Spanish 4 grammar book revised
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This document provides a table of contents and sections from a Spanish 4 grammar book, including: 1) A summary of verb conjugations for the present tense 2) An overview of the differences between ser and estar 3) Explanations of gustar and how to use it with nouns, articles, and adjectives 4) A comparison of the preterite and imperfect tenses
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Spanish 4 grammar book revised
- 1. SPANISH 4 GRAMMAR BOOK Crisi Coleman
- 2. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Presente 12. Por & para 2. Ser y estar 13. To become: 3. Gustar + hacerse, ponerse, volv nouns/articles/adj erse, llegar a ser 4. Preterite vs imperfect ------------------------ 5. Subj. in noun clause 2nd semester 6. Sub. In adj clauses 7. Commands 8. Object pronouns 9. Possessive adj/pronouns 10. Demonstrative adj/pronouns 11. Reflexives
- 3. EL PRESENTE AR ER IR o o o as es es a e e amos emos imos 叩is 辿is 鱈s an en en Drop the infinitive ending and add the conjugation to what it needs to be.
- 4. SER Y ESTAR Ser: to be (permanence) Nationality Estar: to be (temporary) Profession Location/spacial relationships Characteristics of Health people/generalizations Physical states/conditions Possessions Emotional states Material of coposition Certain weather expressions Time, date, or season. Ongoing actions- progressive Where/when an event takes Results of actions- past place. participles Expected qualities Variable qualities
- 5. GUSTAR + NOUNS/ARTICLES/ADJ Me/te/le/les/nos gusta/gustan Gusta is used for items being liked that are singular. If there is a verb after gusta, use the verbs infinitive. Me gusta comer manzanas y fresas. I like to eat apples and strawberries. Me gustan las manzanas. I like apples. VERBS LIKE GUSTAR: fascinar, encantar, molestar, preocupar, interesar, dolar, faltar, aburri r, disgustar, apetecer, etc. a + prepositional pronoun or a + noun = emphasize who is pleased, bothered, etc.
- 6. PRETERITE VS IMPERFECT Preterite Imperfect 辿 aba aste abas 坦 aba amos asteis 叩bamos aron abais aban Both indicate the past. However, preterite is used for past actions that are completed, meaning you cant come back and continue to do them. Imperfect is generally used for incomplete actions- there is no inferred beginning or end. They could still be happening right now.
- 7. SUBJ IN NOUN CLAUSES Alena no corre hoy. Alena is not running today. (correr) Quiero que compres el arbol de navidad. I want you to buy the christmas tree. (comprar) Deseo que te corres. I want you to run. (correr) The ending is changed to the opposite vowel.
- 8. SUBJ IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES An adjective clause helps describe a noun in detail. No hay nada ahi que me guste. There is nothing there that I like. Since it uses subjunctive, you flip the ending of the conjugated verb to that of the opposite vowel. Ar- er/ir Er/ir- ar
- 9. COMMANDS AFFIRMATIVE T炭- drop the s Irregulars: di, haz, ve, pon,sal, se, ten, ven Ud/Uds- put it in yo and change to opposite vowel. irregulars- TVDISHES NEGATIVE Tu- put in yo, change to opposite vowel, add an s. (TVDISHES) Ud/Uds- same as positive Ud/Uds (irr. TVDISHES)
- 10. OBJECT PRONOUNS A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun. Direct object pronouns directly receive the action of the verb. Indirect object pronouns identify to whom or for whom an action is done. Indirect: me te le nos os les Direct: me te lo/la nos os los/las
- 11. POSSESSIVE ADJ/PRONOUNS Adjectives describe su(s) os, -as) nouns Pronouns take the his, her, your your (fam. pl.) place of nouns(formal), their vuestro gato mi(s) su gato vuestras gatos my sus gatos mi gato nuestro(-a, - mis gatos os, -as): tu(s): our your (fam. sing.) nuestro gato tu gato nuestras gatos tus vuestro(-a, -
- 12. DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUNS se- that ste- this Aqu辿l- that 辿sa 辿sta Aqu辿lla 辿sos 辿stos Aqu辿llos 辿sas 辿stas Aqu辿lla
- 13. REFLEXIVES Reflexive verbs end in se. lavar to wash (non-reflexive) lavarse to wash oneself (reflexive) rascar to scratch (non-reflexive) rascarse to scratch oneself (reflexive) When conjugated, you conjugated the se into what it needs to me (e.g. me, te, le, etc.) and put it in front of the verb. Te lavas Le rasca
- 14. POR Y PARA POR: Por has seven special uses: PARA: Para also has seven uses. General location & motion Expresses destination Duration of action Deadline or specific future destination Motive of action Purpose/goal + infinitive (In order for) Object of search Purpose + noun (In order for ____) Translation of by Recipient Exchange or substitution Unit of Measure Comparison or opinion It is used more as for, whereas In the employ of (she works for) para can mean through or by. Este libro es para mi hermana. Gracias por el regalo.
- 15. TO BECOME hacerse, ponerse, volverse, llegar a ser: these all mean to become. Ponerse/Volverse are followed by an adjective and infer a change in physical or emotional state. Hacerse/llegar a ser are followed by a noun or an adjective and infer a change in something due to effort. Mari se pone verde cuando enferma. Mari turns green when she is sick. Lleg坦 a ser muy popular a escuela. He became very popular at school.
- 16. 2ND SEMESTER 1. Reflexive verbs 2. Future/Conditional 3. Lo Neuter 4. Present Perfect 5. Relative Pronouns
- 17. REFLEXIVE VERBS In reflexive construction, the subject of the verb performs and receives the action. Me te se nos les Aburrir- to bore, aburrirse- to become bored Acordar- to agree, acordarse- to remember Comer- to eat, comerse- to eat up Dormir- to sleep, dormirse- to fall asleep Ir- to go, irse- to go away from Quitar- to take away, quitarse- to take off (clothing) Parecer- to seem, parecerse (a)- to resemble, to look like A, de, and en added to the reflexive will make it mean about, to, of.
- 18. FUTURE & CONDITIONAL The Future tense is used to indicate that something will happen in the nearby future. The conditional tense is used -辿, -叩s, -叩, -emos, - to indicate that a person should have, could have, or 辿is, -叩n are used for all regular would have applied an action verbs. THEY ARE ADDED TO THE (also for probably or possibly). INFINITIVE IN ITS TOTALITY. Comer辿- I will eat. 鱈a Caminaremos- we will walk. 鱈as Irregulars: 鱈a saber, poner, venir, salir, hacer, de 鱈amos cir, tener, haber, etc. 鱈ais 鱈an are applied to the INFINITIVE IN ITS TOTALITY.
- 19. LO NEUTER Lo + adjective is usually translated to The adjective thing/part/one/style or What is adjective Veo lo triste que es. I see how sad it is. Lo que quiero es tu VIDA. What I want is your life. ;)
- 20. PRESENT PERFECT Hacer + ado/ido = (noun) HAS done the verb. If you are using reflexives, put the reflexive prefix IN FRONT of the conjugated hacer. He Has Ha Han Hemos He sido triste porque mi mama es enferma I have been sad because my mom is sick.
- 21. RELATIVE PRONOUNS Que Quien(es) Lo Que Cuyo that, which, who Who, whom, What, that A relative used when there that which, or the adjective relates is not a Refers ONLY to thing that. the owner to preposition. Add people- often that which is el or la when used with a owned, as does there IS a preposition or "whose". preposition. the personal a. Refers to things Set off by Idea/situation/p Use it to say or people commas- ast event ______, whose occasionally use _______ is _____ que. El hombre que Lourdes, quien Lo que quiero es La mujer, cuyo limpia es Pedro. estudia espa単ol una casa en casa es es muy Acapulco. peque単a, tiene intelegente. muchas gatas.