The Moon is Earth's only natural satellite, located approximately 384,000 km away. It has no atmosphere and extreme surface temperatures, ranging from 130属C during the day to -190属C at night. The Moon's surface is marked by impact craters formed by meteorites, and it revolves around Earth every 27 days while rotating on its axis at the same rate, so the same side always faces Earth. The Moon has different illuminated phases that change as it orbits Earth, from new to waxing crescent to first quarter to waxing gibbous to full and then waning phases back to new. Humans first explored the Moon in the 1960s and 1970s through a series of Apollo missions that walked 12