L'art del romanticisme-Context històric-Història

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Tracta sobre el romanticisme en l'assignatura d'història de l'art.

El Romanticisme
Caspar David Friedrich:
Mar de gel i
Parella contemplant la lluna

El Romanticisme
Sorgeix a Europa després de la caiguda de Napoleó. La reacció contra la
Restauració comporta l’aparició d’aquest corrent cultural, lligat als moviments
liberals i nacionalistes.
Basat fonamentalment en la llibertat. L'origen és la pèrdua de fe en la raó, és
una nova sensibilitat que es manifesta pràcticament en tots els àmbits, i que
dóna prioritat al sentiment, el jo interior, i per tant, l’individu. S’exalten la
sensibilitat, la imaginació, les passions. Es pinta segons les idees i sentiments
individuals.
Són corrents paral·leles la llibertat en l’art, la llibertat individual que exalta el
liberalisme i la llibertat dels pobles que defensa el nacionalisme.
La petita i mitjana burgesia serà la protagonista de tots aquests canvis.
L’Edat Mitjana es recupera com a tema, així com les llegendes i mites del nord
d’Europa. També atrauen molt els temes exòtics i orientals.

La filosofia de Kant n’és un antecedent: sentiment com a vehicle del
coneixement i l’interior humà com a centre de tot plantejament filosòfic.
També Rousseau (Nova Eloisa), que exalta l’amor a la naturalesa i les passions.
Fichte diu que no hi ha res fora els jo individual, ja que tot el que existeix
forma part de la consciència.
Proposen la tornada a una religiositat íntima i condemnen les institucions
eclesiàstiques. Poesia i música són els mitjans d'expressió idonis del
romanticisme.
El romanticisme coincideix amb l'oposició de la burgesia a les restauracions
de l’absolutisme i el retorn a l’Antic Règim implantat pel Congrés de Viena,
així com amb els moviments a favor de les independències nacionals. Com
hem dit, coincideix i està relacionat, per tant, amb el liberalisme i el
nacionalisme de la primera meitat del XIX.

Pels romàntics l’ésser humà
afirma la seva individualitat
en front del món i la natura,
i s’hi projecta, amb un fort
impuls d’identificació amb
l’infinit.
L’home solitari davant el destí,
la visió interior que contempla
els misteris de la naturalesa...
Friedrich: Viatger en un mar de boira i “Abadia en el robledal”

La pintura és l’art visual preferit dels romàntics, perquè hi troben el vehicle
més adequat per manifestar els seus sentiments personals i la seva projecció
en la visió de la naturalesa.
La importància que concedien a la representació de la naturalesa provocà un
gran desenvolupament del tema del paisatge, on el pintor projecta el seu
interior. El paisatge romàntic és l’exteriorització del jo de l’artista amb la
intenció de comunicar una emoció o sentiment a l’espectador.
Friedrich:
Monjo a la
vora del mar

Es prefereix donar prioritat al color i als seus valors de sensibilitat i emoció
que a la línia i al dibuix amb els seus valors racionals.
S’utilitzen moltes altres tècniques pictòriques, com l'aquarel·la, el gravat,
l’aiguafort i la litografia.
Temes de revolucions polítiques, o desastres, esdeveniments del moment.
També temes del passat, sobretot els ambientats en l’Edat Mitjana, època
molt valorada pels romàntics en general. Els temes exòtics, fantàstics,
religiosos… són també molt freqüents.
Composicions dinàmiques, plenes de moviment, de gran format, amb figures
en posicions convulses i llums vibrants, que junt amb el color fan desaparèixer
les formes escultòriques pròpies del neoclàssic.
John Constable
La catedral de
Salisbury

Géricault: La boja i Soldats ferits tornant de Rússia (1814)

John Constable (1776-1837): La catedral de Salisbury (1825)

William Turner( 1775-1851): Vaixells
alemanys ... (1801)

William Turner: Paisatge amb riu i una badia al fons (1835)

William Turner: Rain, Steam and Speed The Great Western Railway
before 1844

William Turner:
Llum i color
(teoria de Goethe)

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L'art del romanticisme-Context històric-Història

1. El Romanticisme Caspar David Friedrich: Mar de gel i Parella contemplant la lluna

2. El Romanticisme Sorgeix a Europa després de la caiguda de Napoleó. La reacció contra la Restauració comporta l’aparició d’aquest corrent cultural, lligat als moviments liberals i nacionalistes. Basat fonamentalment en la llibertat. L'origen és la pèrdua de fe en la raó, és una nova sensibilitat que es manifesta pràcticament en tots els àmbits, i que dóna prioritat al sentiment, el jo interior, i per tant, l’individu. S’exalten la sensibilitat, la imaginació, les passions. Es pinta segons les idees i sentiments individuals. Són corrents paral·leles la llibertat en l’art, la llibertat individual que exalta el liberalisme i la llibertat dels pobles que defensa el nacionalisme. La petita i mitjana burgesia serà la protagonista de tots aquests canvis. L’Edat Mitjana es recupera com a tema, així com les llegendes i mites del nord d’Europa. També atrauen molt els temes exòtics i orientals.

3. La filosofia de Kant n’és un antecedent: sentiment com a vehicle del coneixement i l’interior humà com a centre de tot plantejament filosòfic. També Rousseau (Nova Eloisa), que exalta l’amor a la naturalesa i les passions. Fichte diu que no hi ha res fora els jo individual, ja que tot el que existeix forma part de la consciència. Proposen la tornada a una religiositat íntima i condemnen les institucions eclesiàstiques. Poesia i música són els mitjans d'expressió idonis del romanticisme. El romanticisme coincideix amb l'oposició de la burgesia a les restauracions de l’absolutisme i el retorn a l’Antic Règim implantat pel Congrés de Viena, així com amb els moviments a favor de les independències nacionals. Com hem dit, coincideix i està relacionat, per tant, amb el liberalisme i el nacionalisme de la primera meitat del XIX.

4. Pels romàntics l’ésser humà afirma la seva individualitat en front del món i la natura, i s’hi projecta, amb un fort impuls d’identificació amb l’infinit. L’home solitari davant el destí, la visió interior que contempla els misteris de la naturalesa... Friedrich: Viatger en un mar de boira i “Abadia en el robledal”

5. La pintura és l’art visual preferit dels romàntics, perquè hi troben el vehicle més adequat per manifestar els seus sentiments personals i la seva projecció en la visió de la naturalesa. La importància que concedien a la representació de la naturalesa provocà un gran desenvolupament del tema del paisatge, on el pintor projecta el seu interior. El paisatge romàntic és l’exteriorització del jo de l’artista amb la intenció de comunicar una emoció o sentiment a l’espectador. Friedrich: Monjo a la vora del mar

6. Es prefereix donar prioritat al color i als seus valors de sensibilitat i emoció que a la línia i al dibuix amb els seus valors racionals. S’utilitzen moltes altres tècniques pictòriques, com l'aquarel·la, el gravat, l’aiguafort i la litografia. Temes de revolucions polítiques, o desastres, esdeveniments del moment. També temes del passat, sobretot els ambientats en l’Edat Mitjana, època molt valorada pels romàntics en general. Els temes exòtics, fantàstics, religiosos… són també molt freqüents. Composicions dinàmiques, plenes de moviment, de gran format, amb figures en posicions convulses i llums vibrants, que junt amb el color fan desaparèixer les formes escultòriques pròpies del neoclàssic. John Constable La catedral de Salisbury

7. Géricault: El rai de la Medusa

8. Géricault: La boja i Soldats ferits tornant de Rússia (1814)

9. John Constable (1776-1837): La catedral de Salisbury (1825)

10. John Constable: Stonehenge (1835)

11. William Turner( 1775-1851): Vaixells alemanys ... (1801)

12. William Turner: Paisatge amb riu i una badia al fons (1835)

13. William Turner: Rain, Steam and Speed The Great Western Railway before 1844

14. William Turner: Llum i color (teoria de Goethe)

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L'art del romanticisme-Context històric-Història

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