Getting to Know הָפְעַל Verbs
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This document provides an overview of the hif'il verb form in Biblical Hebrew. It begins with introductions and checks of prerequisite knowledge. Then it outlines the basic patterns of the hif'il verb, including its distinctive prefixed u-class vowel. Examples are given of how to recognize the hif'il in the perfect, imperfect, and participles. Notable variations for certain root types are also explained. The goal is to supplement classroom learning about this infrequent but important verb form.
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Getting to Know הָפְעַל Verbs
- 1. Biblical Hebrew Getting to Know הָפְעַלVerbs by Chris Heard
- 2. Table of Contents Abbreviations .............................. 3 Getting Ready .............................. 4 Using הָפְעַלVerbs...................... 10 The Basic Patterns .................... 16 Recognizing הָפְעַלVerbs ......... 20 Credits ........................................ 35
- 3. Abbreviations 1, 2, 3 indicate grammatical person m, f, c indicate grammatical gender s, p indicate grammatical number R1, R2, R3 indicate root letters 3
- 4. Getting Ready Before we start getting to know the ,הָפְעַלבִּנ+י)ןlet’s run a few preflight checks. 4
- 5. Do you remember how a Hebrew verb changes to form the various combinations of person, gender, and number, as well as perfect and imperfect? 5
- 6. Do you know your Masoretic vowels well enough to distinguish between the three classes (a, i, and u)? 6
- 7. If you answered “yes,”you’re ready for the !הָפְעַלבִּנ+י)ן 7
- 8. Remember that certain patterns can create predictable variations. This slideshow focuses on core patterns. It does not illustrate every possible variation. 8
- 9. Furthermore, this slideshow is intended to supplement, not replace, classroom instruction and practice. 9
- 10. Using הָפְעַלVerbs The הָפְעַלis a fairly infrequent ,בִּנ+י)ןused fewer than 400 times in the 0.תַּנ2״ 10
- 11. You can think of the הָפְעַלas the passive version of the .הִפְעִילIn other words, the subject of a הָפְעַל verb receives the verb’s action. 11
- 12. For example, you might say ““ *”,ײהֵכִיןכִּסְאוֹthe LORD established his throne,” using the הִפְעִילof .כון * Slightly modified from Psalm 103:19. 12
- 13. Alternately, you could say ““ *”,הוּכַןכִּסֵּאa throne was established,” using the הָפְעַלof .כון * Slightly modified from Isaiah 16:5. 13
- 14. If you know how a שֹׁ?שׁis used in the ,הִפְעִילyou can usually reason to how it is used in the .הָפְעַל 14
- 15. The most reliable approach, though, is to learn how each specific שֹׁ?שׁis used in the .הָפְעַל 15
- 16. The Basic Patterns Memorize the following basic patterns first, and then we’ll go through the specifics. 16
- 17. Pattern 1 0ַ שְׁלIt was thrown (3ms perfect) ָה 0ַ ישְׁלIt will be thrown (3ms impf.) ָ 0ַ משְׁלBeing thrown (ms participle) ָ Note that the prefix’s vowel is a מֵץ–הָטוּףE, not מֵץE. Thus the first example above is hoshlak, not hashlak. 17
- 18. Pattern 2 0ַ שְׁלIt was thrown (3ms perfect) ֻה 0ַ ישְׁלIt will be thrown (3ms impf.) ֻ 0ַ משְׁלBeing thrown (ms participle) ֻ 18
- 19. That list of basic patterns omitted the imperative and infinitives because they appear extremely rarely in the 0.תַּנ2״ 19
- 20. Recognizing הָפְעַלVerbs The most distinctive feature of the הָפְעַלis the u-class vowel (either מֵץ–חָטוּףE or בּוּץH) associated with its prefix. 20
- 21. No other בִּנ+י)ןfeatures a prefixed u-class vowel (though the פֻּעַלdoes normally give R1 a u-class vowel). 21
- 22. Recognizing the הָפְעַלPerfect In the perfect, the הָפְעַל has a -ָ הor -ֻ הprefix. 22
- 23. דĬKְהָפĬ The prefixed ה The suffix הֻשְׁלְכ ָה with a u-class indicates הָשְׁלַכְתִּי vowel indicates a perfect. a .הָפְעַל הָטְבְּעוּ 23
- 24. Recognizing the הָפְעַלImperfect In the imperfect, the הָפְעַל has the usual imperfect prefix with a מֵץ–חָטוּףE or בּוּץH as the prefix’s vowel. 24
- 25. םOֳיח ָ The u-class The affixes טַרMתּ ָ vowel indicate an indicates imperfect. יעֳמַדָ a .הָפְעַל ישְׁלְכוּ ֻ 25
- 26. Recognizing the הָפְעַלParticiple The ms הָפְעַלparticiple looks like the 3ms perfect, but with a prefixed –ָ מor –ֻ מand a lengthened R2 vowel: 0הֻשְׁל ַ 3ms perfect 0מֻשְׁל ָ ms participle 26
- 27. The mp and fp participles take the familiar plural endings ים ִ– and . –וֹת 27
- 28. The fs participle is a little bit different from the others. Its R2 has a סְגוֹלand it takes the suffix תas follows: ֶ– 0מֻשְׁל ָ ms participle מֻשׁ ֶת ְלכ ֶ fs participle 28
- 29. Notable Variations in the הָפְעַל This slideshow focuses on core patterns. It does not try to illustrate every possible variation. However, some variations are so common they deserve special attention here. 29
- 30. Two important changes occur in verbs where: • R1 is י • R2 is וor *י • R2 = R3** * Called biconsonantal or “hollow” verbs. ** Called geminate (from Gemini) verbs. 30
- 31. First, the prefix’s vowel,usually ָ– ֻ–, or changes to וּinstead. Note that this is still a u-class vowel. 31
- 32. Second, R2 undergoes aphaeresis (disappears). 32
- 33. שֹׁ)שׁĬ הָפְעַל ישׁב הוּשׁב ַ 3ms perfect קום יוּקם ַ 3ms imperfect סבב מוּסבָ ms participle 33
- 34. Summary 0הֻשְׁל ַ 3ms perfect Look for a u- class vowel in 0שְׁלVי ַ 3ms imperfect the prefixes ָ 0מֻשְׁל ms participle of all forms. 34
- 35. Credits Dead Sea photo by Wikimedia Commons contributor Xta11. Used under a CC-SA license. All other content by Dr. Chris Heard, Associate Professor of Religion, Pepperdine University. Released under a CC-BY license. Grammatical terminology used in this presentation follows J. Cook and R. Holmstedt, Beginning Biblical Hebrew (Grand Rapids: Baker, 2013).