INFORMAL_CITY_ASSIGNMENT_ONE_-_Copy[1]
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The informal sector provides employment opportunities for the poor and expanding populations when there are insufficient formal jobs. It exists where the means are illicit but the ends are licit as a response to excessive bureaucracy and manipulation by corrupt groups. The main causes of the informal sector are excessive government bureaucracy, rigid administrative procedures, inefficient legal systems, and the elimination of protectionism. The informal sector shows self-initiative and entrepreneurship by finding means of production and services, but it does not fall under government's planned economy and ignores official rules to meet basic needs. It consists of low-skilled labor and lacks capital and training.
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Pakistan Five Year Development Plans Since 1955 to 2010 An Overview
Introduction
Almost all five-year plans prepared during political or military regimes were shelved in the countrys history after regime change and none of them succeeded in getting the desired results.
Pakistan has a semi-industrialized economy, which mainly encompasses textiles, chemicals, food processing, agriculture and other industries.
The economy has suffered in the past from decades of internal political
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neighboring India.
Pakistan's average economic growth rate since independence has been higher than the average growth rate of the world economy during the period.
Average annual real GDP growth rates were 6.8% in the 1960s, 4.8% in the 1970s, and 6.5% in the 1980s. Average annual growth fell to 4.6% in the 1990s with significantly lower growth in the second half of that decade.
Introduction
Two wars with India, in Second Kashmir War 1965 and Bangladesh Liberation War 1971 and separation of Bangladesh adversely affected economic growth. In particular, the latter war brought the economy close to recession, although economic output rebounded sharply until the nationalizations of the mid-1970s.
Pakistan is aggressively cutting tariffs and assisting exports by improving ports, roads, electricity supplies and irrigation projects. Islamabad has doubled development spending from about 2% of GDP in the 1990s to 4% in 2003, a necessary step towards reversing the broad underdevelopment of its social sector.
First Five Year Plan (1955-1960) Highlights
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The development expenditures were regarded as the foundation for rapid progress in the future and plans explicitly affirmed that some sectors of the economy must be expanded much more rapidly than others in order to secure maximum gains.
The size of the First Plan initially was Rs. 11.5 billion which was revised and decreased to 10.8 billion out of which Rs. 750 million for the public sector and Rs. 3.3 billion for the private sector was allocated. Of the total plan amount of Rs. 6.6 billion from the internal sources and R.s 4.2 billion was to be achieve from the foreign sources in the form of loans and aid.
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Emphasis mainly on achieving high national income.
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- Pakistan's population growth rate is 2.1% and it is the 6th most populous country, projected to become 4th largest by 2050.
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48(1) 2340, January 2011
0042-0980 Print/1360-063X Online
息 2011 Urban Studies Journal Limited
DOI: 10.1177/0042098009360688
Stef Adriaenssens and Jef Hendrickx are in the HUBUniversity College Brussels, Stormstraat 2,
Brussels, 1000, Belgium. E-mail: [email油protected] and [email油protected]
Street-level Informal Economic
Activities: Estimating the Yield of
Begging in Brussels
Stef Adriaenssens and Jef Hendrickx
[Paper first received, September 2008; in final form, October 2009]
Abstract
This article develops and applies a method to estimate the revenues of beggars in
Brussels. This is relevant for three reasons. First, in the literature on the informal
economy, we lack reliable empirical knowledge of informal street-level activities like
begging, substantiating the expectation that beggars income will be low. Secondly,
popular representation of beggars often depicts them as criminal and wealthy.
Finally, recent legislation builds on the idea of criminal organisations behind beggars.
Building on an analysis of existing attempts to measure beggars income, we aim for
a triangulation with data from three different sources: observation, self-reports and
quasi-experimental observations. This triangulation allows for more reliable and valid
conclusions. Hypotheses based upon popular images and the criminalisation of begging
are dismissed. The evidence does support the hypothesis based upon the literature on
informal activities.
aspects of their lives that appeal to the publics
imagination.
Our starting-point is that a theory of action
is valid if it is able to reconstruct the reasons of
the actor. Thats where most popular theories
of begging fail. Many everyday judgements
about begging build upon assumptions
referring to the traditions of certain ethnic
groups, detrimental effects on the safety feel-
ings of the public and so forth. Nevertheless,
both the public and policy-makers seem to be
1. Problem and Hypotheses
In many western European cities, begging is
receiving growing attention from the public,
policy-makers and social scientists (case stud-
ies in Donovan, 2008; Fitzpatrick and Jones,
2005; Mitchell, 2005). Thereby, the wildest
claims about the nature, the motivations and
the income of beggars are made. This paper
attempts to elucidate the earnings of people
who beg. If one bears in mind that there is a
huge gap between the definite assertions and
the lack of reliable evidence, this is one of the
http://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.1177%2F0042098009360688&domain=pdf&date_stamp=2010-07-15
24 STEF ADRIAENSSENS AND JEF HENDRICKX
attached to this point of view, as expressed in
everyday discourse as much as in discussions
in political bodies. Related with this, a large
proportion of the public seems to be con-
vinced that begging is connected with deceit,
fraud and organised crime.
What then are the reasons why people beg?
A consistent starting-point for this question
is ...Prsp psd informal_sector
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djnojis@gravenimagefilms.com
gravenimagefilms.com
This is a summary of how Racism has been a part of computer science from the early creation of this technology. From this we will see a need to create our own technology from scratch. This is a huge undertaking but from this evidence, we can see our destruction as Black people deeply embedded.
Technology and Racism
The intertwining of early computing technology with systemic racial biases and injustices reveals a complex and often troubling aspect of technological advancement. This relationship underscores the necessity of confronting and rectifying these legacies as we progress. Heres a outline focusing more explicitly on the racial implications and historical context:
### The Modern Era: Reckoning with the Past to Rebuild the Future
- Recognizing the historical context and the continuation of systemic biases within technology development is crucial. To dismantle these entrenched inequalities, a concerted effort to "start from scratch" is advocated by Dj Noj, emphasizing the need for:
- **Diverse and Inclusive Teams**: Ensuring representation from historically marginalized communities in technology creation.
- **Ethical Considerations and Bias Mitigation**: Actively working to identify and eliminate biases in algorithms and datasets.
- **Engagement with Affected Communities**: Incorporating perspectives and feedback from those most impacted by technological biases.
### Conclusion
The history of computer technology, when examined through the lens of racial justice, reveals a complex narrative of innovation shadowed by societal inequalities. As we move forward, addressing these issues head-onby reevaluating the foundations upon which modern technology stands and striving for inclusivity, equity, and justicebecomes imperative.
This process involves not only reimagining the technology itself but also fundamentally transforming the societal structures that influence its development and use.
This evidence shows the urgency to get funding for our team to create a Artificial Intelligence technology that can actually help the whole world.
As we know, but can see here it is impossible for the ones in control of this technology to do what's right for Black people globally.
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- 1. URBAN INFORMAL SECTOR According to Hart (1973), Informal sector serves as a means for the poor to engage in employment when there is insufficient job opportunities for the expanding population. Hernando de Soto ( 1990 )argued that informality exists where the means are illicit but the end is licit Informality is viewed as a mass response to mindless, pompous bureaucracy and the manipulation of the economic system by corrupt vested interest group
- 2. CAUSES OF INFORMAL SECTOR Main cause of informal sector: Excessive Governmental bureaucracy Rigid administrative procedures (red tapeism) Persistent mercantilist system (exploitation) Inefficient legal systems Elimination of protectionism, subsidies and market segregation policies
- 3. SOCIO- ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF INFORMAL SECTOR Self initiative and entrepreneurial dynamism Finding informal means of production and reproduction, establishing enterprises and providing services Obtaining access to land, housing utilities and commodities Informality does not fall into Government planned, regulated and managed economy Informality is characterized by ignoring official rules so as to meet the basic needs Informal sector consists of people low skilled labour, inadequate capital, training and lack technical assistance Informality is dominant in underdeveloped and countries undergoing socio- economic transition
- 4. DEVELOPMENT POTENTIALS Capacity to propel the engine of growth Employment (A simple necessity for the poor to make a living) Major contributor to GDP in some countries e.g Peru Harnessing entrepreneurial dynamism Informality when decriminalized and regulated serves the advantage to minimize illegal business operations. Informality when carefully studied, it serves as a basis for Government to orient development strategies
- 5. CONSTRAINTS Bureaucracy Legal aspects Lack of adequate funds for operation Operate in small scale hence lack positive externalities Social exclusion Market segregation Lack of database to inform decision making process
- 6. CONSTRAINTS Bureaucracy Legal aspects Lack of adequate funds for operation Operate in small scale hence lack positive externalities Social exclusion Market segregation Lack of database to inform decision making process