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Satoshi ÅŒmura and William C. Campbell were awarded the 2015 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discoveries concerning a novel therapy against infections caused by roundworm parasites. ÅŒmura isolated Streptomyces bacteria from soil samples in Japan and identified a strain called Streptomyces avermitilis that produced avermectin, which was later modified to ivermectin. Campbell discovered that avermectin was very effective at killing parasites and purified the compound. Ivermectin turned out to be highly effective in both animals and humans against various parasites. Youyou Tu was also awarded the 2015 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for her discovery of artemisinin, derived from
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This document provides an overview of microbiology and principles of laboratory diagnosis of infectious diseases. It discusses the history of microbiology from the discovery era to the modern era. Key figures who contributed to early discoveries include Van Leeuwenhoek, Pasteur, Koch, Fleming and others. The document also summarizes different sample types used for diagnosis, specimen collection and transport, staining techniques including Gram staining and acid-fast staining, and isolation of bacteria through culture. The overall principles of laboratory diagnosis involve direct examination, culture, antigen detection and antibody detection.Antimicrobial drug use and its implications
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There is no place on the earth surface where potentially dangerous drug resistant bacteria have not reached. They have infiltrated even into wilderness of virgin and barren islands including the Arctic region. After discovery of antimicrobial agents in the first half of 20th century, clinicians felt relieved as these wonder drugs substantially reduced the threat of infectious diseases. Over the years, antimicrobials have saved lives, eased the suffering of millions of people. And have contributed to the major gains in life expectancy (WHO 2000, 2005). However, these wonder drugs have started to loose ground rapidly. With each application of antibiotic to kill bacteria a new micro environment is created where the sensitive microbes get killed but the resistant organisms start to flourish. New selection pressure each time leads to rapid evolution in bacteria. As a result, now almost all important infection causing bacteria are armoured to survive in antibiotic loaded environment with much deadlier infective power. History of Microbiology.pptx
History of Microbiology.pptxSountharya1
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Microbiology is the study of microorganisms that are too small to be seen with the naked eye, including bacteria, archaea, viruses, fungi, prions, protozoa and algae. These microbes play important roles in processes like nutrient cycling, biodegradation, and food production. They can also cause disease but can be harnessed to produce drugs, biofuels, and food through biotechnology. The history of microbiology includes early pioneers in the 19th century like Semmelweis, Snow, and Pasteur who began to understand disease transmission and the role of microbes. Major advances were made in the 20th century with the discovery of antibiotics and the emergence of molecular biology toantibiotic and antibiotic resistant
antibiotic and antibiotic resistantsouvik388
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1) The document discusses the history of antibiotics from ancient times to modern developments. It describes early uses of molds and fungi to treat infections dating back thousands of years.
2) Alexander Fleming's accidental discovery of penicillin in 1928 is discussed as a major breakthrough, though its potential was not realized until the 1940s with the work of Florey and Chain.
3) The modern production of various classes of antibiotics is summarized, including natural, semisynthetic, and synthetic antibiotics and some of the major classes and examples. The ideal properties of antibiotics and their mechanisms of action are also briefly covered.History & Scope of Microbiology SMG
History & Scope of Microbiology SMGsajigeorge64
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This document provides a history of microbiology, beginning with Anton van Leeuwenhoek's discovery and observation of microbes in the late 17th century. Important figures who contributed to establishing microbiology include Louis Pasteur, Robert Koch, and others during the "Golden Age of Microbiology" from 1860-1910. They developed germ theory, techniques for isolating and culturing microbes, and related specific microbes to diseases. Modern microbiology is interdisciplinary and uses microbes for applications in medicine, industry, and space exploration through techniques like genetic engineering.
Introduction to Microbiology (An Overview and History)
Introduction to Microbiology (An Overview and History)Maria Lourdes Sagun
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This presentation provides an overview of microbiology. It includes definition of microbiology, naming and classifying microorganisms, history of microbiology, impact of microbes to human welfare, and some clinically important microorganisms.History of microbiology
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Microbiology is the study of microorganisms that are too small to be seen with the naked eye, including bacteria, archaea, algae, fungi, protozoa, and viruses. The field of microbiology began with early discoveries of microorganisms in the 1600s using microscopes and developed through experimentation to disprove spontaneous generation and link specific microbes to diseases. Key figures included van Leeuwenhoek, Redi, Needham, Spallanzani, Pasteur, Koch, Lister, Snow, and others who established the germ theory of disease and developed practices like pasteurization, sterilization, antisepsis and hygiene that reduced disease transmission and mortality.Mimicry in insects (gak).pptx
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1) The document discusses mimicry in insects, including different types like Batesian mimicry, Mullerian mimicry, and aggressive mimicry.
2) Batesian mimicry involves a harmless species evolving to resemble a harmful species to avoid predation, while Mullerian mimicry involves multiple harmful species evolving similar appearances.
3) A case study tested whether predatory bugs mimic prey vibrations to attract spiders, finding the bugs' vibrations were similar enough to prey vibrations that spiders approached them as if they were prey.Introduction of Microbiology (2).pdf
Introduction of Microbiology (2).pdfVishal Sakhare
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This document provides an overview of pharmaceutical microbiology. It discusses the introduction and branches of microbiology, including pure branches like bacteriology, mycology, and virology, and applied branches like medical, pharmaceutical, and industrial microbiology. The history of microbiology is also summarized, highlighting key figures like Antony van Leeuwenhoek, Louis Pasteur, and Alexander Fleming. Pasteur's contributions to microbiology through experiments on fermentation, sterilization, and pasteurization are described.Recently uploaded (20)
Phospholipid signaling and it's role in stress tolerance in plant
Phospholipid signaling and it's role in stress tolerance in plantlaxmichoudhary77657
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Living cells are constantly exposed to various signals from their surroundings.
These signals can be:
Chemical: Such as hormones, pathogen signals, mating signals, and ozone.
Physical: Such as changes in light, temperature, and pressure.
To respond appropriately to these signals, cells have special proteins called receptors on their surface. These receptors detect the signals and convert them into internal messages that the cell can understand and act upon.
How Signals are Processed?
1. Signal Detection: receptors on the cell surface.
2. Transduction:
• The receptor activates proteins inside the cell, which then produce molecules called "second messengers."
3. Signal Amplification and Cascades:
These second messengers amplify the signal and pass it on to other proteins, triggering a cascade of reactions.
4. Response:
• The cascades can lead to changes in gene expression, enzyme activity, or cell behavior, ultimately leading to a physiological response.
What are Phospholipids?
Structure:
Phospholipids are a type of lipid molecule that are a major component of all cell membranes.
They consist of two fatty acid tails that are hydrophobic (repel water) and a phosphate head that is hydrophilic (attracts water).
This unique structure allows them to form bilayers, creating the fundamental structure of cell membranes.
Where are Phospholipids Found in Plants?
Cell Membranes and plasma membranes
Phospholipids are the primary building blocks of cell membranes, including the plasma membrane and internal membranes such as the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi apparatus, and chloroplast membranes.
INHALANT_ANAESTHETICS_USED_IN_VETRINARY_PRACTICE.pptx
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DESCRIBES INHALANT ANAESTHESIA USED FOR ANIMALS IN A NORMAL HOSPITAL SETUP
Melaku Tafese Awyulachew's_Official letters between organizations and researc...
Melaku Tafese Awyulachew's_Official letters between organizations and researc...Melaku Tafese Awulachew
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Official letters between organizations and researchers
AUTOSOMES , ALLOSOMES AND SEX RATIO IN HUMAN POPULATION
AUTOSOMES , ALLOSOMES AND SEX RATIO IN HUMAN POPULATIONNistarini College, Purulia (W.B) India
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This presentation offers a bird's eye view of autosomes and sex chromosomes. It also explores the different kinds of diseases of humans due to autosomal and sex-linked inherited traits. The sex determination of plants has been explained. The ratio of sex in the human population along with cause and consequences has been explained here.Research methodology Introduction PDF.pptx
Research methodology Introduction PDF.pptxSuadzuhair1
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research methodology definition, purpose, research objectives, classification of research, research process steps.
Good manufacturing practices: Organization and personnel, Hygiene, Training, ...
Good manufacturing practices: Organization and personnel, Hygiene, Training, ...Mayur Bodhankar
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Organization and personnel:
1. Personnel responsibilities Training, personal record.
2. Hygiene
Premises:
1. Design, construction and plant layout, maintenance, sanitation,
2. Environmental control, utilities and maintenance of sterile areas,
3. Control of contamination
Equipments and raw materials:
1. Equipment selection, purchase specifications, maintenance,
2. Purchase specifications and maintenance of stores for raw materials.
epidemiology (aim, component, principles).pptx
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To study historically the rise and fall of disease in the population.
Community diagnosis.
Planning and evaluation.
Evaluation of individuals risks and chances.
Completing the natural history of disease.
Searching for causes and risk factors.
Transgenic Sheep and high quality wool production.pptx
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"Comparative Analysis of OECD Guidelines 420, 423, and 425
This presentation provides an in-depth comparison of the OECD guidelines 420, 423, and 425, focusing on acute toxicity testing. The slides cover:
Basic information on each guideline
Key differences and similarities
Methodological variations
Gain insights into the distinctions and similarities between these guidelines and enhance your understanding of acute toxicity testingÌýprotocols."
Nutrient deficiency and symptoms in plants
Nutrient deficiency and symptoms in plantslaxmichoudhary77657
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What is Nutrient Deficiency?
Definition:
• Nutrient deficiency in plants occurs when they lack one or more of the essential minerals required for their growth and development.
• These deficiencies can lead to various physiological disorders and reduced plant productivity.
Categories of Essential Nutrients
• Macronutrients:
• Required in larger quantities for plant growth and development.
Includes primary and secondary nutrients.
Primary Macronutrients:
• Nitrogen (N): Vital for vegetative growth, chlorophyll production, and protein synthesis.
• Phosphorus (P): Important for energy transfer, root development, and flowering.
• Potassium (K): Essential for water regulation, enzyme activation, and disease resistance.
Secondary Macronutrients:
• Calcium (Ca): Important for cell wall structure, root development, and enzyme
activity.
• Magnesium (Mg): Central component of chlorophyll and aids in enzyme activation.
• Sulfur (S): Crucial for amino acids, proteins, and enzyme function.
-> P H O N S K Ca Mg C
• Micronutrients:
• Required in smaller quantities but equally important for plant health.
• Iron (Fe): Essential for chlorophyll synthesis and electron transport in photosynthesis.
•Manganese (Mn): Important for photosynthesis, respiration, and nitrogen assimilation.
•Zinc (Zn): Vital for enzyme function and growth regulation.
•Copper (Cu): Involved in photosynthetic electron transport and enzyme activity.
•Boron (B): Crucial for cell wall formation and reproductive development.
•Molybdenum (Mo): Essential for nitrogen fixation and enzyme function in nitrogen metabolism.
-> Fe Cu Mo Zn Mn Cl B Ni.
Mobile Nutrients - Cl, K, Mg, Mo, N, P-> older parts
Immobile Nutrients - B, Cu, Ca, Fe, Mn, S, Zn-> younger parts
.
Research problem identification and selection - PDF.pptx
Research problem identification and selection - PDF.pptxSuadzuhair1
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Research problem identification through reflective and scientific thinking, research problem selection criteria, research problem statement (topic) including delimiting and rephrasing.Units and measurements includes definition and fundamental quantities.pptx
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Some definitions, Physical quantities, fundamental quantity are discussed in PPTTowards a common data file format for hyperspectral images
Towards a common data file format for hyperspectral imagesAlex Henderson
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Invited presentation at the Practical Surface Analysis conference (PSA-24) held in Busan, South Korea 17-22 November 2024.
https://surfaceanalysis.kr/PSA/PSA24/Automating Compression Ultrasonography of Human Thigh Tissue and Vessels via ...
Automating Compression Ultrasonography of Human Thigh Tissue and Vessels via ...ThrombUS+ Project
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Rytis Jurkonis from Kaunas University of Technology (Lithuania) presented their recent work entitled “Automating Compression Ultrasonography of Human Thigh Tissue and Vessels via Strain Estimation." Rytis presented on the methodology along the novel wearable hardware developed to automate compression ultrasonography for DVT detection in the lower limbs. In addition, preliminary results were shared, highlighting the feasibility of an operator-independent method to perform compression ultrasonography.
Presented at BIOSTEC 2025 in Porto, Portugal.
About ThrombUS+: Our interdisciplinary approach centers around creating a novel wearable diagnostic device utilizing autonomous, AI-driven DVT detection. This groundbreaking device incorporates wearable ultrasound hardware, impedance plethysmography, and light reflection rheography for early clot detection. ThrombUS+ is designed for postoperative patients, those undergoing lengthy surgical procedures, cancer patients, bedridden individuals at home or in care units, and women during pregnancy and postpartum.Melaku Tafese Awyulachew's_Official letters between organizations and researc...
Melaku Tafese Awyulachew's_Official letters between organizations and researc...Melaku Tafese Awulachew
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Noblian
- 5. Satoshi ÅŒmura Born: 1935, Yamanashi prefektur, Japan Affiliation at the time of the award: Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan Prize motivation: "for their discoveries concerning a novel therapy against infections caused by roundworm parasites" Prize share: 1/4
- 6. Figure 2: Satoshi ÅŒmura searched for novel strains of Streptomyces bacteria as a source for new bioactive compounds. He isolated microbes from soil samples in Japan, cultured them in the laboratory (inset to left) and characterized many thousands of Streptomyces cultures. From those, he selected around 50 cultures that appeared most promising, and one of these cultures later turned out to be Streptomyces avermitilis (inset to right), the source of Avermectin.
- 7. William C. Campbell Born: 1930, Ramelton, Ireland Affiliation at the time of the award: Drew University, Madison, NJ, USA Prize motivation: "for their discoveries concerning a novel therapy against infections caused by roundworm parasites" Prize share: 1/4
- 8. Figure 3: William C. Campbell discovered that one of ÅŒmura's Streptomyces cultures was very effective in killing off parasites and the active compound, Avermectin, was purified. Avermectin was further modified to Ivermectin, which turned out to be highly effective in both animals and humans against a variety of parasites, including those that cause River Blindness and Lymphatic Filariasis.
- 9. Youyou Tu Born: 1930, Zhejiang Ningpo, China Affiliation at the time of the award: China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China Prize motivation: "for her discoveries concerning a novel therapy against Malaria" Prize share: 1/2
- 10. Figure 4: Youyou Tu searched ancient literature on herbal medicine in her quest to develop novel malaria therapies. The plant Artemisia annua turned out to be an interesting candidate, and Tu developed a purification procedure, which rendered the active agent, Artemisinin, a drug that is remarkably effective against Malaria.