3. 1. 背景:結果構文の定義
John painted the wall black.
S + V + O + 《RP》
||
《Resultative Predicate》
(単一の)主動詞が表す行為ないし活動が原因となり、その
直接的な結果として生じる状態を《結果述語》として表現した
単一のセンテンス
(影山 2009 (下線部分筆者))
3
4. 1. 背景:結果構文の分類と
日英語間で容認される結果構文の差異
弱い結果構文
?英語
John crushed the can flat.
Mike painted the wall black.
= 状態変化動詞
?日本語
ジョンは缶をペシャンコに潰した.
マイクは壁を黒く塗った.
強い結果構文
?英語
〔他動詞型〕
John hammered the can flat.
〔自動詞型〕
Ken ran his shoes ragged.
?日本語
??/*ジョンは缶をペシャンコに叩いた.
*ケンは靴をボロボロに走った.
? 解釈が弱い推論で済む ? 解釈に強い推論を要する
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5. 2. 理論的基盤: Son and Svenonius (2008)
- 結果構文の語彙概念構造 -
結果構文 “The rooster crowed the children awake.” の分析
CAUSE ([α], [INCH [BE ([β], [AT [AWAKE]])]])
AFF- ([ROOSTER]α, [CHILDREN]β)
CROW ([γ])
[BY ]
AFF- ([α]γ, [β])
(Jackendoff, 1990, 233)
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INCHOATIVE
AFFECT
6. InitP
DP Init’
the Init ProcP
rooster
crowed DPβ Proc’
the Proc ResP
children
tV tβ Res’
Res PredP
tβ Pred’
Pred AP
awake
(Son and Svenonis 2008: 393)
2. 理論的基盤: Son and Svenonius (2008)
- 結果構文の動詞句の統語構造 -
? CAUSE
? AFF(ECT)
? INCH(OATIVE),
BE, AT
結果構文 “The rooster crowed children awake.” の分析
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= Result Projection
= Process Projection
= Initiation Projection
= Predication Projection
7. 2. 理論的基盤: Son and Svenonius (2008)
- 結果構文における語彙化に関する言語間での差異 -
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PROC RES PRED A
Spanish hacer peligroso
‘make’ ‘dangerous’
PROC RES PRED A
Japanese nobasu -ku usu
‘spread’ ‘thin’
PROC RES PRED A
English pound Φ flat
(Son and Svenonius 2008: 394より抜粋)
サテライトフレーム言語 動詞フレーム言語
?変化の推移を形容詞句?前置詞句
(=サテライト)で表現
?変化の「手段」「方法」「原因」「様態」を
動詞として表現するのが普通
?変化の推移を表す動詞が必要
?変化の「手段」「方法」「原因」「様態」は
副詞的な要素で表現
8. 3. 研究課題と仮説の設定に向けて
英語結果構文
(1) 弱い結果構文
John crushed the can flat.
Mike painted the wall black.
(2)-A 強い結果構文〔他動詞型〕
John hammered the can (flat).
(2)-B 強い結果構文〔自動詞型〕
Ken ran *(his shoes) *(ragged).
使役動詞makeを用いた書き換え
(3)
John made the can flat
by crushing it.
Mike made the wall black
by painting it.
(4)-A
John made the can flat
by hammering it.
(4)-B
Ken made his shoes ragged
by running.
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9. 3. 研究課題と仮説の設定に向けて
弱い結果構文の書き換え
?英語
(3)
John made the can flat
by crushing it.
Mike made the wall black
by painting it.
?日本語
ジョンは缶を潰してペシャンコにした.
マイクは壁を塗って黒くした.
強い結果構文の書き換え
?英語
(4)-A
John made the can flat
by hammering it.
(4)-B
Ken made his shoes ragged
by running.
?日本語
ジョンは缶を叩いてペシャンコにした.
ケンは走って靴をボロボロにした.
9
11. 3. 研究課題と仮説
英語結果構文
(1) 弱い結果構文
John crushed the can flat.
Mike painted the wall black.
(2)-A 強い結果構文〔他動詞型〕
John hammered the can (flat).
(2)-B 強い結果構文〔自動詞型〕
Ken ran *(his shoes) *(ragged).
使役動詞makeを用いた書き換え
(3)
John made the can flat
by crushing it.
Mike made the wall black
by painting it.
(4)-A
John made the can flat
by hammering it.
(4)-B
Ken made his shoes ragged
by running.
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仮説①
仮説②
仮説③
15. 4. 検証方法:実験に含めた結果構文
John broke the glass into pieces.
Bob bent the wire into a U shape.
Mary melted the butter into liquid.
Mike tore the letter into pieces.
Mike painted the wall black.
Ken crushed the can flat.
Lucy polished the mirror clean.
Kumi froze the juice solid.
(1) 弱い結果構文
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16. 4. 検証方法:実験に含めた結果構文
John hammered the can flat.
Paul kicked the door open.
John knocked Mike unconscious.
Tom shot the man dead.
Miki watered the tulips flat.
Mike shook his father awake.
The horse dragged the logs smooth.
The earthquake shook
the old house into pieces.
(2)-A 強い結果構文〔他動詞型〕
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17. 4. 検証方法:実験に含めた結果構文
Sam sang himself hoarse.
Ken ran himself tired.
Takashi ate himself sick.
Lucy danced herself sweaty.
Ken ran his shoes ragged.
Mike shouted his father awake.
Lucy danced her feet sore.
Tim drank the teapot empty.
(2)-B 強い結果構文〔自動詞型〕
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18. 4. 検証方法:実験に含めた結果構文
John made the glass into pieces
by breaking it.
Bob made the wire into a U shape
by bending it.
Mary made the butter into liquid
by melting it.
Mike made the letter into pieces
by tearing it.
Mike made the wall black
by painting it.
Ken made the can flat
by crushing it.
Lucy made the mirror clean
by polishing it.
Kumi made the juice solid
by freezing it.
(3) 弱い結果構文(=(1))を
使役動詞makeを用いて書き換えた表現
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19. 4. 検証方法:実験に含めた結果構文
John made the can flat
by hammering it.
Paul made the door open
by kicking it.
John made Mike unconscious
by knocking him.
Tom made the man dead
by shooting him.
Miki made the tulips flat
by watering them.
Mike made his father awake
by shaking him.
The horse made the logs smooth
by dragging them.
The earthquake made the old house
into pieces by shaking it.
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(4)-A 強い結果構文〔他動詞型〕(=(2)-A)を
使役動詞makeを用いて書き換えた表現
20. 4. 検証方法:実験に含めた結果構文
Sam made himself hoarse
by singing.
Ken made himself tired
by running.
Takashi made himself sick
by eating.
Lucy made herself sweaty
by dancing.
Ken made his shoes ragged
by running.
Mike made his father awake
by shouting.
Lucy made her feet sore
by dancing.
Tim made the teapot empty
by drinking.
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(4)-B 強い結果構文〔自動詞型〕(=(2)-B)を
使役動詞makeを用いて書き換えた表現
36. 主要参考文献(英文)
Boas, H. C. 2003. A constructional approach to resultatives. Stanford, CSLI Publications.
Inagaki, Shunji. 2010. Transfer and learnability in second language argument structure: Motion verbs
with locational/directional PPs in L2 English and Japanese. Saarbrücken: Vdm Verlag.
Jackendoff, Ray. 1990. Semantic Structures, Cambridge, MIT Press.
Levin, Beth. 1993. English verb classes and alternations. Chicago and London, University of Chicago
Press.
Ramchand, Gillian. 2008. Verb meaning and the lexicon: A first phrase syntax, Cambridge, Cambridge
University Press.
Son, Minjeong. 2007. “Directionality and resultativity: The cross-linguistic correlation revisited.” In Ba?i?,
Monika, Marina Pantcheva, Minjeong Son & Peter Svenonius (Ed.), Troms? Working Papers
on Language and Linguistics: Nordlyd 34.2, 126-164.
Son, Minjeong and Peter Svenonius. 2008. “Microparameter of cross-linguistic variation: Directed
motion and Resultatives.” In Abner, Natasha and Jason Bishop (Ed.), Proceedings of the 27th
West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics, 388-396.
Talmy, Leonard. 2000. Toward a cognitive semantics, Cambridge, MIT Press.
Washio, Ryuichi. 1997. “Resultatives, compositionality and language variation.” Journal of East Asian
Linguistics 6, 1-49.
Yotsuya, Atsuko et al. 2014. “Crosslinguistic effects in L2 acquisition: Strong/weak resultatives and the
directional/locational interpretation of PPs in L2 English by Japanese speakers.” In Ryan T.
Miller et al. (Ed.), Selected Proceedings of the 2012 Second Language Research Forum, 89-
100.
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