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Grammar Book
- 2. Table of Contents 1. Nationalities 2. Stem Changing Verbs 3. Para 4. Indirect Object Pronouns 5. Pronoun Placement 6. Gustar 7.Affirmative/Negative Words 8. Superlatives 9. Reflexives 10. Affirmative T炭 Commands/ Irregulars/ Pronoun Placement 11. Negative T炭 Commands/ Irregulars/ Pronoun Placement 12. Sequencing Events
- 4. Stem Changers O-UE E-I E-IE U-UE
- 5. Para Use para (for, in order to) to indicate: the recipient of items .el regalo para t炭 mam叩 purpose Vamos al restaurante para comer. implied purpose Tengo dinero para (comprar) algo.
- 6. IOP Indirect objects are nouns that tell to whom/what or for whom/what. IOPs replace or accompany indirect objects. Notice that indirect object pronouns use the same words as direct object pronouns except for le and les. Singular Plural Me Nos (me) (us) Te Os (you familiar) (you familiar) Le Les (you formal), him or her (you, them)
- 7. Object Pronoun Placement 1. attach the pronoun to the infinitive. 2. attach the pronoun to a progressive tense 3. attach the pronoun to an affirmative command 4. place the pronoun before a conjugated verb.
- 8. Gustar Me Nos Te Os Le Les No goes before conjugated verb. The indirect object pronoun and gustar are married. They always stay together in the sentence. They refer back. A mi/ a ti is used for emphasis.
- 9. Affirmative and Negative Words Affirmatives Algo Something Alguien Someone Alg炭n/alguno (a) Same Siempre Always Tambi辿n also Negatives Nada Nothing Nadie No one Ning炭n/ninguno(a) Nope, not any Nunca Never Tampoco Neither, either
- 10. Superlatives simo, 鱈simos, 鱈sima, 鱈simas These suffixes are added to adjectives and adverbs. It is equivalent to extremely/very before an adjective or adverb Adjective and adverbs ending in c, g, or z change spelling to qu, gu, and c respectively Ex: Malo > mal鱈simo Muchas > much鱈simas Dificil > dificil鱈smo
- 11. Reflexives Reflexive pronouns are used with reflective verbs to indicate that the subject of the sentence recieves the action of the verb. Me Nos Te Os Se Se Many verbs can be used with or without reflexive pronouns. When there is no reflexive pronoun, the person doing the action does not receive the action.Reflexive Papa se lava Papa washes himself.
- 12. Affirmative T炭 Commands/ Irregulars/ Pronoun Placement 1) drop the s I Infinitive Affirmative t炭 Commands r Decir Di r hacer Haz e g Ir Ve u Poner Pon l Salir Sal a r Ser S辿 s Tener Ten Venir Ven When using an object pronoun, attach the pronoun to the end of the command. Ex. Cuza el parque > 臓Cr炭zalo!
- 13. Negative T炭 Commands/ Irregulars/Pronoun PlacementIrregulars Infintive Negative t炭 1) Put in yo Commands Dar No des/ digas 2) Change vowel Ir No vayas ar > e er/ir > a Ser No seas 3) Add s Hacer No hagas Estar No est辿s Saber/ Salir No Object pronouns precede the sepas/salgas Verbs in negative commands, just Tener No tengas as with other conjugated verbs. Valir No vengas Ex. 臓No lo uses! > Dont use it.
- 14. Sequencing Events Primero Entonces Luego/ Por fin Despu辿s First Then Later/ after finally Antes de/ despu辿s de Before/ After Por la mana単a/ tarde/ noche In/ during the (NO SPECIFIC TIME GIVEN) Los lunes, etc. On Monday