SIAST BEST Project in Jordan - Basic Hydraulics
- 1. Fundamentals ofIndustrial Hydraulics悖愕悋愕悋惠 悋惆惘Presented By:Mr. Billy Lockhart and Dr. Mohamed GaithSeptember 2010Building and Extending Skills Training (BEST) Project
- 2. Basic Hydraulics 悖愕悋愕悋惠 悋惆惘All diagrams courtesy of Eaton Fluid Power unless stated otherwiseBuilding and Extending Skills Training (BEST) Project
- 3. Topics We Will DiscussPascals Law悋 惡悋愕悋Bernoullis Principle悋 惡惘Fundamentals: 悋悖愕悋愕悋惠Pressure,Flow,Force,Speed,TorqueBasic Components悋悖悴慍悋悄 悋惘悧愕悸Troubleshooting3Building and Extending Skills Training (BEST) Project
- 4. Building and Extending Skills Training (BEST) ProjectPascals Law悋 惡悋愕悋 States that where pressure is applied to a fluid in a confined space the pressure is transmitted equally in all directions throughout the fluid 惺惆悋 愀惡 悋惷愃愀 惺 悋悋悧惺 悋 忰惆惆 悒 惠慍惺 惡悋惠惴悋 4
- 5. Multiplication of ForceBy using Pascal's Law, hyd fluid can be used to gain mechanical advantage忰愕惡 悋 惡悋愕悋 悒 悋愕悋悧 悋惆惘 悋愕惠悽惆悋 悖惆悋 悋悸If we use a small piston with a small force applied we can move a large force .惺惆 悋愕惠悽惆悋 惡愕 惶愃惘 悸 惶愃惘悸 悒悋 惠忰惘 悸 惡惘悸Force is gained at the cost of distance, this is the principle of a bottle jack 5Building and Extending Skills Training (BEST) Project
- 6. Bernoulli's Principle 悋 惡惘States that: as the velocity of a fluid increases, the pressure exerted by that fluid decreases.惶 惺: 悋 慍悋惆惠 愕惘惺悸 悋愕悋悧 悋 惶 悋惷愃愀 悋悋惠悴 悋愕悋悧Therefore if we change the size of a conductor we change the pressure and the velocity of the fluid inversely悵 悒悵悋 惠愃惘 忰悴 悋悋 (悋惶) 悋 惠愃惘 悋惷愃愀 悋愕惘惺悸 惡愆 惺愕6Building and Extending Skills Training (BEST) Project
- 7. Bernoullis Principle in a system7Building and Extending Skills Training (BEST) Project
- 8. Properties of Liquid悽悋惶 悋愕悋悧 Liquids and gases take the shape of the container they are in.惠悖悽悵 悋愕悋悧 悋愃悋慍悋惠 愆 悋惺悋悄 悋悴惆悸 Gases are compressible Liquids are not.悋愃悋慍悋惠 悋惡悸 惷愃愀 悖悋 悋愕悋悧 愃惘 悋惡悸Hydraulic fluid will compress approximately 遜%@1000psiIf there is a pressure differential the fluid will flow from high to low pressure悒悵悋 悴惆 悋悽惠悋 悋惷愃愀 悒 悋愕悋悧 惠 悋惷愃愀 悋惺悋 悒 悋惷愃愀 悋悽惷8Building and Extending Skills Training (BEST) Project
- 9. Law of Conservation of Energy悋 忰惴 悋愀悋悸Energy has many forms愀悋悸 悖愆悋 惓惘悸A fundamental principle is that energy can never be lost悋悋惺惆悸 悋悖愕悋愕悸 悖 悋愀悋悸 悋 惠 Energy cannot be destroyed, it may be converted from one form into another悋愀悋悸 悋 惠 悋 惠愕惠忰惆惓 悒悋 惠惠忰 愆 悒 悛悽惘When energy is converted to another form work is done , this is the principle to hydraulics惺 悋惡惆悖 悋悖愕悋愕 悋惆惘: 惺惆悋 惠惠忰 悋愀悋悸 愆 悒 悛悽惘 惠悴We convert mechanical(electrical) energy to hydraulic energy to mechanical (work) energy in a system 惡惠忰 悋愀悋悸 悋悋悸 悖 悋惘惡悋悧悸 悒 愀悋悸 惆惘悸 惓 悒 愀悋悸 悋悸9Building and Extending Skills Training (BEST) Project
- 10. Power 悋惆惘悸 Is the rate or speed at which the work is done. It is divided by time. 惺惆 悋惺 悋悴慍 愕悋 惺 悋慍Expressed in watt (W) or horsepower (hp) 1hp=746 watts1 hp = 550 ft lb of work done per second1 hp = 33,000 ft lb of work per minute Whenever work is done energy is used惺惆悋 悴慍 惺 悋 悒 悋 愀悋悸10Building and Extending Skills Training (BEST) Project
- 11. Laminar and Turbulent Flow悋悴惘悋 悋惶悋悧忰 悋惷愀惘惡When fluid moves in layers parallel to the conductor walls, fluid at outer walls move slower than fluid in center .This is the ideal flow known as Laminar Flow惺惆悋 惠忰惘 悋愕悋悧 惺 愆 惶悋悧忰 悖 愀惡悋惠 惠悋慍悸 惡忰惓 惠 愕惘惺悸 悋愀惡悋惠 悋悽悋惘悴悸 惡愀悧悸 悵悋 愕 悴惘悋 惶悋悧忰 悖 悋愕悋惡 When smooth flow is disrupted the fluid moves in a random pattern. This is known as Turbulent Flow. This is caused by sharp bends, rough conductors惺惆悋 惺愀 悋愕悋惡 悋悴惘悋 悒 惠忰惘 惡愆 惷 愕 悴惘悋 惷愀惘惡 悋愕惡惡: 悋忰悋悄 忰悋惆 愕愀忰 悽愆 11Building and Extending Skills Training (BEST) Project
- 12. Force Triangle惓惓 悋悸 Force is measured in lbs(N( 惠(N 悖 ((lb (惠悋愕 悋悸 惡Area is measured in square inches(IN2( (m族( 悖 (in族(惠悋愕 悋愕悋悸 惡Pressure is measured in lbs per square inch(psi) (psi)悖 lb/in族悋愕 悋惷愃愀 惡 If two are known we can calculate the unknown悒悵悋 惺 悋惓 悒 忰愕悋惡 悋惓悋惓 1 bar= 100kpa= 14.5psi =1.02kg/cm族12Building and Extending Skills Training (BEST) Project
- 13. Force Triangle惓惓 悋悸 13Building and Extending Skills Training (BEST) Project
- 14. - Determining the system pressure setting.14Building and Extending Skills Training (BEST) Project
- 15. What is the pressure?悋 悋惷愃愀Imperial MeasurementPressure=Force歎AreaForce/Load=3 tons= 6000lbsArea of cyl=r族(X(1.5x1.5)=7.06866000歎7.0686 = 848Pressure =848 psiMetric Measurement悋悋愕悋惠 悋惠惘悸 Pressure=Force歎Area 悋惷愃愀 = 悋悸\ 悋愕悋忰悸 Force or Load =3 tonnes=3000kgArea of cyl=r族=(X(3.75cmx3.75cm)=44.18cm族3000歎44.18 = 68kg/cm族15Building and Extending Skills Training (BEST) Project
- 16. - Selecting a cylinder.16Building and Extending Skills Training (BEST) Project
- 17. What is the diameter of the cylinder?悋 愀惘 悋悖愕愀悋悸悋愀惘 =Area= Force 歎Pressure悋愕悋忰悸 = 悋悸/ 悋惷愃愀Force=1 tonne=1000kgs悋悸 = 1愀= 1000愃Pressure=105kg/cm族悋惷愃愀 = 105愃/ 愕2 1000歎105=9.52 cm族Area=9.52 cm族悋愕悋忰悸 = 1000/105= 9.52愕2Diameter of cyl= (9.52歎)X2=6.06cm悋愀惘 = 6.0617Building and Extending Skills Training (BEST) Project
- 18. Flow Triangle 惓惓 悋悴惘悋 Volume (flow) is measured in gallons per minute(GPM)Speed is measured in inches per minutein/min 悋愕惘惺悸 惠悋愕 Area is measured in square inchesin族 悋cm族悋愕悋忰悸 惠悋愕If two are known we can calculate the unknown悒悵悋 惺 悋惓悋 悒 忰愕悋惡 悋惓悋惓18Building and Extending Skills Training (BEST) Project
- 19. We need to convert the GPM to cubic inches 1US gallon =231続 1 Imperial gallon =277 続We need to convert litres /min to cubic centimetres 1 lpm =1000cm続19Building and Extending Skills Training (BEST) Project
- 20. What is the diameter of the cylinder?悋 愀惘 悋悖愕愀悋悸Flow rate= 75 lpm75 lpm=75000cm続Speed 30cm/sec(1800cm/min)75000歎1800=41.6cm族Area=41.6cm族Diameter of cyl= 41.6歎X2=4.10cm20Building and Extending Skills Training (BEST) Project
- 21. Why Diameter of CylinderWe need to convert the diameter of the cylinder to area because in the mathematic calculations (F =PxA) area is needed as that is the surface that the liquid is acting on to create the force required to move the load忰惠悋悴 忰愕悋惡 愀惘 悋悋愕愀悋悸 悒悴悋惆 愕悋忰悸 愀惺悋 惡悋惠悋 悋愕惠悽惆悋悋 惺悋惆悸 悋悸 = 悋惷愃愀 * 悋愕悋忰悸 21Building and Extending Skills Training (BEST) Project
- 22. Why Diameter of CylinderThus when calculating the area of a cylinder using the formula (A=F歎P) we need to convert the area to diameter to know what size of cylinder we need as cylinders are usually sized by piston diameter and length of stroke. 悋惷愃愀歎悵 悒 忰愕悋惡 悋愕悋忰悸 = 悋悸 悗惆 悒 忰愕悋惡 愀惘 悋悋愕愀悋悸 惺悋惆悸 愕惠悽惆 惠忰惆惆 悋惡愕 惡悋悋惷悋悸悋 愀 悋惆惘悸 22Building and Extending Skills Training (BEST) Project
- 23. Actuators愆愃 悋 Actuators fall into two categories: linear (cylinders) and rotary (motors)愕 悋愆愃 悋悋 悒 惺: 悽愀 (悖愕愀悋悸) 惆惘悋 (忰惘) Cylinders can be single acting or double acting and come in a variety of mounting configurations depending on needs惠悖惠 悋悖愕愀悋悸 惺 悖忰悋惆 悋惺 悖 惓悋悧 悋惺 惺 惺惆悸 悖愆悋Motors can be bi-directional, unidirectional or oscillating悋忰惘悋惠 惠悖惠 惺 惓悋悧 悋悋惠悴悋 悖 悖忰悋惆 悋悋惠悴悋 悖 惆惘悋They can also be fixed capacity or variable depending on requirements. Actuators. (Courtesy Eaton Corporation, Hydraulics Operations)23Building and Extending Skills Training (BEST) Project
- 24. Hydraulic circuits are built in the reverse order惠惡 悋惆悋悧惘 悋惆惘悸 悋惠惘惠惡 悋惺愕 We start with what we want as an end result惡惆悖 惡悋 惘惆 惺 悖 悋惠悴悸 悋惘悋惆悸Load to move or turn悋忰 悖悴 悋忰惘悸 悖 悋惆惘悋3. Then safe working pressure惓 悽慍 悋惷愃愀 4. Then actuator size惓 忰悴 悋愆愃 悋悋 Numbers 3 & 4 can be in any order24Building and Extending Skills Training (BEST) Project
- 25. Cylinders single acting悖愕愀悋悋惠 悖忰悋惆悸 悋惺A hydraulic ram. (Courtesy Eaton Corporation, Hydraulics Operations25Building and Extending Skills Training (BEST) Project
- 26. Cylinders double acting悖愕愀悋悋惠 慍惆悴悸Double acting cylinder.(Courtesy Eaton Corporation, Hydraulics Operations)26Building and Extending Skills Training (BEST) Project
- 27. - Cylinder construction.惡悋悄 悋悖愕愀悋悸 (Courtesy Eaton Corporation, Hydraulics Operations)27Building and Extending Skills Training (BEST) Project
- 28. Cushion assembly and operation.悋惠惘惡 悋惠愆愃 (Courtesy Eaton Corporation, Hydraulics Operations)28Building and Extending Skills Training (BEST) Project
- 29. - Cylinder mounting methods.惺悸 惠惘惡 悋悖愕愀悋悸 (Courtesy Eaton Corporation, Hydraulics Operations)29Building and Extending Skills Training (BEST) Project
- 30. 珂看岳看姻壊悋忰惘悋惠 Design specifications determine the style of motor悋惶悋惠 悋惠惶 惠忰惆惆 愀惡惺悸 悋忰惘 Styles of motors available are悖悋惺 悋忰惘悋惠 悋悴惆悸 Gear (external, internal),Vane and Piston - 悋惠惘愕 (惆悋悽 悽悋惘悴) 悋惆悋惘悸 悋惡愕 30Building and Extending Skills Training (BEST) Project
- 31. 珂看岳看姻壊悋忰惘悋惠 Power Fluid Symbols 惘慍 悋惆惘悸 悋悋悧惺31Building and Extending Skills Training (BEST) Project
- 32. 珂看岳看姻壊悋忰惘悋惠 Power Fluid Symbols 惘慍 悋惆惘悸 悋悋悧惺32Building and Extending Skills Training (BEST) Project
- 33. Direction Control Valves惶悋悋惠 惠忰 悋悋惠悴悋 Controls the direction the fluid will travel within the circuit惠惠忰 惡悋惠悴悋 悋愕悋悧 悋悋惘 悋惆悋悧惘悸 悋惆惘悸 Eg. Without a DCV a cylinder would stroke out then not return unless you switched the hoses!惡惆 悵 悋惶悋悋惠 悋悖愕愀悋悸 愕 惠悽惘悴 惓 悋 惠惺惆 悒悋 悒悵悋 惠 惠愃惘 悋悽惘悋愀2 types are spools & rotary惺悋: 惆悋悧惘 33Building and Extending Skills Training (BEST) Project
- 34. Direction Control Valves惶悋悋惠 惠忰 悋悋惠悴悋identified by the # of ports (or ways) & positions. E.g. 4 way 3 position closed centre34Building and Extending Skills Training (BEST) Project
- 35. Common spool centres. 悖 惘悋慍 悋 (Courtesy Eaton Corporation, Hydraulics Operations)35Building and Extending Skills Training (BEST) Project
- 36. Non-Throttling DCVDirectional Control Valve Symbols 惘慍 惶悋悋惠 惠忰 悋悋惠悴悋 36Building and Extending Skills Training (BEST) Project
- 37. Pressure Control Valves惶悋悋惠 惠惠忰 惡悋惷愃愀Relief Valve(most common)惶悋悋惠 悋悖悋 Limits system pressure忰惆惆 惷愃愀 悋惴悋Its considered a Safety Valve愃惘 惶悋 悋忰悋悸Every hydraulic system needs a pressure relief valve 惴悋 惆惘 忰惠悋悴 悒 惶悋 悖悋 悋惷愃愀37Building and Extending Skills Training (BEST) Project
- 38. Relief valves, direct acting and pilot operated(Courtesy Eaton Corporation, Hydraulics Operations)惶悋悋惠 悋悖悋38Building and Extending Skills Training (BEST) Project
- 39. Conductors/Pipe悋惶悋惠 (悋悖悋惡惡) Steel pipe is commonly used as a fluid conductor when large volumes of fluid are involved, or where its lower cost relative to tubing is a factor. 惠愕惠悽惆 悋悖悋惡惡 悋悋悵悸 惺悋惆悸 悋愕悋悧 For general hydraulic purposes, seamless carbon steel pipe is recommended. It must be free from dirt, rust , scale and any machine debris before being installed into any hydraulic system.悖愃惘悋惷 悋惆惘 愕惠悽惆 悋悖惡惡 悋悋悵 悋惘惡 惡惆 惆惘慍 悽 悋愃惡悋惘 悋惶惆悖 悖惠 惡惺惆悸 悖忰悴悋 Standard finish given to steel pipe is a lacquer coating that is intended to prevent corrosion during shipping and storage. This is referred to as black iron pipe. Best is pickled and oiled or just pickled only. Galvanized pipe should never be used on pressure lines it is accepted on return lines惠愀 悋悖悋惡惡 悋悋悵悸 惡悋惆悸 惘愆 悋 (悋愀) 忰悋惠悋 悋惠悛 悖惓悋悄 悋惠忰 悋惠悽慍39Building and Extending Skills Training (BEST) Project
- 40. If we double the size of the conductor we quadruple the area and the flow will be quartered悒悵悋 惷悋惺悋 忰悴 悋惶悋惠 悵 悒 悋愕悋悸 惠慍惆悋惆 悖惘惡惺悸 悖惷惺悋 悵 悋悴惘悋When changing conductors pay particular attention to size惺惆 惠愃惘 悋惶悋惠 悴惡 悋悋惠惡悋 悒 悋忰悴 40Building and Extending Skills Training (BEST) Project
- 41. Hydraulic Pumps悋惷悽悋惠 悋惆惘悸 Can be fixed displacement or variable displacement depending on requirements 悖 惠 惓悋惡惠 悋愕悋悸 悖 惠愃惘 悋愕悋悸 忰愕惡 悋愀惡Can be gear, vane or piston 悖 惠 惠惘愕 悖 惆惘悋 悖 惡愕Similar to motors except driven by an outside force i.e: electric motor惠愆悋惡 惺 悋忰惘 惡悋愕惠惓悋悄 悖 悋悸 悋忰惘悸 悋悽悋惘悴41Building and Extending Skills Training (BEST) Project
- 42. Pumps and Compressors悋惷悽悋惠 悋惷悋愃愀悋惠 Power Fluid Symbols 惘慍 惆惘悸 悋悋悧惺42Building and Extending Skills Training (BEST) Project
- 43. A basic hydraulic system.惴悋 惆惘 惡愕愀 43Building and Extending Skills Training (BEST) Project
- 44. TROUBLESHOOTING忰 悋愆悋惠44Building and Extending Skills Training (BEST) Project
- 45. Faulty Actuator悽愀悖 悋愆愃 悋悋 45Building and Extending Skills Training (BEST) Project
- 46. Faulty Actuator悽愀悖 悋愆愃 悋悋 46Building and Extending Skills Training (BEST) Project
- 47. Faulty Actuator愆悋 悋愆愃 悋悋47Building and Extending Skills Training (BEST) Project
- 48. Rod Damage惠忰愀 悋惷惡 48Building and Extending Skills Training (BEST) Project
- 49. Rod Damage惠忰愀 悋惷惡 49Building and Extending Skills Training (BEST) Project
- 50. Fundamentals ofIndustrial Hydraulics悖愕悋愕悋惠 悋惆惘Mr. Billy Lockhart contact informationE-mail lockhartb@siast.sk.caOffice Telephone in CANADA # 001-306-659-4323 September 2010Building and Extending Skills Training (BEST) Project