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§¡§ß§à§ß§ã §à§á§Ö§â§ß§à§Û §ã§è§Ö§ß§í XVIII-XX §Ó§Ö§Ü§Ñ §¬§à§Ò§Ö§Ý§Ö§Ó§Ñ §¡. §±§à§Ô§à§â§Ö§Ý§à§Ó §ª.
§¹§ä§à §ä§Ñ§Ü§à§Ö §à§á§Ö§â§Ñ? §°§á§Ö§â§Ñ (§Ú§ä§Ñ§Ý. opera ?§Õ§Ö§Ý§à, §ä§â§å§Õ, §â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§Ñ; §à§á§Ö§â§Ñ?, §Ú§Ù §Ý§Ñ§ä. opera ?§ä§â§å§Õ, §Ú§Ù§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ú§Ö, §á§â§à§Ú§Ù§Ó§Ö§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö?) ¡ª §Ø§Ñ§ß§â §ä§Ö§Ñ§ä§â§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §á§â§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Û, §Ó §Ü§à§ä§à§â§à§Þ §â§Ö§é§î, §ã§à§Ö§Õ§Ú§ß§×§ß§ß§Ñ§ñ §ã §Þ§å§Ù§í§Ü§à§Û (§á§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Ú §Ñ§Ü§Ü§à§Þ§á§Ñ§ß§Ö§Þ§Ö§ß§ä), §Ú §ã§è§Ö§ß§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Ö §Õ§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§Ö §Ú§Þ§Ö§ð§ä §á§â§Ö§à§Ò§Ý§Ñ§Õ§Ñ§ð§ë§Ö§Ö §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö.
? §³§Ó§Ñ§Õ§î§Ò§Ñ §¶§Ú§Ô§Ñ§â§à¡° (§®§à§è§Ñ§â§ä)? §±§Ö§â§Ó§Ñ§ñ §á§à§ã§ä§Ñ§ß§à§Ó§Ü§Ñ: §£§Ö§ß§Ñ, "§¢§å§â§Ô§ä§Ö§Ñ§ä§â", 1 §Þ§Ñ§ñ 1786 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ. §¥§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§å§ð§ë§Ú§Ö §Ý§Ú§è§Ñ: §¤§â§Ñ§æ §¡§Ý§î§Þ§Ñ§Ó§Ú§Ó§Ñ, §Ü§à§â§â§Ö§ç§Ú§Õ§à§â §¡§ß§Õ§Ñ§Ý§å§Ù§Ú§Ú (§Ò§Ñ§â§Ú§ä§à§ß), §¤§â§Ñ§æ§Ú§ß§ñ §²§à§Ù§Ú§ß§Ñ, §Ö§Ô§à §Ø§Ö§ß§Ñ (§ã§à§á§â§Ñ§ß§à), §¶§Ú§Ô§Ñ§â§à, §Ü§Ñ§Þ§Ö§â§Õ§Ú§ß§Ö§â §Ô§â§Ñ§æ§Ñ (§Ò§Ñ§ã), ..., §Õ§à§ß §¢§Ñ§Ù§Ú§Ý§Ú§à, §å§é§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î §Þ§å§Ù§í§Ü§Ú §Ô§â§Ñ§æ§Ú§ß§Ú (§ä§Ö§ß§à§â), §Õ§à§ß §¬§å§â§è§Ú§à (§ä§Ö§ß§à§â), §Õ§Ó§Ö §Õ§Ö§Ó§å§ê§Ü§Ú (§ã§à§á§â§Ñ§ß§à), §Ü§â§Ö§ã§ä§î§ñ§ß§Ö §Ú §Ü§â§Ö§ã§ä§î§ñ§ß§Ü§Ú, §Ô§à§ã§ä§Ú, §à§ç§à§ä§ß§Ú§Ü§Ú, §ã§Ý§å§Ô§Ú. §¥§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§Ö §á§â§à§Ú§ã§ç§à§Õ§Ú§ä §Ó XVIII §Ó§Ö§Ü§Ö, §Ó §Ù§Ñ§Þ§Ü§Ö §Ò§Ý§Ú§Ù §³§Ö§Ó§Ú§Ý§î§Ú.
? §¥§à§ß §¨§å§Ñ§ß¡° (§®§à§è§Ñ§â§ä)? §±§Ö§â§Ó§Ñ§ñ §á§à§ã§ä§Ñ§ß§à§Ó§Ü§Ñ: §±§â§Ñ§Ô§Ñ, §¯§Ñ§è§Ú§à§ß§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§Û §ä§Ö§Ñ§ä§â, 29 §à§Ü§ä§ñ§Ò§â§ñ 1787 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ. §¥§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§å§ð§ë§Ú§Ö §Ý§Ú§è§Ñ: §¥§à§ß §¨§å§Ñ§ß (§Ò§Ñ§â§Ú§ä§à§ß), §Õ§à§ß§ß§Ñ §¡§ß§ß§Ñ (§ã§à§á§â§Ñ§ß§à), §Õ§à§ß §°§ä§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ú§à (§ä§Ö§ß§à§â), §¬§à§Þ§Ñ§ß§Õ§à§â (§Ò§Ñ§ã), §Õ§à§ß§ß§Ñ §¿§Ý§î§Ó§Ú§â§Ñ (§ã§à§á§â§Ñ§ß§à), §­§Ö§á§à§â§Ö§Ý§Ý§à (§Ò§Ñ§â§Ú§ä§à§ß), §¸§Ö§â§Ý§Ú§ß§Ñ (§ã§à§á§â§Ñ§ß§à), §®§Ñ§Ù§Ö§ä§ä§à (§Ò§Ñ§ã), §Ü§â§Ö§ã§ä§î§ñ§ß§Ö §Ú §Ü§â§Ö§ã§ä§î§ñ§ß§Ü§Ú, §ã§Ý§å§Ô§Ú §Ú §Þ§å§Ù§í§Ü§Ñ§ß§ä§í. §¥§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§Ö §á§â§à§Ú§ã§ç§à§Õ§Ú§ä §Ó §³§Ö§Ó§Ú§Ý§î§Ö §Ó §ã§â§Ö§Õ§ß§Ú§Ö §Ó§Ö§Ü§Ñ.
? §£§Ú§Ý§î§Ô§Ö§Ý§î§Þ §´§Ö§Ý§Ý§î¡° (§²§à§ã§ã§Ú§ß§Ú)? §±§Ö§â§Ó§Ñ§ñ §á§à§ã§ä§Ñ§ß§à§Ó§Ü§Ñ: §±§Ñ§â§Ú§Ø, §¬§à§â§à§Ý§Ö§Ó§ã§Ü§Ñ§ñ §Ñ§Ü§Ñ§Õ§Ö§Þ§Ú§ñ §Þ§å§Ù§í§Ü§Ú, 3 §Ñ§Ó§Ô§å§ã§ä§Ñ 1829 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ. §¥§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§å§ð§ë§Ú§Ö §Ý§Ú§è§Ñ: §£§Ú§Ý§î§Ô§Ö§Ý§î§Þ §´§Ö§Ý§Ý§î (§Ò§Ñ§â§Ú§ä§à§ß), §¡§â§ß§à§Ý§î§Õ (§ä§Ö§ß§à§â), §£§Ñ§Ý§î§ä§Ö§â §¶§ð§â§ã§ä (§Ò§Ñ§ã), §®§Ö§Ý§î§ç§ä§Ñ§Ý§î (§Ò§Ñ§ã), §¥§Ø§Ö§Þ§Þ§Ú (§Þ§Ö§è§è§à-§ã§à§á§â§Ñ§ß§à), §¤§Ö§Õ§Ó§Ú§Ô§Ñ (§Ü§à§ß§ä§â§Ñ§Ý§î§ä§à), §â§í§Ò§Ñ§Ü (§ä§Ö§ß§à§â); §à§æ§Ú§è§Ö§â§í §Ú §ã§à§Ý§Õ§Ñ§ä§í §¤§Ö§ã§Ý§Ö§â§Ñ, §á§Ñ§Ø§Ú, §Õ§Ñ§Þ§í §Ú§Ù §à§Ü§â§å§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §®§Ñ§ä§Ú§Ý§î§Õ§í, §á§Ñ§ã§ä§å§ç§Ú, §à§ç§à§ä§ß§Ú§Ü§Ú, §ä§Ñ§ß§è§à§â§í, §ê§Ó§Ö§Û§è§Ñ§â§ã§Ü§Ú§Ö §Ü§â§Ö§ã§ä§î§ñ§ß§Ö §Ú§Ù §Ü§Ñ§ß§ä§à§ß§Ñ §µ§â§Ú, §µ§ß§ä§Ö§â§Ó§Ñ§Ý§î§Õ§Ö§ß §Ú §º§Ó§Ú§è. §¥§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§Ö §á§â§à§Ú§ã§ç§à§Õ§Ú§ä §Ó §ê§Ó§Ö§Û§è§Ñ§â§ã§Ü§à§Þ §Ô§à§â§à§Õ§Ö §¡§Ý§î§ä§Õ§à§â§æ§Ö (§Ü§Ñ§ß§ä§à§ß §µ§â§Ú) §Ú §Ö§Ô§à §à§Ü§â§Ö§ã§ä§ß§à§ã§ä§ñ§ç.
"§¤§å§Ô§Ö§ß§à§ä§í" (§¥§Ø§Ñ§Ü§à§Þ§à §®§Ö§Û§Ö§â§Ò§Ö§â§Ñ)? §±§Ö§â§Ó§à§Ö §Ú§ã§á§à§Ý§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö: §±§Ñ§â§Ú§Ø, 29 §æ§Ö§Ó§â§Ñ§Ý§ñ 1836 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ.
? §­§Ö§ä§å§é§Ú§Û §Ô§à§Ý§Ý§Ñ§ß§Õ§Ö§è¡° (§£§Ñ§Ô§ß§Ö§â)? §±§Ö§â§Ó§à§Ö §á§â§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö: §¥§â§Ö§Ù§Õ§Ö§ß, 2 §ñ§ß§Ó§Ñ§â§ñ 1843 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ. §¥§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§å§ð§ë§Ú§Ö §Ý§Ú§è§Ñ: §¤§à§Ý§Ý§Ñ§ß§Õ§Ö§è (§Ò§Ñ§â§Ú§ä§à§ß), §¥§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§ß§Õ, §ß§à§â§Ó§Ö§Ø§ã§Ü§Ú§Û §Þ§à§â§ñ§Ü (§Ò§Ñ§ã), §³§Ö§ß§ä§Ñ, §Ö§Ô§à §Õ§à§é§î (§ã§à§á§â§Ñ§ß§à), §¿§â§Ú§Ü, §à§ç§à§ä§ß§Ú§Ü (§ä§Ö§ß§à§â), §®§ï§â§Ú, §Ü§à§â§Þ§Ú§Ý§Ú§è§Ñ §³§Ö§ß§ä§í (§Þ§Ö§è§è§à-§ã§à§á§â§Ñ§ß§à), §²§å§Ý§Ö§Ó§à§Û §Ü§à§â§Ñ§Ò§Ý§ñ §¥§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§ß§Õ§Ñ (§ä§Ö§ß§à§â), §ß§à§â§Ó§Ö§Ø§ã§Ü§Ú§Ö §Þ§Ñ§ä§â§à§ã§í, §ï§Ü§Ú§á§Ñ§Ø §­§Ö§ä§å§é§Ö§Ô§à §Ô§à§Ý§Ý§Ñ§ß§Õ§è§Ñ, §Õ§Ö§Ó§å§ê§Ü§Ú. §¥§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§Ö §á§â§à§Ú§ã§ç§à§Õ§Ú§ä §ß§Ñ §ß§à§â§Ó§Ö§Ø§ã§Ü§à§Þ §Ò§Ö§â§Ö§Ô§å §à§Ü§à§Ý§à 1650 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ.
? §´§â§Ú§ã§ä§Ñ§ß §Ú §ª§Ù§à§Ý§î§Õ§Ñ¡° (§£§Ñ§Ô§ß§Ö§â)? §±§Ö§â§Ó§Ñ§ñ §á§à§ã§ä§Ñ§ß§à§Ó§Ü§Ñ: §®§ð§ß§ç§Ö§ß, §±§â§Ú§Õ§Ó§à§â§ß§í§Û §ä§Ö§Ñ§ä§â, 10 §Ú§ð§ß§ñ 1865 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ. §¥§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§å§ð§ë§Ú§Ö §Ý§Ú§è§Ñ: §´§â§Ú§ã§ä§Ñ§ß (§ä§Ö§ß§à§â), §Ü§à§â§à§Ý§î §®§Ñ§â§Ü (§Ò§Ñ§ã), §ª§Ù§à§Ý§î§Õ§Ñ (§ã§à§á§â§Ñ§ß§à), §¬§å§â§Ó§Ö§ß§Ñ§Ý (§Ò§Ñ§â§Ú§ä§à§ß), §¢§â§Ñ§ß§Ô§Ö§ß§Ñ (§ã§à§á§â§Ñ§ß§à), §®§Ö§Ý§à§ä (§ä§Ö§ß§à§â), §Þ§à§â§ñ§Ü (§ä§Ö§ß§à§â), §á§Ñ§ã§ä§å§ç (§ä§Ö§ß§à§â), §Ü§à§â§Þ§é§Ú§Û (§Ò§Ñ§â§Ú§ä§à§ß); §ï§Ü§Ú§á§Ñ§Ø §Ü§à§â§Ñ§Ò§Ý§ñ, §â§í§è§Ñ§â§Ú, §à§â§å§Ø§Ö§ß§à§ã§è§í. §£§â§Ö§Þ§ñ §Õ§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§ñ - §à§Ü§à§Ý§à XII §Ó§Ö§Ü§Ñ.
? §²§à§Þ§Ö§à §Ú §¥§Ø§å§Ý§î§Ö§ä§ä§Ñ¡° (§º§Ñ§â§Ý§î §¤§å§ß§à)? §±§Ö§â§Ó§Ñ§ñ §á§à§ã§ä§Ñ§ß§à§Ó§Ü§Ñ: §±§Ñ§â§Ú§Ø, "§´§Ö§Ñ§ä§â §Ý§Ú§â§Ú§Ü", 27 §Ñ§á§â§Ö§Ý§ñ 1867 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ. §¥§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§å§ð§ë§Ú§Ö §Ý§Ú§è§Ñ: §¿§ã§Ü§Ñ§Ý, §Ô§Ö§â§è§à§Ô §£§Ö§â§à§ß§ã§Ü§Ú§Û (§Ò§Ñ§ã), §¤§â§Ñ§æ §±§Ñ§â§Ú§ã (§Ò§Ñ§â§Ú§ä§à§ß), §¤§â§Ñ§æ §¬§Ñ§á§å§Ý§Ö§ä§ä§Ú (§Ò§Ñ§ã), §¥§Ø§å§Ý§î§Ö§ä§ä§Ñ, §Ö§Ô§à §Õ§à§é§î (§ã§à§á§â§Ñ§ß§à), §¤§Ö§â§ä§â§å§Õ§Ñ, §Ö§× §Ü§à§â§Þ§Ú§Ý§Ú§è§Ñ (§Þ§Ö§è§è§à-§ã§à§á§â§Ñ§ß§à), §´§Ú§Ò§Ñ§Ý§î§Õ, §á§Ý§Ö§Þ§ñ§ß§ß§Ú§Ü §¬§Ñ§á§å§Ý§Ö§ä§ä§Ú (§ä§Ö§ß§à§â), §²§à§Þ§Ö§à, §ã§í§ß §Ô§â§Ñ§æ§Ñ §®§à§ß§ä§Ö§Ü§Ü§Ú (§ä§Ö§ß§à§â), §®§Ö§â§Ü§å§è§Ú§Û, §Ö§Ô§à §Õ§â§å§Ô (§Ò§Ñ§â§Ú§ä§à§ß), §¢§Ö§ß§Ó§à§Ý§Ú§à, §Ö§Ô§à §Õ§â§å§Ô (§ä§Ö§ß§à§â), §³§ä§Ö§æ§Ñ§ß§à, §á§Ñ§Ø §²§à§Þ§Ö§à (§ã§à§á§â§Ñ§ß§à), §¤§â§Ö§Ô§à§â§Ú§à, §ã§Ý§å§Ô§Ñ §¬§Ñ§á§å§Ý§Ö§ä§ä§Ú (§Ò§Ñ§â§Ú§ä§à§ß), §­§à§â§Ö§ß§è§à, §Þ§à§ß§Ñ§ç (§Ò§Ñ§ã). §¥§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§Ö §á§â§à§Ú§ã§ç§à§Õ§Ú§ä §Ó §£§Ö§â§à§ß§Ö §Ó §ß§Ñ§é§Ñ§Ý§Ö XIV §Ó§Ö§Ü§Ñ.
? §¶§Ñ§å§ã§ä¡° (§º§Ñ§â§Ý§î §¤§å§ß§à)? §±§Ö§â§Ó§Ñ§ñ §á§à§ã§ä§Ñ§ß§à§Ó§Ü§Ñ: §±§Ñ§â§Ú§Ø, "§´§Ö§Ñ§ä§â §Ý§Ú§â§Ú§Ü", 19 §Þ§Ñ§â§ä§Ñ 1859 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ; §à§Ü§à§ß§é§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§Ñ§ñ §â§Ö§Õ§Ñ§Ü§è§Ú§ñ: §±§Ñ§â§Ú§Ø, "§¤§â§Ñ§ß§Õ-§°§á§Ö§â§Ñ", 3 §Þ§Ñ§â§ä§Ñ 1869 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ. §¥§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§å§ð§ë§Ú§Ö §Ý§Ú§è§Ñ: §¶§Ñ§å§ã§ä (§ä§Ö§ß§à§â), §®§Ö§æ§Ú§ã§ä§à§æ§Ö§Ý§î (§Ò§Ñ§ã), §®§Ñ§â§Ô§Ñ§â§Ú§ä§Ñ (§ã§à§á§â§Ñ§ß§à), §£§Ñ§Ý§Ö§ß§ä§Ú§ß (§Ò§Ñ§â§Ú§ä§à§ß), §£§Ñ§Ô§ß§Ö§â (§Ò§Ñ§ã), §©§Ú§Ò§Ö§Ý§î (§Þ§Ö§è§è§à-§ã§à§á§â§Ñ§ß§à); §ã§ä§å§Õ§Ö§ß§ä§í, §ã§à§Ý§Õ§Ñ§ä§í, §Ô§à§â§à§Ø§Ñ§ß§Ö, §Õ§Ö§ä§Ú, §á§â§à§ã§ä§à§ß§Ñ§â§à§Õ§î§Ö. §¥§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§Ö §á§â§à§Ú§ã§ç§à§Õ§Ú§ä §Ó §¤§Ö§â§Þ§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ú §Ó §ã§â§Ö§Õ§ß§Ú§Ö §Ó§Ö§Ü§Ñ.
? §¡§Ú§Õ§Ñ¡° (§£§Ö§â§Õ§Ú)? §±§Ö§â§Ó§Ñ§ñ §á§à§ã§ä§Ñ§ß§à§Ó§Ü§Ñ: §¬§Ñ§Ú§â, §ä§Ö§Ñ§ä§â §à§á§Ö§â§í, 24 §Õ§Ö§Ü§Ñ§Ò§â§ñ 1871 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ. §¥§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§å§ð§ë§Ú§Ö §Ý§Ú§è§Ñ: §è§Ñ§â§î (§Ò§Ñ§ã), §¡§Þ§ß§Ö§â§Ú§ã (§Þ§Ö§è§è§à-§ã§à§á§â§Ñ§ß§à), §¡§Ú§Õ§Ñ (§ã§à§á§â§Ñ§ß§à), §²§Ñ§Õ§Ñ§Þ§Ö§ã (§ä§Ö§ß§à§â), §²§Ñ§Þ§æ§Ú§ã (§Ò§Ñ§ã), §¡§Þ§à§ß§Ñ§ã§â§à (§Ò§Ñ§â§Ú§ä§à§ß), §Ô§à§ß§Ö§è (§ä§Ö§ß§à§â). §¨§â§Ö§è§í, §Ø§â§Ú§è§í, §á§â§Ú§Õ§Ó§à§â§ß§í§Ö, §ã§à§Ý§Õ§Ñ§ä§í, §ã§Ý§å§Ô§Ú, §â§Ñ§Ò§í §Ú §á§Ý§Ö§ß§ß§í§Ö §ï§æ§Ú§à§á§í, §Ö§Ô§Ú§á§Ö§ä§ã§Ü§Ú§Û §ß§Ñ§â§à§Õ. §¥§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§Ö §á§â§à§Ú§ã§ç§à§Õ§Ú§ä §Ó §®§Ö§Þ§æ§Ú§ã§Ö §Ú §¶§Ú§Ó§Ñ§ç §Ó§à §Ó§â§Ö§Þ§Ö§ß§Ñ §Ó§Ý§Ñ§Õ§í§é§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ §æ§Ñ§â§Ñ§à§ß§à§Ó.
? §¬§Ñ§â§Þ§Ö§ß¡° (§¢§Ú§Ù§Ö)? §±§Ö§â§Ó§Ñ§ñ §á§à§ã§ä§Ñ§ß§à§Ó§Ü§Ñ: §±§Ñ§â§Ú§Ø, "§°§á§Ö§â§Ñ §Ü§à§Þ§Ú§Ü", 3 §Þ§Ñ§â§ä§Ñ 1875 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ. §¥§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§å§ð§ë§Ú§Ö §Ý§Ú§è§Ñ: §¬§Ñ§â§Þ§Ö§ß (§Þ§Ö§è§è§à-§ã§à§á§â§Ñ§ß§à), §®§Ú§Ü§Ñ§ï§Ý§Ñ (§ã§à§á§â§Ñ§ß§à), §¶§â§Ñ§ã§Ü§Ú§ä§Ñ (§ã§à§á§â§Ñ§ß§à), §®§Ö§â§ã§Ö§Õ§Ö§ã (§Þ§Ö§è§è§à-§ã§à§á§â§Ñ§ß§à), ..., §á§â§à§Ó§à§Õ§ß§Ú§Ü, §à§æ§Ú§è§Ö§â§í, §ã§à§Ý§Ø§Ñ§ä§í, §Þ§Ñ§Ý§î§é§Ú§ê§Ü§Ú, §â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§ß§Ú§è§í §ã§Ú§Ô§Ñ§â§ß§à§Û §æ§Ñ§Ò§â§Ú§Ü§Ú, §è§í§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ö, §Ü§à§ß§ä§â§Ñ§Ò§Ñ§ß§Õ§Ú§ã§ä§í. §¥§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§Ö §á§â§à§Ú§ã§ç§à§Õ§Ú§ä §Ó §ª§ã§á§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ú §à§Ü§à§Ý§à 1820 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ.
? §¬§à§Ý§î§è§à §ß§Ú§Ò§Ö§Ý§å§ß§Ô§Ñ¡° (§£§Ñ§Ô§ß§Ö§â)? §±§â§à§Ý§à§Ô: "§©§à§Ý§à§ä§à §²§Ö§Û§ß§Ñ". §±§Ö§â§Ó§í§Û §Õ§Ö§ß§î: "§£§Ñ§Ý§î§Ü§Ú§â§Ú§ñ". §£§ä§à§â§à§Û §Õ§Ö§ß§î: "§©§Ú§Ô§æ§â§Ú§Õ". §´§â§Ö§ä§Ú§Û §Õ§Ö§ß§î: "§¤§Ú§Ò§Ö§Ý§î §Ò§à§Ô§à§Ó". §±§Ö§â§Ó§à§Ö §á§â§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §á§à§Ý§ß§à§ã§ä§î§ð: §¢§Ñ§Û§â§×§Û§ä, "§¶§Ö§ã§ä§ê§á§Ú§Ý§î§ç§Ñ§å§ã", 13 - 17 §Ñ§Ó§Ô§å§ã§ä§Ñ 1876 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ.
? §°§ä§Ö§Ý§Ý§à¡° (§£§Ö§â§Õ§Ú)? §±§Ö§â§Ó§Ñ§ñ §á§à§ã§ä§Ñ§ß§à§Ó§Ü§Ñ: §®§Ú§Ý§Ñ§ß, §ä§Ö§Ñ§ä§â "§­§Ñ §³§Ü§Ñ§Ý§Ñ", 5 §æ§Ö§Ó§â§Ñ§Ý§ñ 1887 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ. §¥§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§å§ð§ë§Ú§Ö §Ý§Ú§è§Ñ: §°§ä§Ö§Ý§Ý§à (§ä§Ö§ß§à§â), §Á§Ô§à (§Ò§Ñ§â§Ú§ä§à§ß), §¬§Ñ§ã§ã§Ú§à (§ä§Ö§ß§à§â), §²§à§Õ§Ö§â§Ú§Ô§à (§ä§Ö§ß§à§â), §­§à§Õ§à§Ó§Ú§Ü§à (§Ò§Ñ§ã), §®§à§ß§ä§Ñ§ß§à (§Ò§Ñ§ã), §¥§Ö§Ù§Õ§Ö§Þ§à§ß§Ñ (§ã§à§á§â§Ñ§ß§à), §¿§Þ§Ú§Ý§Ú§ñ (§Þ§Ö§è§è§à-§ã§à§á§â§Ñ§ß§à), §Ô§Ö§â§à§Ý§î§Õ (§Ò§Ñ§ã); §ã§à§Ý§Õ§Ñ§ä§í §Ú §Þ§à§â§ñ§Ü§Ú §£§Ö§ß§Ö§è§Ú§Ñ§ß§ã§Ü§à§Û §â§Ö§ã§á§å§Ò§Ý§Ú§Ü§Ú, §Ø§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§Ú §¬§Ú§á§â§Ñ, §Ô§â§Ö§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§Ö §Ó§à§Ú§ß§í, §Õ§Ñ§Ý§Þ§Ñ§ä§í, §Ñ§Ý§Ò§Ñ§ß§è§í, §ç§à§Ù§ñ§Ú§ß §ä§Ñ§Ó§Ö§â§ß§í, §é§Ö§ä§Ó§Ö§â§à §ã§Ý§å§Ô §Ó §ä§Ñ§Ó§Ö§â§ß§Ö, §Ô§â§Ö§Ò§Ö§è. §¥§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§Ö §á§â§à§Ú§ã§ç§à§Õ§Ú§ä §Ó §Ü§à§ß§è§Ö XV §Ó§Ö§Ü§Ñ §Ó §á§â§Ú§Þ§à§â§ã§Ü§à§Þ §Ô§à§â§à§Õ§Ö §ß§Ñ §à§ã§ä§â§à§Ó§Ö §¬§Ú§á§â§Ö, §á§à§Õ§é§Ú§ß§×§ß§ß§à§Þ §£§Ö§ß§Ö§è§Ú§Ú.
? §®§à§è§Ñ§â§ä §Ú §³§Ñ§Ý§î§Ö§â§Ú¡° (§²§Ú§Þ§ã§Ü§Ú§Û-§¬§à§â§ã§Ñ§Ü§à§Ó)? §¥§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§å§ð§ë§Ú§Ö §Ý§Ú§è§Ñ: §®§à§è§Ñ§â§ä (§ä§Ö§ß§à§â), §³§Ñ§Ý§î§Ö§â§Ú (§Ò§Ñ§â§Ú§ä§à§ß), §³§Ý§Ö§á§à§Û §ã§Ü§â§Ú§á§Ñ§é (§Ò§Ö§Ù §á§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ). §£§à §Ó§ä§à§â§à§Û §ã§è§Ö§ß§Ö (§Ü§Ñ§â§ä§Ú§ß§Ö) §Ù§Ñ§Ü§å§Ý§Ú§ã§ß§í§Û §ç§à§â (§á§à §Ø§Ö§Ý§Ñ§ß§Ú§ð). §£§â§Ö§Þ§ñ §Õ§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§ñ: §Ü§à§ß§Ö§è XVIII §Ó§Ö§Ü§Ñ. §®§Ö§ã§ä§à §Õ§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§ñ: §£§Ö§ß§Ñ. §±§Ö§â§Ó§à§Ö §Ú§ã§á§à§Ý§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö: §®§à§ã§Ü§Ó§Ñ, 6 (18) §ß§à§ñ§Ò§â§ñ 1898 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ.
? §±§Ú§Ü§à§Ó§Ñ§ñ §Õ§Ñ§Þ§Ñ¡° (§¹§Ñ§Û§Ü§à§Ó§ã§Ü§Ú§Û)? §±§Ö§â§Ó§Ñ§ñ §á§à§ã§ä§Ñ§ß§à§Ó§Ü§Ñ: §±§Ö§ä§Ö§â§Ò§å§â§Ô, §®§Ñ§â§Ú§Ú§ß§ã§Ü§Ú§Û §ä§Ö§Ñ§ä§â, 7 §Õ§Ö§Ü§Ñ§Ò§â§ñ 1890 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ, §á§à§Õ §å§á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö§Þ §¿. §¯§Ñ§á§â§Ñ§Ó§ß§Ú§Ü§Ñ. §¥§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§å§ð§ë§Ú§Ö §Ý§Ú§è§Ñ: §¤§Ö§â§Þ§Ñ§ß (§ä§Ö§ß§à§â), §¤§â§Ñ§æ §´§à§Þ§ã§Ü§Ú§Û (§©§Ý§Ñ§ä§à§Ô§à§â) (§Ò§Ñ§â§Ú§ä§à§ß), §¬§ß§ñ§Ù§î §¦§Ý§Ö§è§Ü§Ú§Û (§Ò§Ñ§â§Ú§ä§à§ß), §¤§â§Ñ§æ§Ú§ß§ñ (§Þ§Ö§è§è§à-§ã§à§á§â§Ñ§ß§à), §­§Ú§Ù§Ñ, §Ö§× §Ó§ß§å§é§Ü§Ñ (§ã§à§á§â§Ñ§ß§à), ..., §ß§ñ§ß§ð§ê§Ü§Ú, §Ô§å§Ó§Ö§â§ß§Ñ§ß§ä§Ü§Ú, §Ü§à§â§Þ§Ú§Ý§Ú§è§í, §Ô§å§Ý§ñ§ð§ë§Ú§Ö, §Ô§à§ã§ä§Ú, §Õ§Ö§ä§Ú, §Ú§Ô§â§à§Ü§Ú §Ú §á§â§à§é§Ú§Ö. §¥§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§Ö §á§â§à§Ú§ã§ç§à§Õ§Ú§ä §Ó §±§Ö§ä§Ö§â§Ò§å§â§Ô§Ö §Ó §Ü§à§ß§è§Ö XVIII §Ó§Ö§Ü§Ñ.
? §©§à§Ý§à§ä§à§Û §á§Ö§ä§å§ê§à§Ü¡° (§²§Ú§Þ§ã§Ü§Ú§Û-§¬§à§â§ã§Ñ§Ü§à§Ó)? §±§Ö§â§Ó§Ñ§ñ §á§à§ã§ä§Ñ§ß§à§Ó§Ü§Ñ: §®§à§ã§Ü§Ó§Ñ, §à§á§Ö§â§ß§í§Û §ä§Ö§Ñ§ä§â §©§Ú§Þ§Ú§ß§Ñ, 24 §ã§Ö§ß§ä§ñ§Ò§â§ñ 1909 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ. §¥§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§å§ð§ë§Ú§Ö §Ý§Ú§è§Ñ: §¸§Ñ§â§î §¥§à§Õ§à§ß (§Ò§Ñ§ã), §º§Ö§Þ§Ñ§ç§Ñ§ß§ã§Ü§Ñ§ñ §è§Ñ§â§Ú§è§Ñ (§ã§à§á§â§Ñ§ß§à), §©§Ó§Ö§Ù§Õ§à§é§×§ä (§ä§Ö§ß§à§â), §¸§Ñ§â§Ö§Ó§Ú§é §¤§Ó§Ú§Õ§à§ß (§ä§Ö§ß§à§â), §¸§Ñ§â§Ö§Ó§Ú§é §¡§æ§â§à§ß (§Ò§Ñ§â§Ú§ä§à§ß), §±§à§Ý§Ü§Ñ§ß (§Ò§Ñ§ã), §¡§Þ§Ö§Ý§æ§Ñ (§Þ§Ö§è§è§à-§ã§à§á§â§Ñ§ß§à). §¥§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§Ö §á§â§à§Ú§ã§ç§à§Õ§Ú§ä §Ó §´§â§Ú§Õ§Ö§ã§ñ§ä§à§Þ §è§Ñ§â§ã§ä§Ó§Ö.
? §£§à§Û§ß§Ñ §Ú §Þ§Ú§â¡° (§±§â§à§Ü§à§æ§î§Ö§Ó)? §±§Ö§â§Ó§Ñ§ñ §á§à§ã§ä§Ñ§ß§à§Ó§Ü§Ñ: §­§Ö§ß§Ú§ß§Ô§â§Ñ§Õ, §®§Ñ§Ý§í§Û §à§á§Ö§â§ß§í§Û §ä§Ö§Ñ§ä§â, 12 §Ú§ð§ß§ñ 1946 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ, §á§à§Õ §å§á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö§Þ §³. §³§Ñ§Þ§à§ã§å§Õ§Ñ. §¥§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§Ö §á§â§à§Ú§ã§ç§à§Õ§Ú§ä §Ó §²§à§ã§ã§Ú§Ú §ã 1809 §á§à 1812 §Ô§à§Õ.
§²§¦§¡§­§¾§¯§¦ §©§¡ §£§¯§¦§®§¡§¯§ª§¦ §³§±§¡§³§ª§¢§¡!!11 §Ñ§Õ§Ú§ß§Ñ§è§Ñ§ä§î

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Opera

  • 1. §¡§ß§à§ß§ã §à§á§Ö§â§ß§à§Û §ã§è§Ö§ß§í XVIII-XX §Ó§Ö§Ü§Ñ §¬§à§Ò§Ö§Ý§Ö§Ó§Ñ §¡. §±§à§Ô§à§â§Ö§Ý§à§Ó §ª.
  • 2. §¹§ä§à §ä§Ñ§Ü§à§Ö §à§á§Ö§â§Ñ? §°§á§Ö§â§Ñ (§Ú§ä§Ñ§Ý. opera ?§Õ§Ö§Ý§à, §ä§â§å§Õ, §â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§Ñ; §à§á§Ö§â§Ñ?, §Ú§Ù §Ý§Ñ§ä. opera ?§ä§â§å§Õ, §Ú§Ù§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ú§Ö, §á§â§à§Ú§Ù§Ó§Ö§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö?) ¡ª §Ø§Ñ§ß§â §ä§Ö§Ñ§ä§â§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §á§â§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Û, §Ó §Ü§à§ä§à§â§à§Þ §â§Ö§é§î, §ã§à§Ö§Õ§Ú§ß§×§ß§ß§Ñ§ñ §ã §Þ§å§Ù§í§Ü§à§Û (§á§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Ú §Ñ§Ü§Ü§à§Þ§á§Ñ§ß§Ö§Þ§Ö§ß§ä), §Ú §ã§è§Ö§ß§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Ö §Õ§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§Ö §Ú§Þ§Ö§ð§ä §á§â§Ö§à§Ò§Ý§Ñ§Õ§Ñ§ð§ë§Ö§Ö §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö.
  • 3. ? §³§Ó§Ñ§Õ§î§Ò§Ñ §¶§Ú§Ô§Ñ§â§à¡° (§®§à§è§Ñ§â§ä)? §±§Ö§â§Ó§Ñ§ñ §á§à§ã§ä§Ñ§ß§à§Ó§Ü§Ñ: §£§Ö§ß§Ñ, "§¢§å§â§Ô§ä§Ö§Ñ§ä§â", 1 §Þ§Ñ§ñ 1786 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ. §¥§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§å§ð§ë§Ú§Ö §Ý§Ú§è§Ñ: §¤§â§Ñ§æ §¡§Ý§î§Þ§Ñ§Ó§Ú§Ó§Ñ, §Ü§à§â§â§Ö§ç§Ú§Õ§à§â §¡§ß§Õ§Ñ§Ý§å§Ù§Ú§Ú (§Ò§Ñ§â§Ú§ä§à§ß), §¤§â§Ñ§æ§Ú§ß§ñ §²§à§Ù§Ú§ß§Ñ, §Ö§Ô§à §Ø§Ö§ß§Ñ (§ã§à§á§â§Ñ§ß§à), §¶§Ú§Ô§Ñ§â§à, §Ü§Ñ§Þ§Ö§â§Õ§Ú§ß§Ö§â §Ô§â§Ñ§æ§Ñ (§Ò§Ñ§ã), ..., §Õ§à§ß §¢§Ñ§Ù§Ú§Ý§Ú§à, §å§é§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î §Þ§å§Ù§í§Ü§Ú §Ô§â§Ñ§æ§Ú§ß§Ú (§ä§Ö§ß§à§â), §Õ§à§ß §¬§å§â§è§Ú§à (§ä§Ö§ß§à§â), §Õ§Ó§Ö §Õ§Ö§Ó§å§ê§Ü§Ú (§ã§à§á§â§Ñ§ß§à), §Ü§â§Ö§ã§ä§î§ñ§ß§Ö §Ú §Ü§â§Ö§ã§ä§î§ñ§ß§Ü§Ú, §Ô§à§ã§ä§Ú, §à§ç§à§ä§ß§Ú§Ü§Ú, §ã§Ý§å§Ô§Ú. §¥§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§Ö §á§â§à§Ú§ã§ç§à§Õ§Ú§ä §Ó XVIII §Ó§Ö§Ü§Ö, §Ó §Ù§Ñ§Þ§Ü§Ö §Ò§Ý§Ú§Ù §³§Ö§Ó§Ú§Ý§î§Ú.
  • 4. ? §¥§à§ß §¨§å§Ñ§ß¡° (§®§à§è§Ñ§â§ä)? §±§Ö§â§Ó§Ñ§ñ §á§à§ã§ä§Ñ§ß§à§Ó§Ü§Ñ: §±§â§Ñ§Ô§Ñ, §¯§Ñ§è§Ú§à§ß§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§Û §ä§Ö§Ñ§ä§â, 29 §à§Ü§ä§ñ§Ò§â§ñ 1787 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ. §¥§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§å§ð§ë§Ú§Ö §Ý§Ú§è§Ñ: §¥§à§ß §¨§å§Ñ§ß (§Ò§Ñ§â§Ú§ä§à§ß), §Õ§à§ß§ß§Ñ §¡§ß§ß§Ñ (§ã§à§á§â§Ñ§ß§à), §Õ§à§ß §°§ä§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ú§à (§ä§Ö§ß§à§â), §¬§à§Þ§Ñ§ß§Õ§à§â (§Ò§Ñ§ã), §Õ§à§ß§ß§Ñ §¿§Ý§î§Ó§Ú§â§Ñ (§ã§à§á§â§Ñ§ß§à), §­§Ö§á§à§â§Ö§Ý§Ý§à (§Ò§Ñ§â§Ú§ä§à§ß), §¸§Ö§â§Ý§Ú§ß§Ñ (§ã§à§á§â§Ñ§ß§à), §®§Ñ§Ù§Ö§ä§ä§à (§Ò§Ñ§ã), §Ü§â§Ö§ã§ä§î§ñ§ß§Ö §Ú §Ü§â§Ö§ã§ä§î§ñ§ß§Ü§Ú, §ã§Ý§å§Ô§Ú §Ú §Þ§å§Ù§í§Ü§Ñ§ß§ä§í. §¥§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§Ö §á§â§à§Ú§ã§ç§à§Õ§Ú§ä §Ó §³§Ö§Ó§Ú§Ý§î§Ö §Ó §ã§â§Ö§Õ§ß§Ú§Ö §Ó§Ö§Ü§Ñ.
  • 5. ? §£§Ú§Ý§î§Ô§Ö§Ý§î§Þ §´§Ö§Ý§Ý§î¡° (§²§à§ã§ã§Ú§ß§Ú)? §±§Ö§â§Ó§Ñ§ñ §á§à§ã§ä§Ñ§ß§à§Ó§Ü§Ñ: §±§Ñ§â§Ú§Ø, §¬§à§â§à§Ý§Ö§Ó§ã§Ü§Ñ§ñ §Ñ§Ü§Ñ§Õ§Ö§Þ§Ú§ñ §Þ§å§Ù§í§Ü§Ú, 3 §Ñ§Ó§Ô§å§ã§ä§Ñ 1829 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ. §¥§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§å§ð§ë§Ú§Ö §Ý§Ú§è§Ñ: §£§Ú§Ý§î§Ô§Ö§Ý§î§Þ §´§Ö§Ý§Ý§î (§Ò§Ñ§â§Ú§ä§à§ß), §¡§â§ß§à§Ý§î§Õ (§ä§Ö§ß§à§â), §£§Ñ§Ý§î§ä§Ö§â §¶§ð§â§ã§ä (§Ò§Ñ§ã), §®§Ö§Ý§î§ç§ä§Ñ§Ý§î (§Ò§Ñ§ã), §¥§Ø§Ö§Þ§Þ§Ú (§Þ§Ö§è§è§à-§ã§à§á§â§Ñ§ß§à), §¤§Ö§Õ§Ó§Ú§Ô§Ñ (§Ü§à§ß§ä§â§Ñ§Ý§î§ä§à), §â§í§Ò§Ñ§Ü (§ä§Ö§ß§à§â); §à§æ§Ú§è§Ö§â§í §Ú §ã§à§Ý§Õ§Ñ§ä§í §¤§Ö§ã§Ý§Ö§â§Ñ, §á§Ñ§Ø§Ú, §Õ§Ñ§Þ§í §Ú§Ù §à§Ü§â§å§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §®§Ñ§ä§Ú§Ý§î§Õ§í, §á§Ñ§ã§ä§å§ç§Ú, §à§ç§à§ä§ß§Ú§Ü§Ú, §ä§Ñ§ß§è§à§â§í, §ê§Ó§Ö§Û§è§Ñ§â§ã§Ü§Ú§Ö §Ü§â§Ö§ã§ä§î§ñ§ß§Ö §Ú§Ù §Ü§Ñ§ß§ä§à§ß§Ñ §µ§â§Ú, §µ§ß§ä§Ö§â§Ó§Ñ§Ý§î§Õ§Ö§ß §Ú §º§Ó§Ú§è. §¥§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§Ö §á§â§à§Ú§ã§ç§à§Õ§Ú§ä §Ó §ê§Ó§Ö§Û§è§Ñ§â§ã§Ü§à§Þ §Ô§à§â§à§Õ§Ö §¡§Ý§î§ä§Õ§à§â§æ§Ö (§Ü§Ñ§ß§ä§à§ß §µ§â§Ú) §Ú §Ö§Ô§à §à§Ü§â§Ö§ã§ä§ß§à§ã§ä§ñ§ç.
  • 6. "§¤§å§Ô§Ö§ß§à§ä§í" (§¥§Ø§Ñ§Ü§à§Þ§à §®§Ö§Û§Ö§â§Ò§Ö§â§Ñ)? §±§Ö§â§Ó§à§Ö §Ú§ã§á§à§Ý§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö: §±§Ñ§â§Ú§Ø, 29 §æ§Ö§Ó§â§Ñ§Ý§ñ 1836 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ.
  • 7. ? §­§Ö§ä§å§é§Ú§Û §Ô§à§Ý§Ý§Ñ§ß§Õ§Ö§è¡° (§£§Ñ§Ô§ß§Ö§â)? §±§Ö§â§Ó§à§Ö §á§â§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö: §¥§â§Ö§Ù§Õ§Ö§ß, 2 §ñ§ß§Ó§Ñ§â§ñ 1843 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ. §¥§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§å§ð§ë§Ú§Ö §Ý§Ú§è§Ñ: §¤§à§Ý§Ý§Ñ§ß§Õ§Ö§è (§Ò§Ñ§â§Ú§ä§à§ß), §¥§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§ß§Õ, §ß§à§â§Ó§Ö§Ø§ã§Ü§Ú§Û §Þ§à§â§ñ§Ü (§Ò§Ñ§ã), §³§Ö§ß§ä§Ñ, §Ö§Ô§à §Õ§à§é§î (§ã§à§á§â§Ñ§ß§à), §¿§â§Ú§Ü, §à§ç§à§ä§ß§Ú§Ü (§ä§Ö§ß§à§â), §®§ï§â§Ú, §Ü§à§â§Þ§Ú§Ý§Ú§è§Ñ §³§Ö§ß§ä§í (§Þ§Ö§è§è§à-§ã§à§á§â§Ñ§ß§à), §²§å§Ý§Ö§Ó§à§Û §Ü§à§â§Ñ§Ò§Ý§ñ §¥§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§ß§Õ§Ñ (§ä§Ö§ß§à§â), §ß§à§â§Ó§Ö§Ø§ã§Ü§Ú§Ö §Þ§Ñ§ä§â§à§ã§í, §ï§Ü§Ú§á§Ñ§Ø §­§Ö§ä§å§é§Ö§Ô§à §Ô§à§Ý§Ý§Ñ§ß§Õ§è§Ñ, §Õ§Ö§Ó§å§ê§Ü§Ú. §¥§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§Ö §á§â§à§Ú§ã§ç§à§Õ§Ú§ä §ß§Ñ §ß§à§â§Ó§Ö§Ø§ã§Ü§à§Þ §Ò§Ö§â§Ö§Ô§å §à§Ü§à§Ý§à 1650 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ.
  • 8. ? §´§â§Ú§ã§ä§Ñ§ß §Ú §ª§Ù§à§Ý§î§Õ§Ñ¡° (§£§Ñ§Ô§ß§Ö§â)? §±§Ö§â§Ó§Ñ§ñ §á§à§ã§ä§Ñ§ß§à§Ó§Ü§Ñ: §®§ð§ß§ç§Ö§ß, §±§â§Ú§Õ§Ó§à§â§ß§í§Û §ä§Ö§Ñ§ä§â, 10 §Ú§ð§ß§ñ 1865 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ. §¥§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§å§ð§ë§Ú§Ö §Ý§Ú§è§Ñ: §´§â§Ú§ã§ä§Ñ§ß (§ä§Ö§ß§à§â), §Ü§à§â§à§Ý§î §®§Ñ§â§Ü (§Ò§Ñ§ã), §ª§Ù§à§Ý§î§Õ§Ñ (§ã§à§á§â§Ñ§ß§à), §¬§å§â§Ó§Ö§ß§Ñ§Ý (§Ò§Ñ§â§Ú§ä§à§ß), §¢§â§Ñ§ß§Ô§Ö§ß§Ñ (§ã§à§á§â§Ñ§ß§à), §®§Ö§Ý§à§ä (§ä§Ö§ß§à§â), §Þ§à§â§ñ§Ü (§ä§Ö§ß§à§â), §á§Ñ§ã§ä§å§ç (§ä§Ö§ß§à§â), §Ü§à§â§Þ§é§Ú§Û (§Ò§Ñ§â§Ú§ä§à§ß); §ï§Ü§Ú§á§Ñ§Ø §Ü§à§â§Ñ§Ò§Ý§ñ, §â§í§è§Ñ§â§Ú, §à§â§å§Ø§Ö§ß§à§ã§è§í. §£§â§Ö§Þ§ñ §Õ§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§ñ - §à§Ü§à§Ý§à XII §Ó§Ö§Ü§Ñ.
  • 9. ? §²§à§Þ§Ö§à §Ú §¥§Ø§å§Ý§î§Ö§ä§ä§Ñ¡° (§º§Ñ§â§Ý§î §¤§å§ß§à)? §±§Ö§â§Ó§Ñ§ñ §á§à§ã§ä§Ñ§ß§à§Ó§Ü§Ñ: §±§Ñ§â§Ú§Ø, "§´§Ö§Ñ§ä§â §Ý§Ú§â§Ú§Ü", 27 §Ñ§á§â§Ö§Ý§ñ 1867 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ. §¥§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§å§ð§ë§Ú§Ö §Ý§Ú§è§Ñ: §¿§ã§Ü§Ñ§Ý, §Ô§Ö§â§è§à§Ô §£§Ö§â§à§ß§ã§Ü§Ú§Û (§Ò§Ñ§ã), §¤§â§Ñ§æ §±§Ñ§â§Ú§ã (§Ò§Ñ§â§Ú§ä§à§ß), §¤§â§Ñ§æ §¬§Ñ§á§å§Ý§Ö§ä§ä§Ú (§Ò§Ñ§ã), §¥§Ø§å§Ý§î§Ö§ä§ä§Ñ, §Ö§Ô§à §Õ§à§é§î (§ã§à§á§â§Ñ§ß§à), §¤§Ö§â§ä§â§å§Õ§Ñ, §Ö§× §Ü§à§â§Þ§Ú§Ý§Ú§è§Ñ (§Þ§Ö§è§è§à-§ã§à§á§â§Ñ§ß§à), §´§Ú§Ò§Ñ§Ý§î§Õ, §á§Ý§Ö§Þ§ñ§ß§ß§Ú§Ü §¬§Ñ§á§å§Ý§Ö§ä§ä§Ú (§ä§Ö§ß§à§â), §²§à§Þ§Ö§à, §ã§í§ß §Ô§â§Ñ§æ§Ñ §®§à§ß§ä§Ö§Ü§Ü§Ú (§ä§Ö§ß§à§â), §®§Ö§â§Ü§å§è§Ú§Û, §Ö§Ô§à §Õ§â§å§Ô (§Ò§Ñ§â§Ú§ä§à§ß), §¢§Ö§ß§Ó§à§Ý§Ú§à, §Ö§Ô§à §Õ§â§å§Ô (§ä§Ö§ß§à§â), §³§ä§Ö§æ§Ñ§ß§à, §á§Ñ§Ø §²§à§Þ§Ö§à (§ã§à§á§â§Ñ§ß§à), §¤§â§Ö§Ô§à§â§Ú§à, §ã§Ý§å§Ô§Ñ §¬§Ñ§á§å§Ý§Ö§ä§ä§Ú (§Ò§Ñ§â§Ú§ä§à§ß), §­§à§â§Ö§ß§è§à, §Þ§à§ß§Ñ§ç (§Ò§Ñ§ã). §¥§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§Ö §á§â§à§Ú§ã§ç§à§Õ§Ú§ä §Ó §£§Ö§â§à§ß§Ö §Ó §ß§Ñ§é§Ñ§Ý§Ö XIV §Ó§Ö§Ü§Ñ.
  • 10. ? §¶§Ñ§å§ã§ä¡° (§º§Ñ§â§Ý§î §¤§å§ß§à)? §±§Ö§â§Ó§Ñ§ñ §á§à§ã§ä§Ñ§ß§à§Ó§Ü§Ñ: §±§Ñ§â§Ú§Ø, "§´§Ö§Ñ§ä§â §Ý§Ú§â§Ú§Ü", 19 §Þ§Ñ§â§ä§Ñ 1859 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ; §à§Ü§à§ß§é§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§Ñ§ñ §â§Ö§Õ§Ñ§Ü§è§Ú§ñ: §±§Ñ§â§Ú§Ø, "§¤§â§Ñ§ß§Õ-§°§á§Ö§â§Ñ", 3 §Þ§Ñ§â§ä§Ñ 1869 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ. §¥§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§å§ð§ë§Ú§Ö §Ý§Ú§è§Ñ: §¶§Ñ§å§ã§ä (§ä§Ö§ß§à§â), §®§Ö§æ§Ú§ã§ä§à§æ§Ö§Ý§î (§Ò§Ñ§ã), §®§Ñ§â§Ô§Ñ§â§Ú§ä§Ñ (§ã§à§á§â§Ñ§ß§à), §£§Ñ§Ý§Ö§ß§ä§Ú§ß (§Ò§Ñ§â§Ú§ä§à§ß), §£§Ñ§Ô§ß§Ö§â (§Ò§Ñ§ã), §©§Ú§Ò§Ö§Ý§î (§Þ§Ö§è§è§à-§ã§à§á§â§Ñ§ß§à); §ã§ä§å§Õ§Ö§ß§ä§í, §ã§à§Ý§Õ§Ñ§ä§í, §Ô§à§â§à§Ø§Ñ§ß§Ö, §Õ§Ö§ä§Ú, §á§â§à§ã§ä§à§ß§Ñ§â§à§Õ§î§Ö. §¥§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§Ö §á§â§à§Ú§ã§ç§à§Õ§Ú§ä §Ó §¤§Ö§â§Þ§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ú §Ó §ã§â§Ö§Õ§ß§Ú§Ö §Ó§Ö§Ü§Ñ.
  • 11. ? §¡§Ú§Õ§Ñ¡° (§£§Ö§â§Õ§Ú)? §±§Ö§â§Ó§Ñ§ñ §á§à§ã§ä§Ñ§ß§à§Ó§Ü§Ñ: §¬§Ñ§Ú§â, §ä§Ö§Ñ§ä§â §à§á§Ö§â§í, 24 §Õ§Ö§Ü§Ñ§Ò§â§ñ 1871 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ. §¥§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§å§ð§ë§Ú§Ö §Ý§Ú§è§Ñ: §è§Ñ§â§î (§Ò§Ñ§ã), §¡§Þ§ß§Ö§â§Ú§ã (§Þ§Ö§è§è§à-§ã§à§á§â§Ñ§ß§à), §¡§Ú§Õ§Ñ (§ã§à§á§â§Ñ§ß§à), §²§Ñ§Õ§Ñ§Þ§Ö§ã (§ä§Ö§ß§à§â), §²§Ñ§Þ§æ§Ú§ã (§Ò§Ñ§ã), §¡§Þ§à§ß§Ñ§ã§â§à (§Ò§Ñ§â§Ú§ä§à§ß), §Ô§à§ß§Ö§è (§ä§Ö§ß§à§â). §¨§â§Ö§è§í, §Ø§â§Ú§è§í, §á§â§Ú§Õ§Ó§à§â§ß§í§Ö, §ã§à§Ý§Õ§Ñ§ä§í, §ã§Ý§å§Ô§Ú, §â§Ñ§Ò§í §Ú §á§Ý§Ö§ß§ß§í§Ö §ï§æ§Ú§à§á§í, §Ö§Ô§Ú§á§Ö§ä§ã§Ü§Ú§Û §ß§Ñ§â§à§Õ. §¥§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§Ö §á§â§à§Ú§ã§ç§à§Õ§Ú§ä §Ó §®§Ö§Þ§æ§Ú§ã§Ö §Ú §¶§Ú§Ó§Ñ§ç §Ó§à §Ó§â§Ö§Þ§Ö§ß§Ñ §Ó§Ý§Ñ§Õ§í§é§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ §æ§Ñ§â§Ñ§à§ß§à§Ó.
  • 12. ? §¬§Ñ§â§Þ§Ö§ß¡° (§¢§Ú§Ù§Ö)? §±§Ö§â§Ó§Ñ§ñ §á§à§ã§ä§Ñ§ß§à§Ó§Ü§Ñ: §±§Ñ§â§Ú§Ø, "§°§á§Ö§â§Ñ §Ü§à§Þ§Ú§Ü", 3 §Þ§Ñ§â§ä§Ñ 1875 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ. §¥§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§å§ð§ë§Ú§Ö §Ý§Ú§è§Ñ: §¬§Ñ§â§Þ§Ö§ß (§Þ§Ö§è§è§à-§ã§à§á§â§Ñ§ß§à), §®§Ú§Ü§Ñ§ï§Ý§Ñ (§ã§à§á§â§Ñ§ß§à), §¶§â§Ñ§ã§Ü§Ú§ä§Ñ (§ã§à§á§â§Ñ§ß§à), §®§Ö§â§ã§Ö§Õ§Ö§ã (§Þ§Ö§è§è§à-§ã§à§á§â§Ñ§ß§à), ..., §á§â§à§Ó§à§Õ§ß§Ú§Ü, §à§æ§Ú§è§Ö§â§í, §ã§à§Ý§Ø§Ñ§ä§í, §Þ§Ñ§Ý§î§é§Ú§ê§Ü§Ú, §â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§ß§Ú§è§í §ã§Ú§Ô§Ñ§â§ß§à§Û §æ§Ñ§Ò§â§Ú§Ü§Ú, §è§í§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ö, §Ü§à§ß§ä§â§Ñ§Ò§Ñ§ß§Õ§Ú§ã§ä§í. §¥§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§Ö §á§â§à§Ú§ã§ç§à§Õ§Ú§ä §Ó §ª§ã§á§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ú §à§Ü§à§Ý§à 1820 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ.
  • 13. ? §¬§à§Ý§î§è§à §ß§Ú§Ò§Ö§Ý§å§ß§Ô§Ñ¡° (§£§Ñ§Ô§ß§Ö§â)? §±§â§à§Ý§à§Ô: "§©§à§Ý§à§ä§à §²§Ö§Û§ß§Ñ". §±§Ö§â§Ó§í§Û §Õ§Ö§ß§î: "§£§Ñ§Ý§î§Ü§Ú§â§Ú§ñ". §£§ä§à§â§à§Û §Õ§Ö§ß§î: "§©§Ú§Ô§æ§â§Ú§Õ". §´§â§Ö§ä§Ú§Û §Õ§Ö§ß§î: "§¤§Ú§Ò§Ö§Ý§î §Ò§à§Ô§à§Ó". §±§Ö§â§Ó§à§Ö §á§â§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §á§à§Ý§ß§à§ã§ä§î§ð: §¢§Ñ§Û§â§×§Û§ä, "§¶§Ö§ã§ä§ê§á§Ú§Ý§î§ç§Ñ§å§ã", 13 - 17 §Ñ§Ó§Ô§å§ã§ä§Ñ 1876 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ.
  • 14. ? §°§ä§Ö§Ý§Ý§à¡° (§£§Ö§â§Õ§Ú)? §±§Ö§â§Ó§Ñ§ñ §á§à§ã§ä§Ñ§ß§à§Ó§Ü§Ñ: §®§Ú§Ý§Ñ§ß, §ä§Ö§Ñ§ä§â "§­§Ñ §³§Ü§Ñ§Ý§Ñ", 5 §æ§Ö§Ó§â§Ñ§Ý§ñ 1887 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ. §¥§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§å§ð§ë§Ú§Ö §Ý§Ú§è§Ñ: §°§ä§Ö§Ý§Ý§à (§ä§Ö§ß§à§â), §Á§Ô§à (§Ò§Ñ§â§Ú§ä§à§ß), §¬§Ñ§ã§ã§Ú§à (§ä§Ö§ß§à§â), §²§à§Õ§Ö§â§Ú§Ô§à (§ä§Ö§ß§à§â), §­§à§Õ§à§Ó§Ú§Ü§à (§Ò§Ñ§ã), §®§à§ß§ä§Ñ§ß§à (§Ò§Ñ§ã), §¥§Ö§Ù§Õ§Ö§Þ§à§ß§Ñ (§ã§à§á§â§Ñ§ß§à), §¿§Þ§Ú§Ý§Ú§ñ (§Þ§Ö§è§è§à-§ã§à§á§â§Ñ§ß§à), §Ô§Ö§â§à§Ý§î§Õ (§Ò§Ñ§ã); §ã§à§Ý§Õ§Ñ§ä§í §Ú §Þ§à§â§ñ§Ü§Ú §£§Ö§ß§Ö§è§Ú§Ñ§ß§ã§Ü§à§Û §â§Ö§ã§á§å§Ò§Ý§Ú§Ü§Ú, §Ø§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§Ú §¬§Ú§á§â§Ñ, §Ô§â§Ö§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§Ö §Ó§à§Ú§ß§í, §Õ§Ñ§Ý§Þ§Ñ§ä§í, §Ñ§Ý§Ò§Ñ§ß§è§í, §ç§à§Ù§ñ§Ú§ß §ä§Ñ§Ó§Ö§â§ß§í, §é§Ö§ä§Ó§Ö§â§à §ã§Ý§å§Ô §Ó §ä§Ñ§Ó§Ö§â§ß§Ö, §Ô§â§Ö§Ò§Ö§è. §¥§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§Ö §á§â§à§Ú§ã§ç§à§Õ§Ú§ä §Ó §Ü§à§ß§è§Ö XV §Ó§Ö§Ü§Ñ §Ó §á§â§Ú§Þ§à§â§ã§Ü§à§Þ §Ô§à§â§à§Õ§Ö §ß§Ñ §à§ã§ä§â§à§Ó§Ö §¬§Ú§á§â§Ö, §á§à§Õ§é§Ú§ß§×§ß§ß§à§Þ §£§Ö§ß§Ö§è§Ú§Ú.
  • 15. ? §®§à§è§Ñ§â§ä §Ú §³§Ñ§Ý§î§Ö§â§Ú¡° (§²§Ú§Þ§ã§Ü§Ú§Û-§¬§à§â§ã§Ñ§Ü§à§Ó)? §¥§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§å§ð§ë§Ú§Ö §Ý§Ú§è§Ñ: §®§à§è§Ñ§â§ä (§ä§Ö§ß§à§â), §³§Ñ§Ý§î§Ö§â§Ú (§Ò§Ñ§â§Ú§ä§à§ß), §³§Ý§Ö§á§à§Û §ã§Ü§â§Ú§á§Ñ§é (§Ò§Ö§Ù §á§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ). §£§à §Ó§ä§à§â§à§Û §ã§è§Ö§ß§Ö (§Ü§Ñ§â§ä§Ú§ß§Ö) §Ù§Ñ§Ü§å§Ý§Ú§ã§ß§í§Û §ç§à§â (§á§à §Ø§Ö§Ý§Ñ§ß§Ú§ð). §£§â§Ö§Þ§ñ §Õ§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§ñ: §Ü§à§ß§Ö§è XVIII §Ó§Ö§Ü§Ñ. §®§Ö§ã§ä§à §Õ§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§ñ: §£§Ö§ß§Ñ. §±§Ö§â§Ó§à§Ö §Ú§ã§á§à§Ý§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö: §®§à§ã§Ü§Ó§Ñ, 6 (18) §ß§à§ñ§Ò§â§ñ 1898 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ.
  • 16. ? §±§Ú§Ü§à§Ó§Ñ§ñ §Õ§Ñ§Þ§Ñ¡° (§¹§Ñ§Û§Ü§à§Ó§ã§Ü§Ú§Û)? §±§Ö§â§Ó§Ñ§ñ §á§à§ã§ä§Ñ§ß§à§Ó§Ü§Ñ: §±§Ö§ä§Ö§â§Ò§å§â§Ô, §®§Ñ§â§Ú§Ú§ß§ã§Ü§Ú§Û §ä§Ö§Ñ§ä§â, 7 §Õ§Ö§Ü§Ñ§Ò§â§ñ 1890 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ, §á§à§Õ §å§á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö§Þ §¿. §¯§Ñ§á§â§Ñ§Ó§ß§Ú§Ü§Ñ. §¥§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§å§ð§ë§Ú§Ö §Ý§Ú§è§Ñ: §¤§Ö§â§Þ§Ñ§ß (§ä§Ö§ß§à§â), §¤§â§Ñ§æ §´§à§Þ§ã§Ü§Ú§Û (§©§Ý§Ñ§ä§à§Ô§à§â) (§Ò§Ñ§â§Ú§ä§à§ß), §¬§ß§ñ§Ù§î §¦§Ý§Ö§è§Ü§Ú§Û (§Ò§Ñ§â§Ú§ä§à§ß), §¤§â§Ñ§æ§Ú§ß§ñ (§Þ§Ö§è§è§à-§ã§à§á§â§Ñ§ß§à), §­§Ú§Ù§Ñ, §Ö§× §Ó§ß§å§é§Ü§Ñ (§ã§à§á§â§Ñ§ß§à), ..., §ß§ñ§ß§ð§ê§Ü§Ú, §Ô§å§Ó§Ö§â§ß§Ñ§ß§ä§Ü§Ú, §Ü§à§â§Þ§Ú§Ý§Ú§è§í, §Ô§å§Ý§ñ§ð§ë§Ú§Ö, §Ô§à§ã§ä§Ú, §Õ§Ö§ä§Ú, §Ú§Ô§â§à§Ü§Ú §Ú §á§â§à§é§Ú§Ö. §¥§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§Ö §á§â§à§Ú§ã§ç§à§Õ§Ú§ä §Ó §±§Ö§ä§Ö§â§Ò§å§â§Ô§Ö §Ó §Ü§à§ß§è§Ö XVIII §Ó§Ö§Ü§Ñ.
  • 17. ? §©§à§Ý§à§ä§à§Û §á§Ö§ä§å§ê§à§Ü¡° (§²§Ú§Þ§ã§Ü§Ú§Û-§¬§à§â§ã§Ñ§Ü§à§Ó)? §±§Ö§â§Ó§Ñ§ñ §á§à§ã§ä§Ñ§ß§à§Ó§Ü§Ñ: §®§à§ã§Ü§Ó§Ñ, §à§á§Ö§â§ß§í§Û §ä§Ö§Ñ§ä§â §©§Ú§Þ§Ú§ß§Ñ, 24 §ã§Ö§ß§ä§ñ§Ò§â§ñ 1909 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ. §¥§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§å§ð§ë§Ú§Ö §Ý§Ú§è§Ñ: §¸§Ñ§â§î §¥§à§Õ§à§ß (§Ò§Ñ§ã), §º§Ö§Þ§Ñ§ç§Ñ§ß§ã§Ü§Ñ§ñ §è§Ñ§â§Ú§è§Ñ (§ã§à§á§â§Ñ§ß§à), §©§Ó§Ö§Ù§Õ§à§é§×§ä (§ä§Ö§ß§à§â), §¸§Ñ§â§Ö§Ó§Ú§é §¤§Ó§Ú§Õ§à§ß (§ä§Ö§ß§à§â), §¸§Ñ§â§Ö§Ó§Ú§é §¡§æ§â§à§ß (§Ò§Ñ§â§Ú§ä§à§ß), §±§à§Ý§Ü§Ñ§ß (§Ò§Ñ§ã), §¡§Þ§Ö§Ý§æ§Ñ (§Þ§Ö§è§è§à-§ã§à§á§â§Ñ§ß§à). §¥§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§Ö §á§â§à§Ú§ã§ç§à§Õ§Ú§ä §Ó §´§â§Ú§Õ§Ö§ã§ñ§ä§à§Þ §è§Ñ§â§ã§ä§Ó§Ö.
  • 18. ? §£§à§Û§ß§Ñ §Ú §Þ§Ú§â¡° (§±§â§à§Ü§à§æ§î§Ö§Ó)? §±§Ö§â§Ó§Ñ§ñ §á§à§ã§ä§Ñ§ß§à§Ó§Ü§Ñ: §­§Ö§ß§Ú§ß§Ô§â§Ñ§Õ, §®§Ñ§Ý§í§Û §à§á§Ö§â§ß§í§Û §ä§Ö§Ñ§ä§â, 12 §Ú§ð§ß§ñ 1946 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ, §á§à§Õ §å§á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö§Þ §³. §³§Ñ§Þ§à§ã§å§Õ§Ñ. §¥§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§Ö §á§â§à§Ú§ã§ç§à§Õ§Ú§ä §Ó §²§à§ã§ã§Ú§Ú §ã 1809 §á§à 1812 §Ô§à§Õ.
  • 19. §²§¦§¡§­§¾§¯§¦ §©§¡ §£§¯§¦§®§¡§¯§ª§¦ §³§±§¡§³§ª§¢§¡!!11 §Ñ§Õ§Ú§ß§Ñ§è§Ñ§ä§î