s vowel will be ( שׁוּ8קor, for some biconsonantal verbs, .)חִי8קמָלֵאGeminate verbs also gain a דָּגֵשׁin R1 if possible. 32
- 33. י ֻקַּח 1 The u-class The affixes 1 תַּן ֻי prefix vowel indicate an 2 י וּ שַׁת indicates imperfect. 3 תּ וּ שַּׁד a "לpassive. נ 1 R =2 Biconsonantal3 Geminate 1 33
- 34. The "לpassive imperfect and הָפְעַלimperfect can look alike. Fortunately, since both express passive voice, any confusion between them rarely affects the sense. 34
- 35. If you need to precisely identify a particular verb as either "ל passive imperfect or הָפְעַל imperfect, look it up in a lexicon. 35
- 36. Summary All forms ל"ח ֻּ 3ms perfect have u-class יקַּח ֻ 3ms imperfect vowels, but וּ #בָּר ms participle in different places. 36
- 37. Credits Dead Sea photo by Wikimedia Commons contributor Xta11. Used under a CC-SA license. All other content by Dr. Chris Heard, Associate Professor of Religion, Pepperdine University. Released under a CC-BY license. Grammatical terminology used in this presentation follows J. Cook and R. Holmstedt, Beginning Biblical Hebrew (Grand Rapids: Baker, 2013).