This document summarizes key concepts about packages, classes, and the static keyword in Java. It discusses how packages are used to organize classes and prevent naming conflicts. It also explains that the static keyword in Java is used for memory management and that static variables, methods, blocks, and nested classes belong to the class rather than object instances. The document provides examples of how to define packages and use the static keyword with variables, methods, and blocks in Java programs.
This document discusses inheritance in Java. It defines inheritance as a mechanism where a subclass inherits the properties and behaviors of its parent class. It provides an example of single inheritance in Java where class B extends class A, inheriting its attributes and methods. The document also describes different types of inheritance like multilevel inheritance where a class inherits from another subclass, and hierarchical inheritance where a parent class has multiple subclasses. It provides an example of inheritance between different animal classes to demonstrate these concepts.
The document discusses exception handling in C++. It defines exceptions as conditions that occur during execution and prevent normal program continuation. Exception handling involves trying blocks of code that may throw exceptions, throwing exceptions when errors occur, and catching exceptions in handler blocks to deal with the errors. The key aspects of exception handling are try blocks for code that can throw, throw statements to indicate exceptions, and catch blocks that match exception types to handle them.
This document provides an overview of generics in Java. It discusses the benefits of generics, including type safety and compile-time error detection. It also covers generic classes and interfaces, generic methods, wildcard types, and restrictions on generics. Examples are provided to illustrate key concepts like generic classes with multiple type parameters, bounded types, and the implementation of generics using type erasure.
Java abstract class & abstract methods,Abstract class in java
Abstract classes are classes that contain one or more abstract methods. An abstract method is a method that is declared, but contains no implementation. Abstract classes may not be instantiated, and require subclasses to provide implementations for the abstract methods.
Constructor and destructor are special types of methods in object-oriented programming. Constructors are used to initialize objects and are called when an object is created, while destructors are used to destroy objects and are called when an object is deleted or goes out of scope. There are different types of constructors like default, parameterized, and copy constructors. Constructors cannot be inherited or virtual. Destructors are used to clean up resources used by an object and are called automatically when an object is destroyed. The key differences between constructors and destructors are that constructors initialize objects and can have parameters, while destructors destroy objects and have no parameters.
Generics in Java allows the creation of generic classes and methods that can work with different data types. A generic class uses type parameters that appear within angle brackets, allowing the class to work uniformly with different types. Generic methods also use type parameters to specify the type of data upon which the method operates. Bounded type parameters allow restricting the types that can be passed to a type parameter.
This document discusses Python namespaces and modules. It explains that namespaces prevent name conflicts and modules are the basic unit of code reuse. Functions, classes, and modules each have their own namespace. Importing modules adds their names to the global namespace. The document recommends importing modules using 'import' to avoid potential name conflicts or namespace pollution. It also describes how scopes resolve which definition to use when the same name is defined in multiple scopes.
The document discusses key concepts in object-oriented programming (OOP) including objects, classes, encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, and message passing. It provides examples of a simple class named "item" that includes variables and methods. It also discusses how objects are composed of data and functions, and how classes are used to organize data and functions through principles like private/public access and data abstraction.
The document discusses the limitations of procedural programming languages and how object-oriented programming (OOP) addresses these limitations. Specifically, it notes that procedural languages have issues with unrestricted access to global data and modeling real-world objects which have both attributes and behaviors. OOP combines data and functions that operate on that data into single units called objects, encapsulating the data and hiding it from direct access. This solves the problems of procedural languages by restricting access to data and more closely modeling real objects.
This document provides an overview of object-oriented programming (OOP) including:
- The history and key concepts of OOP like classes, objects, inheritance, polymorphism, and encapsulation.
- Popular OOP languages like C++, Java, and Python.
- Differences between procedural and OOP like top-down design and modularity.
ID selectors target individual elements by ID, preceded by #, and IDs must be unique. Class selectors target elements of the same class, preceded by a dot, and the same class can be applied to multiple elements. They were differentiated - IDs target unique elements while classes can target multiple. An example was given combining ID and class selectors in HTML and applying CSS styles.
Objectives
What is Encapsulation?
What encapsulation or information hiding approach provide in Object Oriented ?
General 3 different ways to Encapsulate data.
Advantages of Encapsulation.
This document discusses polymorphism and inheritance concepts in Java. It defines polymorphism as an object taking on many forms, and describes method overloading and overriding. Method overloading allows classes to have multiple methods with the same name but different parameters. Method overriding allows subclasses to provide a specific implementation of a method in the parent class. The document also discusses abstract classes and interfaces for abstraction in Java, and explains access modifiers like public, private, protected, and default.
This document discusses Java generics. Some key points:
- Generics allow data type parameters to be used for classes, interfaces, and methods. This allows code to work with different data types.
- Generics were introduced in JDK 5 and support abstraction over types. The class/method designer can define generic types, while users provide the specific types.
- Common uses of generics include the Java Collection Framework and auto-boxing/unboxing of primitives and wrappers.
- Generics help reuse code by allowing classes, interfaces, and methods to work with different object types. They do not support primitive types like int directly.
- Examples demonstrate generic classes, interfaces, methods,
Object-oriented programming (OOP) organizes code around data objects rather than functions. In Python, classes are user-defined templates for objects that contain attributes (data) and methods (functions). When a class is instantiated, an object is created with its own copies of the attributes. Self refers to the object itself and allows methods to access and modify its attributes. Classes in Python allow for code reusability, modularity, and flexibility through encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism.
Packages in Java allow grouping of related classes and avoid naming collisions. A package is mapped to a directory on the file system where Java files for that package are stored. There are predefined packages provided by Java and user-defined packages can also be created. Packages are specified using the package keyword and imported into other classes using import statements. The classpath variable is used to locate packages and classes for compilation and execution.
Final keyword are used in java for three purpose;
1. Final keyword is used in java to make variable constant
2. Final keyword restrict method overriding
3. It used to restrict Inheritance
http://www.tutorial4us.com/java/java-final-keyword
XSL stands for Extensible Stylesheet Language and is used to transform and format XML documents. The main components of XSL are:
XSLT is used to transform XML documents into other XML or HTML documents. It uses XPath to navigate XML elements and supports elements like <xsl:template>, <xsl:value-of>, <xsl:for-each> and <xsl:if>.
XSL-FO is used for formatting XML documents.
Some key XSLT elements are <xsl:template> which defines templates, <xsl:value-of> to extract node values, <xsl:for-each> for looping, <xsl:sort> and <xsl:if> for conditional
This document discusses classes and objects in C++. It begins with an introduction to classes, noting that a class binds data and methods together and acts as a template for creating objects. It then covers key aspects of classes like characteristics, format, defining a class type, implementing class methods, and introducing objects. Objects are instances of a class that have both data and associated methods. The document provides examples of declaring and initializing objects of a Rectangle class. It concludes with some reasons for using the object-oriented programming paradigm in C++, including simplifying programming, interfaces, information hiding, and software reuse.
The document discusses exception handling in C++. It defines exceptions as conditions that occur during execution and prevent normal program continuation. Exception handling involves trying blocks of code that may throw exceptions, throwing exceptions when errors occur, and catching exceptions in handler blocks to deal with the errors. The key aspects of exception handling are try blocks for code that can throw, throw statements to indicate exceptions, and catch blocks that match exception types to handle them.
This document provides an overview of generics in Java. It discusses the benefits of generics, including type safety and compile-time error detection. It also covers generic classes and interfaces, generic methods, wildcard types, and restrictions on generics. Examples are provided to illustrate key concepts like generic classes with multiple type parameters, bounded types, and the implementation of generics using type erasure.
Java abstract class & abstract methods,Abstract class in java
Abstract classes are classes that contain one or more abstract methods. An abstract method is a method that is declared, but contains no implementation. Abstract classes may not be instantiated, and require subclasses to provide implementations for the abstract methods.
Constructor and destructor are special types of methods in object-oriented programming. Constructors are used to initialize objects and are called when an object is created, while destructors are used to destroy objects and are called when an object is deleted or goes out of scope. There are different types of constructors like default, parameterized, and copy constructors. Constructors cannot be inherited or virtual. Destructors are used to clean up resources used by an object and are called automatically when an object is destroyed. The key differences between constructors and destructors are that constructors initialize objects and can have parameters, while destructors destroy objects and have no parameters.
Generics in Java allows the creation of generic classes and methods that can work with different data types. A generic class uses type parameters that appear within angle brackets, allowing the class to work uniformly with different types. Generic methods also use type parameters to specify the type of data upon which the method operates. Bounded type parameters allow restricting the types that can be passed to a type parameter.
This document discusses Python namespaces and modules. It explains that namespaces prevent name conflicts and modules are the basic unit of code reuse. Functions, classes, and modules each have their own namespace. Importing modules adds their names to the global namespace. The document recommends importing modules using 'import' to avoid potential name conflicts or namespace pollution. It also describes how scopes resolve which definition to use when the same name is defined in multiple scopes.
The document discusses key concepts in object-oriented programming (OOP) including objects, classes, encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, and message passing. It provides examples of a simple class named "item" that includes variables and methods. It also discusses how objects are composed of data and functions, and how classes are used to organize data and functions through principles like private/public access and data abstraction.
The document discusses the limitations of procedural programming languages and how object-oriented programming (OOP) addresses these limitations. Specifically, it notes that procedural languages have issues with unrestricted access to global data and modeling real-world objects which have both attributes and behaviors. OOP combines data and functions that operate on that data into single units called objects, encapsulating the data and hiding it from direct access. This solves the problems of procedural languages by restricting access to data and more closely modeling real objects.
This document provides an overview of object-oriented programming (OOP) including:
- The history and key concepts of OOP like classes, objects, inheritance, polymorphism, and encapsulation.
- Popular OOP languages like C++, Java, and Python.
- Differences between procedural and OOP like top-down design and modularity.
ID selectors target individual elements by ID, preceded by #, and IDs must be unique. Class selectors target elements of the same class, preceded by a dot, and the same class can be applied to multiple elements. They were differentiated - IDs target unique elements while classes can target multiple. An example was given combining ID and class selectors in HTML and applying CSS styles.
Objectives
What is Encapsulation?
What encapsulation or information hiding approach provide in Object Oriented ?
General 3 different ways to Encapsulate data.
Advantages of Encapsulation.
This document discusses polymorphism and inheritance concepts in Java. It defines polymorphism as an object taking on many forms, and describes method overloading and overriding. Method overloading allows classes to have multiple methods with the same name but different parameters. Method overriding allows subclasses to provide a specific implementation of a method in the parent class. The document also discusses abstract classes and interfaces for abstraction in Java, and explains access modifiers like public, private, protected, and default.
This document discusses Java generics. Some key points:
- Generics allow data type parameters to be used for classes, interfaces, and methods. This allows code to work with different data types.
- Generics were introduced in JDK 5 and support abstraction over types. The class/method designer can define generic types, while users provide the specific types.
- Common uses of generics include the Java Collection Framework and auto-boxing/unboxing of primitives and wrappers.
- Generics help reuse code by allowing classes, interfaces, and methods to work with different object types. They do not support primitive types like int directly.
- Examples demonstrate generic classes, interfaces, methods,
Object-oriented programming (OOP) organizes code around data objects rather than functions. In Python, classes are user-defined templates for objects that contain attributes (data) and methods (functions). When a class is instantiated, an object is created with its own copies of the attributes. Self refers to the object itself and allows methods to access and modify its attributes. Classes in Python allow for code reusability, modularity, and flexibility through encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism.
Packages in Java allow grouping of related classes and avoid naming collisions. A package is mapped to a directory on the file system where Java files for that package are stored. There are predefined packages provided by Java and user-defined packages can also be created. Packages are specified using the package keyword and imported into other classes using import statements. The classpath variable is used to locate packages and classes for compilation and execution.
Final keyword are used in java for three purpose;
1. Final keyword is used in java to make variable constant
2. Final keyword restrict method overriding
3. It used to restrict Inheritance
http://www.tutorial4us.com/java/java-final-keyword
XSL stands for Extensible Stylesheet Language and is used to transform and format XML documents. The main components of XSL are:
XSLT is used to transform XML documents into other XML or HTML documents. It uses XPath to navigate XML elements and supports elements like <xsl:template>, <xsl:value-of>, <xsl:for-each> and <xsl:if>.
XSL-FO is used for formatting XML documents.
Some key XSLT elements are <xsl:template> which defines templates, <xsl:value-of> to extract node values, <xsl:for-each> for looping, <xsl:sort> and <xsl:if> for conditional
This document discusses classes and objects in C++. It begins with an introduction to classes, noting that a class binds data and methods together and acts as a template for creating objects. It then covers key aspects of classes like characteristics, format, defining a class type, implementing class methods, and introducing objects. Objects are instances of a class that have both data and associated methods. The document provides examples of declaring and initializing objects of a Rectangle class. It concludes with some reasons for using the object-oriented programming paradigm in C++, including simplifying programming, interfaces, information hiding, and software reuse.
Digital marketing is the use of digital technologies like the internet and mobile devices to market products and services. It involves organic marketing methods like search engine optimization (SEO) and social media optimization (SMO) as well as paid digital marketing methods like email marketing, pay-per-click advertising (PPC), and Facebook advertising. SEO focuses on improving a website to rank higher organically in search engine results pages (SERPs) while paid digital marketing methods involve paying to display ads. Both organic and paid methods are important parts of an effective digital marketing strategy.
An immersive workshop at General Assembly, SF. I typically teach this workshop at General Assembly, San Francisco. To see a list of my upcoming classes, visit https://generalassemb.ly/instructors/seth-familian/4813
I also teach this workshop as a private lunch-and-learn or half-day immersive session for corporate clients. To learn more about pricing and availability, please contact me at http://familian1.com
際際滷 quarta lezione al linguaggio Java 8 in preparazione alla certificazione OCA 1Z0-808.
Argomenti:
Design Pattern: Singleton
Classe Astratta
Interfaccia e interfaccia funzionale
Ereditariet e costruttori
Super e this
Incapsulamento
Polimorfismo
Varargs
Overload e Override
Invocazione virtuale dei metodi
Lezione del 28-11-2017 tenuta da Valerio Radice presso Nextre Engeneering
https://www.nextre.it/corso/corso-java-oca/
Repository Pattern: Un buon design al servizio della testabilit.
Le slides si riferiscono al talk tenuto in Mikamai Milano durante i TDD Meetup di Milano, il 02/05/2017
Elementi di C# 1.0
Delegati ed eventi. Eccezioni. Enumeratori.
Elementi di C# 2.0
Static Classes. Generics e collezioni generiche.Nullable Types. Partial Types e Partial Classes. Anonymous Methods.Iteratori,
Elementi di C# 3.0
Auto-implemented properties.Object Initializers e Collection Initializers. Implicit Typed Variables. Anonymous Types.Extension Methods. Lambda Expression.
El documento describe el dise単o plano o flat design, su origen y uso principal en aplicaciones m坦viles y web. Explica que consiste en eliminar decoraciones en el dise単o para simplificar el mensaje y facilitar la funcionalidad. Tambi辿n cubre el origen de Adobe Illustrator y sus caracter鱈sticas como editor de gr叩ficos vectoriales usado por dise単adores para crear ilustraciones, dise単os web y de moda.
New Methods of Literacy Research 1st Edition Peggy Albersuxhcablende
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New Methods of Literacy Research 1st Edition Peggy Albers
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Test Bank for Understanding Abnormal Behavior, 10th Edition : Suedementogge
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Test Bank for Understanding Abnormal Behavior, 10th Edition : Sue
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Test Bank for Foundations of Financial Markets and Institutions, 4th Edition:...orrahnaf
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Test Bank for Foundations of Financial Markets and Institutions, 4th Edition: Frank J. Fabozzi
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Learning Swift Building Apps for OSX, iOS, and Beyond Jon Manningjelieltoinks
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Learning Swift Building Apps for OSX, iOS, and Beyond Jon Manning
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Test Bank for Marketing Management, 3rd Edition, Greg Marshall, Mark Johnstonpplqadiri
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Test Bank for Marketing Management, 3rd Edition, Greg Marshall, Mark Johnston
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Test Bank for Marketing Management, 3rd Edition, Greg Marshall, Mark Johnston
Test Bank for Canadian Organizational Behaviour, 10th Edition, Steven McShane...izmarmelum
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Test Bank for Canadian Organizational Behaviour, 10th Edition, Steven McShane, Kevin Tasa
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Presentazione della Dichiarazione di Dubai sulle OER alla comunit italiana -...Damiano Orru
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Osservatorio sullinformation literacy promuove un incontro online organizzato dalla rete Open Education Italia. n occasione della Open Education Week 2025, dal 3 al 7 marzo, la rete Open Education Italia organizza un incontro online dedicato alla presentazione della Dichiarazione di Dubai sulle Risorse Educative Aperte (OER) il 4 marzo 2025. https://www.aib.it/eventi/dichiarazione-dubai-oer-unesco/
Essentials of Accounting for Governmental and Not-for-Profit Organizations 12...orakategy
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Essentials of Accounting for Governmental and Not-for-Profit Organizations 12th Edition Copley Test Bank
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Digital Business Networks 1st Edition Dooley Solutions Manualidderkribo
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Digital Business Networks 1st Edition Dooley Solutions Manual
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Essentials of Accounting for Governmental and Not for Profit Organizations 13th Edition Copley Test Bank
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(eBook PDF) Auditing: A Practical Approach with Data Analytics by Raymond N. ...osanoarak
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(eBook PDF) Auditing: A Practical Approach with Data Analytics by Raymond N. Johnson
(eBook PDF) Auditing: A Practical Approach with Data Analytics by Raymond N. Johnson
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Designing Intelligent Construction Projects Michael Frahmewoadetozito
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Designing Intelligent Construction Projects Michael Frahm
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Test Bank for Systems Analysis and Design 8th Edition: Kendallalawamajina
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Test Bank for Systems Analysis and Design 8th Edition: Kendall
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2. Prima della OOP
Prima della programmazione orientata agli oggetti cera un tipo di
programmazione non strutturata, il programma era costituito solo
da un blocco di codice detto main, i dati venivano manipolati in
maniera sequenziale ed erano rappresentati da variabili di tipo
globale, insomma era un tipo di programmazione limitata e piena di
svantaggi.
Successivamente si usava la programmazione procedurale
La programmazione modulare
E infine quella orientata ad oggetti
3. La OOP
La programmazione ad oggetti 竪 un sistema complesso, viene visto
come un insieme di oggetti che interagiscono tra loro, questi sono
caratterizzati da attributi e metodi.
La classe serve a modellare un insieme di oggetti dello stesso tipo.
La programmazione orientata agli oggetti si basa su alcuni concetti
fondamentali:
Classe
Incapsulamento
Oggetto
Ereditariet
Polimorfismo
4. CLASSE
E un raggruppamento degli oggetti con la stessa propriet, cio竪 le
sue caratteristiche e gli stessi metodi, cio竪 le azioni che possono
compiere.
Una classe funge da tipo per un determinato oggetto ad essa
appartenente.
Listanza 竪 un determinato oggetto di una classe.
La classe 竪 dotata da un interfaccia e un corpo.
Gli oggetti invece comunicano tra loro tramite la loro interfaccia
5. Incapsulamento
L'incapsulamento 竪 un meccanismo che raccoglie i dati e i metodi
all'interno di una struttura nascondendo l'implementazione
dell'oggetto, cio竪 impedendo l'accesso ai dati con altri mezzi diversi
dai servizi proposti.
Permette di garantire l'integrit dei dati contenuti nell'oggetto.
Possiamo definire dei livelli di visibilit degli elementi della classe:
privato, pubblico e protetto; definiscono i diritti di accesso ai dati,
secondo la classe dalla quale si accede.
Privato: classi esterne non possono accedere
Pubblico: tutte le classi, anche esterne possono accedervi
Protetto; ci accedono le classi ereditarie
6. Costruttori e Distruttori
Costruttori: funzioni che creano un oggetto, devono essere
richiamati ogni volta che si vuole istanziare un oggetto.
Conversione();
Distruttori: distruggono un oggetto, ne elliminano lallocazione di
memoria.
~Conversione();
7. Interazione tra oggetti
Un oggetto invoca il metodo di un altro oggetto quando vuole
avere delle informazioni sul secondo o quando vuole modificarne lo
stato, quindi quando vuole conoscere o modificare i suoi attributi.
8. Creazione di una classe
Per definire una classe usiamo la parola class, che ci permette di
definire linterfaccia della classe, seguita dal nome della classe; poi
dichiariamo gli elementi protetti e privati:
class esempio{
public:
a;
b;
private:
c;
protected:
d;
}
9. Operatori
L operatore new: alloca la memoria necessaria allinstanziazione
delloggetto e ne ritorna la relativa locazione di memoria.
Loperatore delete: liberare la memoria utilizzata per loggetto, una
volta che non ci servir pi湛.
Per riferirci ai metodi e attributi di un oggetto, invece del punto
usiamo loperatore freccia(->)
10. Classe Astratta
Le classi astratte sono le classi prive di corpo, da sola non pu嘆
essere istanziata, viene usata solo per svolgere la funzione di classe
base, da cui le classi derivate possono ereditarei metodi.
Dichiarazione: abstract class NomeClasse
tecnicamente non si possono creare oggetti della classe,
logicamente i suoi oggetti sono solo oggetti delle sottoclassi.
11. Overloading
una funzionalit specifica del C++
Permette di poter usare lo stesso nome per una funzione pi湛 volte
allinterno dello stesso programma, a patto che gli argomenti forniti
siano diversi
12. I tipi di linguaggi
Linguaggi puri: ogni cosa 竪 un oggetto
- Smalltalk
- Eiffel
Linguaggi ibridi: alcuni tipi di dati non sono oggetti
C++
Java
Visual basic