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实验八结报       影片欣賞-真正的夏娃:人類起源/ The Real Eve



1. 請上網或圖書館找資料比較以 genomic DNA 和 Y chromosomal DNA

 其追蹤人類血緣關係所得到之人類演化與遷徙的結果是否與追蹤

 mitochondria DNA 所得之結果相同? 若有不同,有哪些可能的原因造成?

 哪一種方法所得知結果比較可信?




 Y chromosomal DNA 追蹤:


    Y 染色體(Y-chromosome )是第 23 對性別染色體 由男性一代一代的傳遞
                                    ,          ,

 在減數分裂(Meiosis )的過程中,會發生突變(mutation ),當這些突變發生在垃

 圾 DNA(Junk DNA )中或是對有機體沒有有害也沒是有益處的中性突變,這種

 突變就會一代一代的傳下去,不同的物種有不同的基因突變速率(themutation

 rate ),形成了進化生物學(evolutionary biology )分子鐘的基礎。 可以依據人類

 Y 染色體 DNA 單倍型類群(Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup ) 追蹤父系
                                                   ,

 由人類的非洲的起源地遷徙遍佈全球的路徑。


 (路線圖位於下頁)
mitochondria DNA 追蹤:

   粒線體 DNA 沒有有絲分裂的基因重組(Genetic recombination )機制,因此,

比真核細胞的突變速率(themutation rate )高。


人口遺傳學家可以依據人的線粒體 DNA 單倍群(Human mitochondrial DNA

haplogroup ) 的基因標記(genetic marker ),幫助了解追踪現代人類母系氏族

(thematrilineal )基因傳承和地域的關係,繪製人類由非洲起源地遷徙遍佈全球

的路徑。 每個母系的後代數目,相對於父系的後代數目是”比較”平均的,依

統計的概念是更具有意義的。
(環狀 DNA 示意圖)


(http://blog.udn.com/TomasTso/4668217#ixzz1epQqjGHw)


追蹤法比較


When DNA is passed from one generation to the next, most of it is mixed by the
processes that make each person unique from his or her parents. Some special
pieces of DNA, however, remain virtually unaltered as they pass from parent to
child. One of these pieces is carried by the Y chromosome, which is passed only
from father to son. Another piece, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), is passed (with
few exceptions) only from mother to child. Since the DNA in the Y chromosome
does not mix with other DNA, it is like a genetic surname that allows men to trace
their paternal lineages. Similarly, mtDNA allows both men and women to trace
their maternal lineages.

Both the Y chromosome DNA and mtDNA are subject to occasional harmless
mutations that become inheritable genetic markers. After several generations, a
particular genetic marker is carried by almost all male and female inhabitants of
the region in which it arose. When people leave that region, they carry the marker
with them. By studying the genes of many different indigenous populations,
scientists can trace when and where a particular marker arose. Each marker
contained in a person’s DNA represents a location and migration pattern of that
person’s ancient ancestors.


(以上內容節錄自網站

http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/elsi/humanmigration.s

html)


綜合評論


     相較之下,利用 genomic DNA 追蹤人類遷徙及血緣關係較為困難且不準

確,原因在於,每一代的繁殖均經歷過減數分裂以及基因重組,所以並沒有

明顯的 genetic mark 以提供追蹤。


     三中方法中較課信的應該是 mitochondria DNA 追蹤,原因以於上文資料

中指出,而利用Y染色體追蹤出的結果雖然與 mitochondria DNA 追蹤之結果

差異不大,但利用 mitochondria DNA 追蹤仍為主流優勢,原因在於,若使用

Y染色體追蹤,僅能以男性的基因為 sample,但若以 mitochondria DNA 追
蹤,則母親的每位子女均可成為 sample 並追朔回其母親,所以相較之下較全

 面性。




2. 請挑台灣一個族群,上網或圖書館找資料寫出該族群的遷徙過程與其追蹤方

 法,並且出您對該結果的看法


 客家人遷徙過程及原因


 第一時期:秦始皇併吞六國統一中國。秦代為防止異族入侵,乃派遣大軍到

 廣東北部駐守,秦始皇死後他們也無法回到中原,其留下的後代子孫即被稱

 為『北江客人』或『先客』。


 第二時期:東晉永嘉以後,五胡亂華,『冠帶紳耆』的貴族,紛隨東晉政府

 南遷,這批相率南遷的漢人當時稱為『流人』。


 第三時期:唐朝末年,因藩鎮割據,黃巢作亂而受到迫害的人遷移到江西省

 西部、福建省西部與南部及廣東東部與北部。


 第四時期:南宋時期,金人南下及元人的入侵而入主中原,客家先民迫於外

 患,再次南遷。


 第五時期:明末流寇之禍,清兵入侵,許多客家的節義之士紛紛投入抗清行

 列,有些客家人因此隨著明鄭部隊遷至台灣。
第六時期:至清政權穩定之後的乾、嘉年間,客家人做了最後一次大規模的

族群遷徙,這次遷徙的理由卻和以往恰恰相反,而是生活安定之後,人口激

增,山區的耕田本來就有限,因此,許多人只得向外發展,紛紛渡海至南洋

或台灣,建立全新的勢力範圍。




本分資料之研究與追蹤方法:


1. 至國家圖書館-中華民國期刊論文索引影像系統中輸入關鍵字「客家」,

進一步挑選所需資料。
2. 至台北市立圖書館中搜尋資料,借閱有關「客家」的書籍。

3. 至網際網路中輸入同樣關鍵字搜尋相關網站參考。


小組員對本結果的看法


     本次查到的客家人遷徙過程與大致路徑資料來源為台北大學辛法春教

授所指導之研究(研究者:歐千瑜),上列的遷徙情形為該發表者統整之後

的結果,而其所得之資料皆來自於現存之文獻,文獻資料大多亦來自前人記

載之史書及風土文物考察。


     既然發表者之資料全都來自於現存之文獻,完全由文字記載的方法做出

客家人的遷徙路徑與大略時間,難免魯魚亥豕、以訛傳訛之嫌,相較之下,

利用粒線體 DNA 追蹤人類的親緣關係、分布及遷徙之法要客觀的多。


     另外,在網路上搜尋許久後,亦發現另外一種從生物學追蹤人類遷徙之

方法:組織抗原(HLA)追蹤,而亦有找到利用此法追蹤客家人遷徙路徑之報

告,但由於該報告內容相當繁多難以完全或節錄於本份結報,所以謹附上網

址於最後一頁之「參考資料來源」的第二個網址。


參考資料來源:


1.   http://www.ktps.tp.edu.tw/hakka/report/re-2.htm#b4

2.   http://www.wufi.org.tw/linmali.htm

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实验八结报影片欣赏

  • 1. 实验八结报 影片欣賞-真正的夏娃:人類起源/ The Real Eve 1. 請上網或圖書館找資料比較以 genomic DNA 和 Y chromosomal DNA 其追蹤人類血緣關係所得到之人類演化與遷徙的結果是否與追蹤 mitochondria DNA 所得之結果相同? 若有不同,有哪些可能的原因造成? 哪一種方法所得知結果比較可信? Y chromosomal DNA 追蹤: Y 染色體(Y-chromosome )是第 23 對性別染色體 由男性一代一代的傳遞 , , 在減數分裂(Meiosis )的過程中,會發生突變(mutation ),當這些突變發生在垃 圾 DNA(Junk DNA )中或是對有機體沒有有害也沒是有益處的中性突變,這種 突變就會一代一代的傳下去,不同的物種有不同的基因突變速率(themutation rate ),形成了進化生物學(evolutionary biology )分子鐘的基礎。 可以依據人類 Y 染色體 DNA 單倍型類群(Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup ) 追蹤父系 , 由人類的非洲的起源地遷徙遍佈全球的路徑。 (路線圖位於下頁)
  • 2. mitochondria DNA 追蹤: 粒線體 DNA 沒有有絲分裂的基因重組(Genetic recombination )機制,因此, 比真核細胞的突變速率(themutation rate )高。 人口遺傳學家可以依據人的線粒體 DNA 單倍群(Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup ) 的基因標記(genetic marker ),幫助了解追踪現代人類母系氏族 (thematrilineal )基因傳承和地域的關係,繪製人類由非洲起源地遷徙遍佈全球 的路徑。 每個母系的後代數目,相對於父系的後代數目是”比較”平均的,依 統計的概念是更具有意義的。
  • 3. (環狀 DNA 示意圖) (http://blog.udn.com/TomasTso/4668217#ixzz1epQqjGHw) 追蹤法比較 When DNA is passed from one generation to the next, most of it is mixed by the processes that make each person unique from his or her parents. Some special pieces of DNA, however, remain virtually unaltered as they pass from parent to child. One of these pieces is carried by the Y chromosome, which is passed only from father to son. Another piece, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), is passed (with few exceptions) only from mother to child. Since the DNA in the Y chromosome does not mix with other DNA, it is like a genetic surname that allows men to trace
  • 4. their paternal lineages. Similarly, mtDNA allows both men and women to trace their maternal lineages. Both the Y chromosome DNA and mtDNA are subject to occasional harmless mutations that become inheritable genetic markers. After several generations, a particular genetic marker is carried by almost all male and female inhabitants of the region in which it arose. When people leave that region, they carry the marker with them. By studying the genes of many different indigenous populations, scientists can trace when and where a particular marker arose. Each marker contained in a person’s DNA represents a location and migration pattern of that person’s ancient ancestors. (以上內容節錄自網站 http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/elsi/humanmigration.s html) 綜合評論 相較之下,利用 genomic DNA 追蹤人類遷徙及血緣關係較為困難且不準 確,原因在於,每一代的繁殖均經歷過減數分裂以及基因重組,所以並沒有 明顯的 genetic mark 以提供追蹤。 三中方法中較課信的應該是 mitochondria DNA 追蹤,原因以於上文資料 中指出,而利用Y染色體追蹤出的結果雖然與 mitochondria DNA 追蹤之結果 差異不大,但利用 mitochondria DNA 追蹤仍為主流優勢,原因在於,若使用 Y染色體追蹤,僅能以男性的基因為 sample,但若以 mitochondria DNA 追
  • 5. 蹤,則母親的每位子女均可成為 sample 並追朔回其母親,所以相較之下較全 面性。 2. 請挑台灣一個族群,上網或圖書館找資料寫出該族群的遷徙過程與其追蹤方 法,並且出您對該結果的看法 客家人遷徙過程及原因 第一時期:秦始皇併吞六國統一中國。秦代為防止異族入侵,乃派遣大軍到 廣東北部駐守,秦始皇死後他們也無法回到中原,其留下的後代子孫即被稱 為『北江客人』或『先客』。 第二時期:東晉永嘉以後,五胡亂華,『冠帶紳耆』的貴族,紛隨東晉政府 南遷,這批相率南遷的漢人當時稱為『流人』。 第三時期:唐朝末年,因藩鎮割據,黃巢作亂而受到迫害的人遷移到江西省 西部、福建省西部與南部及廣東東部與北部。 第四時期:南宋時期,金人南下及元人的入侵而入主中原,客家先民迫於外 患,再次南遷。 第五時期:明末流寇之禍,清兵入侵,許多客家的節義之士紛紛投入抗清行 列,有些客家人因此隨著明鄭部隊遷至台灣。
  • 7. 2. 至台北市立圖書館中搜尋資料,借閱有關「客家」的書籍。 3. 至網際網路中輸入同樣關鍵字搜尋相關網站參考。 小組員對本結果的看法 本次查到的客家人遷徙過程與大致路徑資料來源為台北大學辛法春教 授所指導之研究(研究者:歐千瑜),上列的遷徙情形為該發表者統整之後 的結果,而其所得之資料皆來自於現存之文獻,文獻資料大多亦來自前人記 載之史書及風土文物考察。 既然發表者之資料全都來自於現存之文獻,完全由文字記載的方法做出 客家人的遷徙路徑與大略時間,難免魯魚亥豕、以訛傳訛之嫌,相較之下, 利用粒線體 DNA 追蹤人類的親緣關係、分布及遷徙之法要客觀的多。 另外,在網路上搜尋許久後,亦發現另外一種從生物學追蹤人類遷徙之 方法:組織抗原(HLA)追蹤,而亦有找到利用此法追蹤客家人遷徙路徑之報 告,但由於該報告內容相當繁多難以完全或節錄於本份結報,所以謹附上網 址於最後一頁之「參考資料來源」的第二個網址。 參考資料來源: 1. http://www.ktps.tp.edu.tw/hakka/report/re-2.htm#b4 2. http://www.wufi.org.tw/linmali.htm