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Editor's Notes

• #3: A human rights-based approach (HRBA) is a conceptual framework for the process of human development that is normatively based on international human rights standards and operationally directed to promoting and protecting human rights. It seeks to analyse inequalities which lie at the heart of development problems and redress discriminatory practices and unjust distributions of power that impede development progress.
• #5: It seeks to analyse inequalities which lie at the heart of development problems and redress discriminatory practices and unjust distributions of power that impede development progress.
• #6: Duty-bearers They are primarily State actors and institutions who have obligations to discharge in response to the entitlements and claims of rights-holders. The HRBA focuses on the capacity of the State at all levels (all branches of the State and all sectors of government, at the national, provincial, municipal level) to meet its obligations to respect, protect and fulfil human rights. While the State is the Primary Duty-Bearer under International Law, human rights obligations can also attach to private individuals, international organizations and other non-State actors. Right holders Given the universal nature of human rights, every individual is a rights-holder and entitled to the same rights without distinction of any kind such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status.
• #7: 1.�� All programmes of development co-operation, policies and technical assistance should further the realisation of human rights as laid down in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other international human rights instruments. In a human rights-based approach to programming and development cooperation, the aim of all activities is to contribute directly to the realization of one or several human rights. Human Rights principles guide programming in all sectors, such as: health, education, governance, nutrition, water and sanitation, HIV/AIDS, employment and labour relations and social and economic security. This includes all development cooperation directed towards the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals and the Millennium Declaration. Consequently, human rights standards and principles guide both the Common Country Assessment and the UN Development Assistance Framework. 3. Programmes of development cooperation contribute to the development of the capacities of duty-bearers to meet their obligations and of ‘rights-holders’ to claim their rights. In a HRBA human rights determine the relationship between individuals and groups with valid claims (rights-holders) and State and non-state actors with correlative obligations (duty- bearers).It identifies rights-holders (and their entitlements) and corresponding duty-bearers (and their obligations) and works towards strengthening the capacities of rights-holders to make their claims, and of duty-bearers to meet their obligations. The following elements are necessary, specific, and unique to a human rights-based approach: Assessment and analysis in order to identify the human rights claims of rights-holders and the corresponding human rights obligations of duty-bearers as well as the immediate, underlying, and structural causes of the non-realization of rights. Programmes assess the capacity of rights-holders to claim their rights, and of duty-bearers to fulfill their obligations. They then develop strategies to build these capacities. Programmes monitor and evaluate both outcomes and processes guided by human rights standards and principles. Programming is informed by the recommendations of international human rights bodies and mechanisms.
• #9: Key attributes of good governance transparency responsibility accountability participation responsiveness (to the needs of the people)
• #10: How do these 3 approaches apply the principles? After these slides we’ll present slides with practical tips for CSOs. The links between good governance and human rights can be organized around four areas: Democratic institutions (good governance reforms of democratic institutions create avenues for the public to participate in policymaking either through formal institutions or informal consultations. They also establish mechanisms fort he inclusion of multiple social groups in decision-making processes, especially locally. Finally, they may encourage civil society and local communities to formulate and express their positions on issues of importance to them. Service delivery . In the realm of delivering state services to the public, good governance reforms advance human rights when they improve the state’s capacity to fulfil its responsibility to provide public goods which are essential for the protection of a number of human rights, such as the right to education, health and food. Reform initiatives may include mechanisms of accountability and transparency, culturally sensitive policy tools to ensure that services are accessible and acceptable to all, and paths for public participation in decision-making. Rule of law . Human rights-sensitive good governance initiatives reform legislation and assist institutions ranging from penal systems to courts and parliaments to better implement that legislation. Anti-Corruption Initiatives may include establishing institutions such as anti-corruption commissions, creating mechanisms of information sharing, and monitoring governments’ use of public funds and implementation of policies (http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/Development/GoodGovernance/Pages/GoodGovernanceIndex.aspx) Good governance (Danish MFA approach) ; establishment of and access to effective independent legal system and complaints mechanisms, increased capacity and decenralisation in the public sector, and the fight against corruption
• #11: How do these 3 approaches apply the principles? After these slides we’ll present slides with practical tips for CSOs. The links between good governance and human rights can be organized around four areas: Democratic institutions (good governance reforms of democratic institutions create avenues for the public to participate in policymaking either through formal institutions or informal consultations. They also establish mechanisms fort he inclusion of multiple social groups in decision-making processes, especially locally. Finally, they may encourage civil society and local communities to formulate and express their positions on issues of importance to them. Service delivery . In the realm of delivering state services to the public, good governance reforms advance human rights when they improve the state’s capacity to fulfil its responsibility to provide public goods which are essential for the protection of a number of human rights, such as the right to education, health and food. Reform initiatives may include mechanisms of accountability and transparency, culturally sensitive policy tools to ensure that services are accessible and acceptable to all, and paths for public participation in decision-making. Rule of law . Human rights-sensitive good governance initiatives reform legislation and assist institutions ranging from penal systems to courts and parliaments to better implement that legislation. Anti-Corruption Initiatives may include establishing institutions such as anti-corruption commissions, creating mechanisms of information sharing, and monitoring governments’ use of public funds and implementation of policies (http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/Development/GoodGovernance/Pages/GoodGovernanceIndex.aspx) Good governance (Danish MFA approach) ; establishment of and access to effective independent legal system and complaints mechanisms, increased capacity and decenralisation in the public sector, and the fight against corruption
• #15: "Issues across all areas of activity should be defined in such a manner that gender differences can be diagnosed - that is, an assumption of gender-neutrality should not be made. "Responsibility for translating gender mainstreaming into practice is system-wide and rests at the highest levels. Accountability for outcomes needs to be monitored constantly. "Gender mainstreaming also requires that every effort be made to broaden women's participation at all levels of decision-making. "Gender mainstreaming must be institutionalized through concrete steps, mechanisms and processes in all parts of the United Nations system. "Gender mainstreaming does not replace the need for targeted, womenspecific policies and programmes or positive legislation, nor does it substitute for gender units or focal points. "Clear political will and the allocation of adequate and, if need be, additional human and financial resources for gender mainstreaming from all available funding sources are important for the successful translation of the concept into practice.
• #16: Rely on a framework applicable for all project activities (legislation, policies, programming Focus on activities of specific groups Both apply to all stages of activity (design, implementation, monitoring, evaluation) Both call for integration of gender perspective in development activities with achieving the gender equality
• #17: The mainstreaming strategy does not mean that targeted activities to support women are no longer necessary. Such activities specifically target women´s priorities and needs, through, for example, legislation, policy development, research and projects/programmes on the ground. Women-specific projects continue to play an important role in promoting gender equality. They are still needed because gender equality has not yet been attained and gender mainstreaming processes are not well developed. Targeted initiatives focusing specifically on women or the promotion of gender equality are important for reducing existing disparities, serving as a catalyst for promotion of gender equality and creating a constituency for changing the mainstream. Women-specific initiatives can create an empowering space for women and act as an important incubator for ideas and strategies than can be transferred to mainstream interventions. Initiatives focused on men support promotion of gender equality by developing male allies. It is crucial to understand that these two strategies - gender mainstreaming and women´s empowerment - are in no way in competition with each other. The endorsement of gender mainstreaming within an organization does not imply that targeted activities are no longer needed. The two strategies are complementary in a very real sense as gender mainstreaming must be carried out in a manner which is empowering for women. Empowerment of women The empowerment of women concerns women gaining power and control over their own lives. It involves awareness-raising, building self-confidence, expansion of choices, increased access to and control over resources and actions to transform the structures and institutions which reinforce and perpetuate gender discrimination and inequality. The process of empowerment is as important as the goal. Empowerment comes from within; women empower themselves. Inputs to promote the empowerment of women should facilitate women’s articulation of their needs and priorities and a more active role in promoting these interests and needs. Empowerment of women cannot be achieved in a vacuum; men must be brought along in the process of change. Empowerment should not be seen as a zero-sum game where gains for women automatically imply losses for men. Increasing women’s power in empowerment strategies does not refer to power over, or controlling forms of power, but rather to alternative forms of power: power to; power with and power from within which focus on utilizing individual and collective strengths to work towards common goals without coercion or domination. participation of marginalized, disempowered and discriminated against groups of women and men in decisions that affect their livelihoods and overall sustainable development while gender equality is a foundational development goal in itself, it is also a prerequisite for advancing development in three key ways.15 First, gender mainstreaming in educational systems, economic productive sectors and macroeconomic policies geared towards increasing girls’ and women’s access to post-primary education, technological skills and formal sector labour participation can improve national productivity and stimulate sustainable economic growth.16 Second, improvements in women’s education, health, 14 UNEG 2011. 15 World Bank 2012, pp. 3-6. 16 World Bank 2012. income, access to decent housing, control over household resources and access to reproductive choices have been linked to improved development outcomes, including families’ better health, educational levels, nutritional status and food security, and overall welfare, especially for children. Finally, empowering women to equally and meaningfully participate in decision-making processes related to community and urban affairs, local and national political life, humanitarian relief and peace-building can lead to improved policy choices, more representative governing institutions, more peaceful and equitable societies, and vibrant community development