material Science 7.pptx
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This document discusses diffusion and Fick's laws of diffusion. It defines diffusion as the net flux of particles down a concentration gradient, with flux depending on concentration gradient and temperature. Diffusion processes like carburization can increase surface hardness by introducing carbon atoms. Diffusing atoms require activation energy to move into new sites. The Arrhenius equation relates diffusion rate to temperature and activation energy. The document also defines Fick's first law of diffusion, relating flux to the diffusion coefficient and concentration gradient. It provides examples calculating diffusion rates, activation energies, and concentration gradients.
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This document provides rules and examples for calculating mechanical operations related to bulk solids storage and transport. It includes formulas for calculating volume and mass flow rate of cones, as well as vertical and lateral pressures at the bottom of a bin. An example calculates these pressures for a given bin geometry. It also discusses belt conveyor design, including belt and idler specifications and formulas for power calculations. The final example uses these formulas to calculate the motor power and storage bin dimensions needed for a given solid transportation rate and production period.section7.pptx
section7.pptxkareemhamad3
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1. The document discusses various rules and equations related to mechanical operations like crushing, grinding and milling including Rittinger's law, Kick's law, and equations for calculating ball mill dimensions, rotation speeds, and charge volumes.
2. It provides an example calculation for estimating the theoretical power required to grind a one ton batch in a roller mill over 30 minutes given the feed and product screen analyses.
3. Questions and examples are given for calculating reasonable ball mill speeds, ball charges, and rock feed charges given mill dimensions and properties of the balls and feed material.section 9.pptx
section 9.pptxkareemhamad3
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This document discusses three questions related to mechanical operations and flow through porous media:
1. It calculates the pressure drop across a catalyst bed packed with cylindrical pellets for an air stream, and how this would change with larger pellet size.
2. It estimates the inlet pressure of a catalyst tower given the outlet pressure, dimensions, flow properties, and contact time.
3. It calculates the porosity of a bed packed with Raschig rings given the pressure drop and flow properties of an air stream.section 8.pptx
section 8.pptxkareemhamad3
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This document provides information on mechanical operations like crushing and grinding. It includes:
- Rules for operations like Rittinger's law, Kick's law, and Bond work index.
- Parameters for equipment like ball mill rotation speed, ball size, and charge mass.
- Worked examples calculating time required to achieve a specific surface increase in crushing and grinding, based on parameters like feed size, product size, power, and work index.
- An example calculating the time required to grind one ton of material in a batch rod mill, given the motor power, grinding efficiency, feed and product sizes, and work index.section 6.pptx
section 6.pptxkareemhamad3
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This document discusses common mechanical operations used to transport materials, including bucket elevators, screw conveyors, and pneumatic transportation. It provides examples of how to calculate the power required for a bucket elevator to lift crushed alumina, the design of a screw conveyor to transport fly ash horizontally, and the conveying capacity of a pneumatic transportation system moving ground rock vertically and horizontally through pipes and elbows. Key parameters discussed include bulk density, spacing, pitch, filling ratio, pressure change, flow rate, and power.section 3-2.pptx
section 3-2.pptxkareemhamad3
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The document provides information to design a cylindrical storage bin for 450 tons of soda ash. It includes the material properties and design requirements. The summary is:
The dimensions of the bin are estimated as a diameter of 5m, conical bottom height of 6.5m, and cylindrical height of 11.5m. The minimum bottom opening diameter is 141.5mm. With a bottom diameter twice the minimum, the solid flow rate out of the bin would be 146 kg/s. The vertical pressure on the bottom is 29.3 kPa and equivalent liquid pressure is 211 kPa.material science 1 .pptx
material science 1 .pptxkareemhamad3
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This document provides notes on material science concepts. It discusses key points about assignments, quizzes, reports and presentations. It also covers classifications of materials, basic concepts like deformation, stress, strain and mechanical properties including elasticity, ductility, brittleness, hardness and toughness. Graphs of stress-strain curves are presented and terms like elastic limit, yield point and ultimate tensile strength are defined. Students are instructed to submit assignments on time and follow the instructor's directions.material science 2 .pptx
material science 2 .pptxkareemhamad3
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This document discusses material science concepts including stress, strain, Young's modulus, shear modulus, and bulk modulus. It provides definitions and formulas for these terms and includes examples of calculating stress, strain, elongation, shear stress, and changes in volume using given material properties and applied forces. Several practice problems are worked through applying these concepts to situations like stretching a cylinder, cutting a sheet, and determining changes to a bowling ball underwater.Recently uploaded (20)
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material Science 7.pptx
- 1. APPLICATION OF DIFFUSION ENG. KAREEM. H. MOKHTAR
- 2. DIFFUSION Diffusion refers to the net flux of any species The magnitude of this flux depends upon the concentration gradient and temperature.
- 3. APPLICATION The carburization process can be used to increase surface hardness. In carburization, a source of carbon, such as a graphite powder or gaseous phase containing carbon, is diffused into steel components
- 4. ACTIVATION ENERGY A diffusing atom must squeeze past the surrounding atoms to reach its new site. In order for this to happen, energy must be supplied to allow the atom to move to its new position
- 5. ARRHENIUS EQUATION Rate = c e-E/RT Rate: rate of diffusion (m2/s or jump per second) E: activation energy R: gas constant T: temperature ln(rate) = ln(c) E/RT Straight line equation Y= m x + c Ln (rate) 1/T Slope= -E/R
- 6. SHEET 4 Q1) Suppose that atoms are found to move from one site to another at a rate of 109 jumps per second at 400 oC and the C0 is equal to 3.8 x 1016, calculate the activation energy (Calory) needed. Answer Rate = c e-E/RT 109 = 3.8 x 1016 x e-E/1.98*673 E= 23257 cal/mol
- 7. SHEET 4 Q2) Suppose that atoms are found to move from one site to another at a rate of 5x108 jumps/ second at 500 oC and 8x 1010 jumps/s at 800 oC, calculate the activation energy needed for the process Answer Q= 27,800 cal/mol
- 8. SHEET 4 Q3) At 300尊C the diffusion and activation energy for Cu in Si are D(300尊C) = 7.8 x 10-11 m2/s E = 41.5 kJ/mol What is the diffusion at 350尊C? Answer Rate1 = c e-E/RT 7.8 x 10-11 = C e-41500/8.314* 573 Rate2 = c e-E/RT D= C e-41500/8.314* 623 Get D = 15.7 x 10-11 m2/s
- 9. DIFFUSION
- 10. FICKS FIRST LAW The rate at which atoms, ions, particles or other species diffuse in a material can be measured by the flux J. Here we are mainly concerned with diffusion of ions or atoms. The flux J is defined as the number of atoms passing through a plane of unit area per unit time
- 11. FICKS FIRST LAW J: flux D: diffusivity , cm2/s dc/dx : concentration gradient atoms / (cm3. cm) OR atomic % / cm
- 12. SHEET 4 Q4) Methylene chloride is a common ingredient of paint removers. Besides being an irritant, it also may be absorbed through skin. When using this paint remover, protective gloves should be worn. If butyl rubber gloves (0.04 cm thick) are used, what is the diffusive flux of methylene chloride through the glove? diffusion coefficient in butyl rubber: D = 110 x10-8 cm2/s surface concentrations: C1 = 0.44 g/cm3 C2 = 0.02 g/cm3
- 13. ANSWER
- 14. SHEET4 Q5) One step in manufacturing transistors, which function as electronic switches in integrated circuits, involves diffusing impurity atoms into a semiconductor material such as silicon (Si). Suppose a silicon wafer 0.1 cm thick, which originally contains one phosphorus atom for every 10 million Si atom, is treated so that there are 400 phosphorus atoms for every 10 million Si atoms at the surface. calculate the concentration gradient (at % / cm)
- 15. ANSWER Initial concentration in atom % Ci= 1 ＄ 107 ＄ x 100 = 0.00001 at %P Cs= 400 ＄ 107 ＄ x 100 = 0.004 at%P ＄ 倹＄ = 0.000010.004 0.1 = - 0.04 at% P /cm