4. 什么是机器学习?
? 机器可以学习和思考么?
? “Machine Learning”, 1959, IBM, Arthur Samuel
? 机器学习(统计学习): 计算机系统基于数据运用统计方法提升系统
性能的过程
? 基本假设: 同类型的数据具有一定的统计规律性
Data ML Skill
5. 机器学习的定义
? 形式化定义:
? A computer program is said to learn from experience E with
respect to some class of tasks T and performance measure P if its
performance at tasks in T, as measured by P, improves with
experience E (Tom M.Mitchell)
Data ML Skill
Improved performance measure
(e.g. prediction accuracy)
Experience Task: e.g. prediction
9. AI的诞生: 40~50年代
? 1943, Pitts和McCulloch提出人工神经网络(ANN)
? 1950, 图灵测试,如果一台机器能够与人类展开对话而不能被辨别出
其机器身份,那么称这台机器具有智能
? 1952, 游戏AI, Samuel的国际象棋程序可以挑战有相当水平的业务
爱好者
? 1955, Newell&Simon开发了逻辑理论家证明数学原理的38个原理
? 1956, 达特茅斯Workshop, 提出AI定义
? 人工智能就是要让机器的行为和人所表现的智能行为一样
? Every aspect of learning or any other feature of
intelligence can be so precisely described that a
machine can be made to simulate it.