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This document discusses key concepts in phonology including phonemes, phones and allophones, minimal pairs, syllables, consonant clusters, coarticulation effects, assimilation, nasalization, and elision. It explains that phonology describes the sound patterns and systems of a language, focusing on the mental representation rather than physical articulation of sounds. Phonemes are the smallest units of sound that can distinguish meaning, while phones are actual speech sounds and allophones are contextual variants of phonemes.
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![Phonemes
Phonemes: one of these meaning-distinguishing sounds in a language
is described as a phoneme.
Phonemes: is the single stable sound type that is represented by a
single written symbol.
Example: it is in the sense that the phoneme /t/ is described as a
sound type of which All the different spoken versions of [t] are
tokens.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/presentation11-181107210930/85/Presentation-1-5-320.jpg)
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Presentation (1)
- 1. Student name : nouf aljihani ID: 361005902 Section: 246
- 2. The sound patters of language
- 3. Phonology Phonology: is essentially the description of the systems and patterns of speech sounds in a language.
- 4. Phonology Is concerned with the abstract or mental aspect of the sounds in language rather than with the actual physical articulation of speech sounds.
- 5. Phonemes Phonemes: one of these meaning-distinguishing sounds in a language is described as a phoneme. Phonemes: is the single stable sound type that is represented by a single written symbol. Example: it is in the sense that the phoneme /t/ is described as a sound type of which All the different spoken versions of [t] are tokens.
- 6. Phones and allophones Phones : are phonetic units appear in square brackets . Allophones: its a set of phones all of which versions of one we phoneme we add the prefix allo (one of the closely related set) and refer to them as allophones of that phoneme.
- 7. Minimal pairs & sets Phonemic distinctions a language can be tested via pairs and sets of words.when two words such as pat & bat are identical in form except for a contrast in one phoneme. Occurring in the same position the two words Are described as a minimal pair for example Arabic does not have this contrast between /p/ & /b/
- 8. Syllables Syllable: a syllable must contain a vowel-like sound including diphthongs. The most common syllable in language also has a consonant (c) before the vowel (v) and is typically represented as CV
- 10. Consonant clusters Both onset & coda can consist of more than one consonant also known as consonant cluster. The combination/st/ is a consonant cluster (cc) used as onset in word stop and as coda in the word past .
- 11. Coarticulation effects It is quite unusual for languages to have large consonant clusters of the type just described indeed the syllable structure of many languages (e.g Japanese) is pre-dominantly CV. It is also noticeable in English that large consonant clusters may be reduced in casual conversational speech particularly if they occur in the middle of a word this is just one example of a process that is usually discussed in terms of coarticulation effects.
- 12. Assimilation When two sound segments occur in sequence and some aspect of one segment is taken or copied by the others the process is known as assimilation.
- 13. Nasalization When we say words like pin and pan in everyday speech the anticipation of forming the final nasal consonant will make it easier to go into the nasalized articulation in advance this process is known as nasalization.
- 14. Elision It is the word isolation in a pronunciation described as elision.
- 15. Normal speech These processes of assimilation and elision occur in everyones normal speech and should not be regarded as some type of sloppiness or laziness in speaking