This document provides a summary of a systematic literature review on socio-spatial causes and effects of urban bicycling. It conducted searches of academic journals in the Web of Science database using combinations of the keyword "bicycle" with other keywords related to built environment, social environment, and personal factors. A total of 76 relevant articles were identified and categorized. The review found the most publications on topics related to community, gender, infrastructure, density, and built environment. Emerging topics included bicycling and public space, gentrification, social interaction, and emotions. Most literature has been published in the last 5-10 years, indicating a growing interest in research on urban cycling.
Cycling provides many benefits as a sustainable mode of transportation. In the Netherlands, 27% of all trips are made by bicycle, with cycling rates being high across all ages, sexes, incomes, and purposes. Dutch cities have extensive cycling infrastructure separated from vehicular traffic, including bike highways. Strict traffic laws protect cyclists. Cycling rates are even higher in urban areas. Policy interventions that have increased cycling include expanding bicycle parking and prioritizing bike speeds over car speeds. Chinese cities now resemble European cities in the 1960s before pro-cycling policies. With innovations like e-bikes and bike-sharing, cycling could play a larger role in addressing China's transportation challenges.
Cycling has long been a part of Dutch culture, but it was not always the dominant form of transportation it is today. Through infrastructure investments and linking cycling routes to land use planning, the Dutch were able to increase cycling rates and establish cycling as a viable alternative to car travel. While Amsterdam cyclists may seem anarchic to outsiders, in reality they function as an emergent swarm that the infrastructure system supports.
This document contains links to online resources related to cycling and academics. The first link is to an online video from the University of Amsterdam on their Mediasite platform. The second link directs to a blog post search on the Cycling Academics blogspot for posts labeled "PCCAMS". The third link also leads to a video on the University of Amsterdam's Mediasite platform within their online course catalog.
This document outlines the course materials and schedule for a 3-week university course on urban cycling planning in Amsterdam. The course will cover the history and politics of cycling in the Netherlands, systems modeling, and practical applications of cycling infrastructure design. Students will participate in lectures, complete assignments such as infrastructure observations and a group project, and give a final presentation. The schedule provides details on daily topics, readings, and experiences for each of the 3 weeks.
This document discusses the relevance of bike-train systems. It provides 7 reasons why bike-train systems are relevant: 1) Because car dependency is increasingly problematic, 2) Bike-train systems are a viable alternative to car dependency, 3) Bikes and trains are mutually dependent, 4) Bike-train systems provide benefits greater than the sum of their parts, 5) Bike-train systems have ramifications for land use and mobility, 6) Bike-train systems support sustainable, healthy and livable urban regions, 7) Bike-train systems could be an export product. It also notes that bike-train systems are already happening in some places and should be further developed and supported.
This document summarizes key insights from a study on cycling in the Netherlands and potential lessons for China. It finds that 31% of all trips in Amsterdam are by bike, growing mostly at the expense of cars. Cycling rates are high across age, income, and education levels. The Dutch cycle for all trip purposes but more for education. Cities with faster bike trips relative to cars and high citizen participation see increasing cycling shares. Improving cycling safety involves increasing car parking costs and priority for cyclists. The perception of cycling conditions improves with more bike parking and participation. While Chinese cities now resemble Europe in the 1960s, innovations like electric bikes and bike highways, and bike-train combinations could expand cycling spatially. Adopting
Dr. Marco te Brömmelstroet is an assistant professor who researches land use and mobility. His presentation discusses the relationship between land use and transportation, noting that mobility is important for connecting dispersed activities but is also unsustainable. There is a dilemma between encouraging mobility and sustainability. Land use and transportation systems influence each other reciprocally over time through feedback loops. Integrated land use and transportation planning is needed to balance accessibility with environmental and social impacts. Tools for integrated planning include defining mobility environments, using the node-place model around transit stations, and creating accessibility maps.
N ss et_al._2014_transport_modelling_in_the_context_of_the_predict_and_provid...Marco
Ìý
This document discusses transport modelling and the "predict and provide" paradigm. It provides background on induced traffic and notes that while induced traffic has been understood theoretically for over a century, it is often disregarded or underestimated in transport models used for infrastructure project evaluation. The document suggests that transport models are used primarily to determine where and when to build proposed roads, rather than assessing whether to build them, since induced traffic does not differ much between alternatives. Omitting induced traffic can bias assessments of environmental impacts and economic viability of road projects.
This document summarizes a research project that studied the impact of climate change on mobility in the Netherlands. The project found that precipitation, clouds, wind and temperatures above 25°C negatively impact cycling and increase car use. It also found that cycling is more strongly affected by weather in remote, open areas than in dense, central areas. The project recommends taking future increases in cycling due to climate change into account when planning cycling infrastructure, and influencing urban design to shelter pedestrians and cyclists from weather.
Experiments were conducted with Dutch Master's students to test the added value of digital planning tools in strategic planning processes. The experiments showed some positive effects on participants' experience of the planning process and perception of consensus, but no significant effects on the quality of strategies formed. The added value of these tools seems to depend on properly structuring the exchange between the tool's knowledge and participants. It is recommended to invest in a mediator to connect the tool and participants, and to selectively use digital tools to avoid negatively influencing creativity and group cohesion.
This document summarizes a research project that studied how planning support systems (PSS) can be effectively used in spatial planning processes. The research found that PSS tools are useful for testing knowledge claims, allowing participants to evaluate information. A group session found that PSS added value is in supporting communication and cooperation, not just outcomes. However, PSS can also limit social interaction and guide participants toward quantifiable dimensions. The recommendations include involving users early to build confidence in the tools, focusing on facilitation and visualization in addition to outcomes, and recognizing PSS limitations regarding creativity and complex issues.
This document summarizes research from the CESAR project on how urban factors affect microclimate and temperature in cities. The research found that:
1) Water features have a cooling effect during the day but can warm the area at night due to water's thermal inertia.
2) Greenery reduces the urban heat island effect more than water features if the greenery is well-irrigated.
3) Narrower streets with taller buildings may paradoxically decrease the urban heat island effect in summer by providing more shade, while having the opposite effect in winter.
This document summarizes the history of bicycle lanes in European cities from 1900-1995. It discusses how bicycle lanes were initially contested and opposed by cycling organizations from the 1920s-1950s, as policymakers and experts saw them as a way to control and separate the increasing numbers of bicyclists rather than facilitate cycling. It was not until the 1970s that bicycle lanes began to be seen more favorably as a way to encourage sustainable and safe cycling. The document examines how representations and perceptions of bicycles and cyclists changed over time, from a symbol of leisure to a working class form of transportation, and how this impacted approaches to bicycle infrastructure planning.
This document summarizes research on the relationship between climate change and travel behavior. The researchers analyzed mobility patterns from a Dutch travel survey under current and projected 2050 climate conditions. They found that mode choices and destination choices varied based on geographical context, personal background like income and age, and season. Climate change is expected to decrease car use and increase public transit, walking and cycling in denser urban areas but have less impact in rural areas. The researchers conclude more analysis is needed on how weather influences travel decisions based on individual situational and subjective factors.
Cycling has long been a part of Dutch culture, but it was not always the dominant form of transportation it is today. Through infrastructure investments and linking cycling routes to land use planning, the Dutch were able to increase cycling rates and establish cycling as a viable alternative to car travel. While Amsterdam cyclists may seem anarchic to outsiders, in reality they function as an emergent swarm that the infrastructure system supports.
This document contains links to online resources related to cycling and academics. The first link is to an online video from the University of Amsterdam on their Mediasite platform. The second link directs to a blog post search on the Cycling Academics blogspot for posts labeled "PCCAMS". The third link also leads to a video on the University of Amsterdam's Mediasite platform within their online course catalog.
This document outlines the course materials and schedule for a 3-week university course on urban cycling planning in Amsterdam. The course will cover the history and politics of cycling in the Netherlands, systems modeling, and practical applications of cycling infrastructure design. Students will participate in lectures, complete assignments such as infrastructure observations and a group project, and give a final presentation. The schedule provides details on daily topics, readings, and experiences for each of the 3 weeks.
This document discusses the relevance of bike-train systems. It provides 7 reasons why bike-train systems are relevant: 1) Because car dependency is increasingly problematic, 2) Bike-train systems are a viable alternative to car dependency, 3) Bikes and trains are mutually dependent, 4) Bike-train systems provide benefits greater than the sum of their parts, 5) Bike-train systems have ramifications for land use and mobility, 6) Bike-train systems support sustainable, healthy and livable urban regions, 7) Bike-train systems could be an export product. It also notes that bike-train systems are already happening in some places and should be further developed and supported.
This document summarizes key insights from a study on cycling in the Netherlands and potential lessons for China. It finds that 31% of all trips in Amsterdam are by bike, growing mostly at the expense of cars. Cycling rates are high across age, income, and education levels. The Dutch cycle for all trip purposes but more for education. Cities with faster bike trips relative to cars and high citizen participation see increasing cycling shares. Improving cycling safety involves increasing car parking costs and priority for cyclists. The perception of cycling conditions improves with more bike parking and participation. While Chinese cities now resemble Europe in the 1960s, innovations like electric bikes and bike highways, and bike-train combinations could expand cycling spatially. Adopting
Dr. Marco te Brömmelstroet is an assistant professor who researches land use and mobility. His presentation discusses the relationship between land use and transportation, noting that mobility is important for connecting dispersed activities but is also unsustainable. There is a dilemma between encouraging mobility and sustainability. Land use and transportation systems influence each other reciprocally over time through feedback loops. Integrated land use and transportation planning is needed to balance accessibility with environmental and social impacts. Tools for integrated planning include defining mobility environments, using the node-place model around transit stations, and creating accessibility maps.
N ss et_al._2014_transport_modelling_in_the_context_of_the_predict_and_provid...Marco
Ìý
This document discusses transport modelling and the "predict and provide" paradigm. It provides background on induced traffic and notes that while induced traffic has been understood theoretically for over a century, it is often disregarded or underestimated in transport models used for infrastructure project evaluation. The document suggests that transport models are used primarily to determine where and when to build proposed roads, rather than assessing whether to build them, since induced traffic does not differ much between alternatives. Omitting induced traffic can bias assessments of environmental impacts and economic viability of road projects.
This document summarizes a research project that studied the impact of climate change on mobility in the Netherlands. The project found that precipitation, clouds, wind and temperatures above 25°C negatively impact cycling and increase car use. It also found that cycling is more strongly affected by weather in remote, open areas than in dense, central areas. The project recommends taking future increases in cycling due to climate change into account when planning cycling infrastructure, and influencing urban design to shelter pedestrians and cyclists from weather.
Experiments were conducted with Dutch Master's students to test the added value of digital planning tools in strategic planning processes. The experiments showed some positive effects on participants' experience of the planning process and perception of consensus, but no significant effects on the quality of strategies formed. The added value of these tools seems to depend on properly structuring the exchange between the tool's knowledge and participants. It is recommended to invest in a mediator to connect the tool and participants, and to selectively use digital tools to avoid negatively influencing creativity and group cohesion.
This document summarizes a research project that studied how planning support systems (PSS) can be effectively used in spatial planning processes. The research found that PSS tools are useful for testing knowledge claims, allowing participants to evaluate information. A group session found that PSS added value is in supporting communication and cooperation, not just outcomes. However, PSS can also limit social interaction and guide participants toward quantifiable dimensions. The recommendations include involving users early to build confidence in the tools, focusing on facilitation and visualization in addition to outcomes, and recognizing PSS limitations regarding creativity and complex issues.
This document summarizes research from the CESAR project on how urban factors affect microclimate and temperature in cities. The research found that:
1) Water features have a cooling effect during the day but can warm the area at night due to water's thermal inertia.
2) Greenery reduces the urban heat island effect more than water features if the greenery is well-irrigated.
3) Narrower streets with taller buildings may paradoxically decrease the urban heat island effect in summer by providing more shade, while having the opposite effect in winter.
This document summarizes the history of bicycle lanes in European cities from 1900-1995. It discusses how bicycle lanes were initially contested and opposed by cycling organizations from the 1920s-1950s, as policymakers and experts saw them as a way to control and separate the increasing numbers of bicyclists rather than facilitate cycling. It was not until the 1970s that bicycle lanes began to be seen more favorably as a way to encourage sustainable and safe cycling. The document examines how representations and perceptions of bicycles and cyclists changed over time, from a symbol of leisure to a working class form of transportation, and how this impacted approaches to bicycle infrastructure planning.
This document summarizes research on the relationship between climate change and travel behavior. The researchers analyzed mobility patterns from a Dutch travel survey under current and projected 2050 climate conditions. They found that mode choices and destination choices varied based on geographical context, personal background like income and age, and season. Climate change is expected to decrease car use and increase public transit, walking and cycling in denser urban areas but have less impact in rural areas. The researchers conclude more analysis is needed on how weather influences travel decisions based on individual situational and subjective factors.
2. ‘De taal van een organisatie is geen
objectieve manier om de
werkelijkheid te beschrijven - het
bepaald wat haar leden zien en
welke acties ze ondernemen’
(Meadows 2008, p. 174)
11. We travel further and further
Since the 1950s we cover larger distances in the same time
bicycle public
transport
airplane car
(passenger)
car
(driver)
distance
16. Een krachtig narratief…:
[…] heeft het vermogen te blijven hangen
[…] heeft het vermogen om vanzelf instemming op te roepen
[…] zet een keten van gedachten in werking
[…] verleidt de tegenstander om erin te stappen/te trappen
[…] is gekoppeld aan onderstroom die in de stilte gedrukt is
[…] verlost ons van een dilemma
[…] zorgt voor gratis zendtijd.
[…] activeert onderliggende waarden
[…] leidt tot omkering van de bewijslast
Editor's Notes
#3: Geen Spiegel, maar grote impact
Hoe werkt dat precies?
#5: Bline buurvrouw
Chatterfall: wat zien we hier?
Wat er nu gebeurt: je gebruikt taal om de werkelijkheid te versimpelen.
Hert steekt weg over
Die versimpeling is noodzakelijk om met elkaar te kunnen communiceren
#6: In die versimpeling maken we onherroepelijk keuzes
Aanvechtbare keuzes.
Die sommige delen belichten en andere juist in het donker plaatsen
Bv Tijd is Geld.
Maar die verdwijnen al snel naar de achtergrond.
Maar die zouden juist veel meer in de spotlights moeten staan.
Zeker op het moment dat de taal niet meer goed werkt
Als het vastloopt.
Zoals in ons mobiliteitssysteem
#7: James Scott: Seeing like a state
Om te kunnen besturen moeten we versimpelen.
Bijvoorbeeld het bos
Van intens complex ecosysteem met allerlei dynamische feedback loops. Habitat voor diversiteit aan flora en fauna (links)
Vanaf eind 18e eeuw bekeken met lens van ’scientific forestry’.
Houtproductie als leidend motief om in kaart te brengen. Normalbaum
Bossen in bezit van grootgrondbezitter (denk: Staatsbosbeheer)
Vervolgens werden bossen langzaam steeds effectiever ingericht voor houtopbrengst: het productiebos (rechts)
Funest voor allerlei flora en fauna: het kleine struikgewas, allerlei vogels/insecten/klein wild.
En uiteindelijk zelfs voor houtproductie: kwetsbaar!
#9: Tot 100 jaar geleden de auto werd uitgevonden.
Wat gebeurde er toen?
Door snelheid en massa konden heel veel dingen niet meer.
Niet meer op straat spelen, maar in speeltuinen
Niet meer zomaar oversteken, maar uitkijken en zebrapaden
Niet meer ontmoeten
De straat is van de verkeerskundige
#10: WAT ZIEN WE HIER?
Verkeerskundige:
Een professional die niet de bestaande taal van de straat ging spreken, maar een eigen taal ontwikkelde om de ‘automotive city’, de nieuwe tijd, mogelijk te maken.
PUZZEL
De stad wordt eerst een lichaam (17e eeuw): doorstroming, infarct, haarvaten, 1-richtingstraten (Sennett)
Daarna een puzzel. In verschillende tijden anders gelegd.
Verkeerskunde introduceerde natuurkundige metaforen: zwaartekrachtmodel, botsende deeltjes
De HOMO ECONOMICUS
Gekoppeld aan het beeld van de mens als Homo Economicus
Belicht en bestendigt egoïstische, calculerende individu die zijn/haar eigen nut maximaliseert.
Onderweg zijn is een afgeleide vraag, een disnut,
Het nut is op A of B zijn.
>>REISTIJDWINST WORDT HEILIGE GRAAL
Daarom hoort u ieder half uur, op ieder radiostation de filemeldingen. Zelfs op 1e kerstdag. En het valt u wellicht niet eens meer op.
INTERACTIE IS CONFLICT
Als ieder egoïstisch individu eigen disnut wil minimaliseren, moet je iets bedenken om conflicten op te lossen.
Iedere interactie is dan een conflict. Zonder onderhandelingsperspectief (Schelling)
Kruispunten worden vraagstukken van conflictvermijding.
Iedereen zijn/haar eigen plekje.
Een geoptimaliseerde, externe technologie regelt het.
De VRI: Verkeers Regel Installatie
Productiestraat
EFFICIENTIE!
Waar velen in dit plaatje nog een rechtvaardigheids-issue zagen, ziet de verkeerskunde hier in eerste plaats een efficiëntie vraagstuk.
Alles moet wijken voor doorstroming. Jaywalking werd bedacht, zebrapaden, veiligheidsinstructies voor kinderen, ‘speelplaatsen’.
Snelheid wordt bepalende ontwerpvariabele
#11: Nu is de stolling compleet. Het stolt ook onze verbeelding.
Mobiliteit in de toekomst moet sneller, makkelijker, comfortabeler, goedkoper.
De technologie zal ons redden.
Zelfrijdende auto: reistijd (disnut) wordt irrelevant
#12: Fietsen in dezelfde taal nog steeds reizen makkelijker maken.
Nog steeds reizen als disnut
Nog steeds de straat als efficiente pijpleiding
Nog steeds is de straat er voor doorstroming en voor niets anders
In plaats van dat dit ons na decennia 8 miljard per jaar investeren dichter bij elkaar brengt (en tijd oplevert)
Zijn we evenlang aan het reizen
Maar moeten we verder weg voor dezelfde activiteiten
We winnen geen reistijd, maar verliezen reisafstand
#13: ‘Als een revolutie een systeem vernietigt,
maar de denkpatronen die dat systeem hebben gecreëerd in tact blijven.
Dan zullen die patronen zichzelf simpelweg herhalen
in de opvolger van het systeem’
~Robert Pirsig (1974)
Van conceptuele luiheid naar conceptuele lenigheid!
#14: Professor Lera Boroditsky
University of San Diego
How Language Shapes the Way We Think (TED lecture)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RKK7wGAYP6k
#15: We moeten daarom leren reflecteren op onze onderliggende taal.
Om de werkelijkheid leren heenlopen en andere perspectieven toevoegen
Kunnen we dan tot nieuwe taalkeuzes komen? En kunnen we dan nieuwe toekomsten mogelijk maken.
Beter besef dat mobiliteit en de straat complexer is en ons perspectief al veel te lang te simpel.
Van productiebos terug naar het oerbos