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- 1. §·§Ú§Þ§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§Ö §ã§Ó§à§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ §Ò§Ö§ß§Ù§à§Ý§Ñ. §±§à§Ý§å§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö, §á§â§Ú§Þ§Ö§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö. §µ§é§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î §Ò§Ú§à§Ý§à§Ô§Ú§Ú-§ç§Ú§Þ§Ú§Ú §®§°§µ ?§³§°§º §â.§á. §°§Ù§Ú§ß§Ü§Ú? §·§à§â§à§Ó§Ñ §§ð§Õ§Þ§Ú§Ý§Ñ §£§Ý§Ñ§Õ§Ú§Þ§Ú§â§à§Ó§ß§Ñ
- 2. §³§á§à§ã§à§Ò§í §á§à§Ý§å§é§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ. 1. §¥§Ö§Ô§Ú§Õ§â§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §è§Ú§Ü§Ý§à§Ñ§Ý§Ü§Ñ§ß§à§Ó. 2. §¥§Ö§Ô§Ú§Õ§â§à§è§Ú§Ü§Ý§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§ñ (§Ñ§â§à§Þ§Ñ§ä§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§ñ §Ñ§Ý§Ü§Ñ§ß§à§Ó): 3. §±§à§Ý§å§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Ò§Ö§ß§Ù§à§Ý§Ñ §ä§â§Ú§Þ§Ö§â§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§Ö§Û §Ñ§è§Ö§ä§Ú§Ý§Ö§ß§Ñ. 4. §³§á§Ý§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §ã§à§Ý§Ö§Û §Ñ§â§à§Þ§Ñ§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§ç §Ü§Ú§ã§Ý§à§ä §ã§à §ë§Ö§Ý§à§é§î§ð:
- 3. §·§Ú§Þ§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§Ö §ã§Ó§à§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ §°§Ò§Ý§Ñ§Õ§Ñ§ñ §á§à§Õ§Ó§Ú§Ø§ß§à§Û §ê§Ö§ã§ä§Ö§â§Ü§à§Û p -§ï§Ý§Ö§Ü§ä§â§à§ß§à§Ó, §Ñ§â§à§Þ§Ñ§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Ö §ñ§Õ§â§à §ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §å§Õ§à§Ò§ß§í§Þ §à§Ò§ì§Ö§Ü§ä§à§Þ §Õ§Ý§ñ §Ñ§ä§Ñ§Ü§Ú §ï§Ý§Ö§Ü§ä§â§à§æ§Ú§Ý§î§ß§í§Þ§Ú §â§Ö§Ñ§Ô§Ö§ß§ä§Ñ§Þ§Ú. §¿§ä§à§Þ§å §ã§á§à§ã§à§Ò§ã§ä§Ó§å§Ö§ä §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ø§Ö §á§â§à§ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§à§Ö §â§Ñ§ã§á§à§Ý§à§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö p -§ï§Ý§Ö§Ü§ä§â§à§ß§ß§à§Ô§à §à§Ò§Ý§Ñ§Ü§Ñ §ã §Õ§Ó§å§ç §ã§ä§à§â§à§ß §á§Ý§à§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à s -§ã§Ü§Ö§Ý§Ö§ä§Ñ §Þ§à§Ý§Ö§Ü§å§Ý§í. §¿§Ý§Ö§Ü§ä§â§à§æ§Ú§Ý§î§ß§à§Ö §Ù§Ñ§Þ§Ö§ë§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö (SE) ¨C §Þ§Ö§ç§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§Þ §â§Ö§Ñ§Ü§è§Ú§Ú §Ó§Ù§Ñ§Ú§Þ§à§Õ§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§ñ §Ñ§â§à§Þ§Ñ§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§ç §å§Ô§Ý§Ö§Ó§à§Õ§à§â§à§Õ§à§Ó §ã §Þ§à§Ý§Ö§Ü§å§Ý§Ñ§Þ§Ú, §ã§à§Õ§Ö§â§Ø§Ñ§ë§Ú§Þ§Ú §ï§Ý§Ö§Ü§ä§â§à§æ§Ú§Ý§î§ß§í§Ö §é§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú§è§í. §±§â§Ú§Þ§Ö§â§í §ï§Ý§Ö§Ü§ä§â§à§æ§Ú§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §é§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú§è: Cl+, NO2+, CH3+.
- 4. I §ã§ä§Ñ§Õ§Ú§ñ: §à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö -§Ü§à§Þ§á§Ý§Ö§Ü§ã§Ñ, §Ó §Ü§à§ä§à§â§à§Þ §ï§Ý§Ö§Ü§ä§â§à§æ§Ú§Ý§î§ß§Ñ§ñ §é§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú§è§Ñ §·+ §á§â§Ú§ä§ñ§Ô§Ú§Ó§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §Ü -§ï§Ý§Ö§Ü§ä§â§à§ß§ß§à§Þ§å §à§Ò§Ý§Ñ§Ü§å §Ò§Ö§ß§Ù§à§Ý§î§ß§à§Ô§à §Ü§à§Ý§î§è§Ñ. II §ã§ä§Ñ§Õ§Ú§ñ (§Ý§Ú§Þ§Ú§ä§Ú§â§å§ð§ë§Ñ§ñ): §à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö -§Ü§à§Þ§á§Ý§Ö§Ü§ã§Ñ. §¥§Ó§Ñ §ï§Ý§Ö§Ü§ä§â§à§ß§Ñ §Ú§Ù p-§ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§í §Ú§Õ§å§ä §ß§Ñ §à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö -§ã§Ó§ñ§Ù§Ú §³¨C§·. §±§â§Ú §ï§ä§à§Þ §Ñ§â§à§Þ§Ñ§ä§Ú§é§ß§à§ã§ä§î §Ü§à§Ý§î§è§Ñ §ß§Ñ§â§å§ê§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ. §¡§ä§à§Þ §å§Ô§Ý§Ö§â§à§Õ§Ñ, §ã§à§Ö§Õ§Ú§ß§Ú§Ó§ê§Ú§ã§î §ã §ï§Ý§Ö§Ü§ä§â§à§æ§Ú§Ý§à§Þ §·, §á§Ö§â§Ö§ç§à§Õ§Ú§ä §Ú§Ù sp2- §Ó sp3- §Ô§Ú§Ò§â§Ú§Õ§Ú§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§à§Ö §ã§à§ã§ä§à§ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §Ú §Ó§í§ç§à§Õ§Ú§ä §Ú§Ù §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§í §ã§à§á§â§ñ§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ. §£ §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§Ö §ã§à§á§â§ñ§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §à§ã§ä§Ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ 4 p-§ï§Ý§Ö§Ü§ä§â§à§ß§Ñ, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Ö §Õ§Ö§Ý§à§Ü§Ñ§Ý§Ú§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§í §ß§Ñ 5-§ä§Ú §å§Ô§Ý§Ö§â§à§Õ§ß§í§ç §Ñ§ä§à§Þ§Ñ§ç §Ü§à§Ý§î§è§Ñ (§Ù§Ñ§â§ñ§Õ +1). III §ã§ä§Ñ§Õ§Ú§ñ: §à§ä§ë§Ö§á§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §á§â§à§ä§à§ß§Ñ §¯+, §Ú §Ó§à§ã§ã§ä§Ñ§ß§à§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Ñ§â§à§Þ§Ñ§ä§Ú§é§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §Ü§à§Ý§î§è§Ñ, §á§à§ã§Ü§à§Ý§î§Ü§å §Õ§Ó§Ñ §ï§Ý§Ö§Ü§ä§â§à§ß§Ñ §ã§Ó§ñ§Ù§Ú §³¨C§¯ §á§Ö§â§Ö§ç§à§Õ§ñ§ä §Ó -§ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§å §Ü§à§Ý§î§è§Ñ.
- 5. 1. §¤§Ñ§Ý§à§Ô§Ö§ß§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö. §¢§Ö§ß§Ù§à§Ý §ß§Ö §Ó§Ù§Ñ§Ú§Þ§à§Õ§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§å§Ö§ä §ã §ç§Ý§à§â§à§Þ §Ú§Ý§Ú §Ò§â§à§Þ§à§Þ §Ó §à§Ò§í§é§ß§í§ç §å§ã§Ý§à§Ó§Ú§ñ§ç. §²§Ö§Ñ§Ü§è§Ú§ñ §Þ§à§Ø§Ö§ä §á§â§à§ä§Ö§Ü§Ñ§ä§î §ä§à§Ý§î§Ü§à §Ó §á§â§Ú§ã§å§ä§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§Ú §Ü§Ñ§ä§Ñ§Ý§Ú§Ù§Ñ§ä§à§â§à§Ó ¡ª §Ò§Ö§Ù§Ó§à§Õ§ß§í§ç §¡l§³l3, Fe§³l3, §¡l§£r3. §£ §â§Ö§Ù§å§Ý§î§ä§Ñ§ä§Ö §â§Ö§Ñ§Ü§è§Ú§Ú §à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù§å§ð§ä§ã§ñ §Ô§Ñ§Ý§à§Ô§Ö§ß§à§Ù§Ñ§Þ§Ö§ë§Ö§ß§ß§í§Ö §Ñ§â§Ö§ß§í: 2. §¯§Ú§ä§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö. §¢§Ö§ß§Ù§à§Ý §à§é§Ö§ß§î §Þ§Ö§Õ§Ý§Ö§ß§ß§à §â§Ö§Ñ§Ô§Ú§â§å§Ö§ä §ã §Ü§à§ß§è§Ö§ß§ä§â§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§à§Û §Ñ§Ù§à§ä§ß§à§Û §Ü§Ú§ã§Ý§à§ä§à§Û §Õ§Ñ§Ø§Ö §á§â§Ú §ã§Ú§Ý§î§ß§à§Þ §ß§Ñ§Ô§â§Ö§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ú. §°§Õ§ß§Ñ§Ü§à §á§â§Ú §Õ§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§Ú §ä§Ñ§Ü §ß§Ñ§Ù§í§Ó§Ñ§Ö§Þ§à§Û §ß§Ú§ä§â§å§ð§ë§Ö§Û §ã§Þ§Ö§ã§Ú (§ã§Þ§Ö§ã§î §Ü§à§ß§è§Ö§ß§ä§â§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§í§ç §Ñ§Ù§à§ä§ß§à§Û §Ú §ã§Ö§â§ß§à§Û §Ü§Ú§ã§Ý§à§ä) §â§Ö§Ñ§Ü§è§Ú§ñ §ß§Ú§ä§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §á§â§à§ç§à§Õ§Ú§ä §Õ§à§ã§ä§Ñ§ä§à§é§ß§à §Ý§Ö§Ô§Ü§à:
- 6. 3. §¡§Ý§Ü§Ú§Ý§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §á§à §¶§â§Ú§Õ§Ö§Ý§ð¡ª§¬§â§Ñ§æ§ä§ã§å. §£ §â§Ö§Ù§å§Ý§î§ä§Ñ§ä§Ö §â§Ö§Ñ§Ü§è§Ú§Ú §á§â§à§Ú§ã§ç§à§Õ§Ú§ä §Ó§Ó§Ö§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Ó §Ò§Ö§ß§Ù§à§Ý§î§ß§à§Ö §ñ§Õ§â§à §Ñ§Ý§Ü§Ú§Ý§î§ß§à§Û §Ô§â§å§á§á§í §ã §á§à§Ý§å§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö§Þ §Ô§à§Þ§à§Ý§à§Ô§à§Ó §Ò§Ö§ß§Ù§à§Ý§Ñ. §²§Ö§Ñ§Ü§è§Ú§ñ §á§â§à§ä§Ö§Ü§Ñ§Ö§ä §á§â§Ú §Õ§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§Ú §ß§Ñ §Ò§Ö§ß§Ù§à§Ý §Ô§Ñ§Ý§à§Ô§Ö§ß§Ñ§Ý§Ü§Ñ§ß§à§Ó R§³l §Ó §á§â§Ú§ã§å§ä§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§Ú §Ü§Ñ§ä§Ñ§Ý§Ú§Ù§Ñ§ä§à§â§à§Ó ¡ª §Ô§Ñ§Ý§à§Ô§Ö§ß§Ú§Õ§à§Ó §Ñ§Ý§ð§Þ§Ú§ß§Ú§ñ. §²§à§Ý§î §Ü§Ñ§ä§Ñ§Ý§Ú§Ù§Ñ§ä§à§â§Ñ §ã§Ó§à§Õ§Ú§ä§ã§ñ §Ü §á§à§Ý§ñ§â§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §Þ§à§Ý§Ö§Ü§å§Ý§í R§³l §ã §à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö§Þ §ï§Ý§Ö§Ü§ä§â§à§æ§Ú§Ý§î§ß§à§Û §é§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú§è§í: §£ §Ù§Ñ§Ó§Ú§ã§Ú§Þ§à§ã§ä§Ú §à§ä §ã§ä§â§à§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §â§Ñ§Õ§Ú§Ü§Ñ§Ý§Ñ §Ó §Ô§Ñ§Ý§à§Ô§Ö§ß§Ñ§Ý§Ü§Ñ§ß§Ö §Þ§à§Ø§ß§à §á§à§Ý§å§é§Ú§ä§î §â§Ñ§Ù§ß§í§Ö §Ô§à§Þ§à§Ý§à§Ô§Ú §Ò§Ö§ß§Ù§à§Ý§Ñ:
- 7. 4.§¡§Ý§Ü§Ú§Ý§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §Ñ§Ý§Ü§Ö§ß§Ñ§Þ§Ú. §¿§ä§Ú §â§Ö§Ñ§Ü§è§Ú§Ú §ê§Ú§â§à§Ü§à §Ú§ã§á§à§Ý§î§Ù§å§ð§ä§ã§ñ §Ó §á§â§à§Þ§í§ê§Ý§Ö§ß§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §Õ§Ý§ñ §á§à§Ý§å§é§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §ï§ä§Ú§Ý§Ò§Ö§ß§Ù§à§Ý§Ñ §Ú §Ú§Ù§à§á§â§à§á§Ú§Ý§Ò§Ö§ß§Ù§à§Ý§Ñ (§Ü§å§Þ§à§Ý§Ñ). §¡§Ý§Ü§Ú§Ý§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §á§â§à§Ó§à§Õ§ñ§ä §Ó §á§â§Ú§ã§å§ä§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§Ú §Ü§Ñ§ä§Ñ§Ý§Ú§Ù§Ñ§ä§à§â§Ñ §¡l§³l3. §®§Ö§ç§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§Þ §â§Ö§Ñ§Ü§è§Ú§Ú §ã§ç§à§Õ§Ö§ß §ã §Þ§Ö§ç§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§Þ§à§Þ §á§â§Ö§Õ§í§Õ§å§ë§Ö§Û §â§Ö§Ñ§Ü§è§Ú§Ú:
- 8. §±§â§Ñ§Ó§Ú§Ý§Ñ §à§â§Ú§Ö§ß§ä§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú (§Ù§Ñ§Þ§Ö§ë§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ) §Ó §Ò§Ö§ß§Ù§à§Ý§î§ß§à§Þ §Ü§à§Ý§î§è§Ö. ? §£§Ñ§Ø§ß§Ö§Û§ê§Ú§Þ §æ§Ñ§Ü§ä§à§â§à§Þ, §à§á§â§Ö§Õ§Ö§Ý§ñ§ð§ë§Ú§Þ §ç§Ú§Þ§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§Ö §ã§Ó§à§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ §Þ§à§Ý§Ö§Ü§å§Ý§í, §ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §â§Ñ§ã§á§â§Ö§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Ó §ß§Ö§Û §ï§Ý§Ö§Ü§ä§â§à§ß§ß§à§Û §á§Ý§à§ä§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú. §·§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ü§ä§Ö§â §â§Ñ§ã§á§â§Ö§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ù§Ñ§Ó§Ú§ã§Ú§ä §à§ä §Ó§Ù§Ñ§Ú§Þ§ß§à§Ô§à §Ó§Ý§Ú§ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §Ñ§ä§à§Þ§à§Ó. ? §£ §Þ§à§Ý§Ö§Ü§å§Ý§Ñ§ç, §Ú§Þ§Ö§ð§ë§Ú§ç §ä§à§Ý§î§Ü§à -§ã§Ó§ñ§Ù§Ú, §Ó§Ù§Ñ§Ú§Þ§ß§à§Ö §Ó§Ý§Ú§ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §Ñ§ä§à§Þ§à§Ó §à§ã§å§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §é§Ö§â§Ö§Ù §Ú§ß§Õ§å§Ü§ä§Ú§Ó§ß§í§Û §ï§æ§æ§Ö§Ü§ä. §£ §Þ§à§Ý§Ö§Ü§å§Ý§Ñ§ç, §á§â§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§ð§ë§Ú§ç §ã§à§Ò§à§Û §ã§à§á§â§ñ§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§í§Ö §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§í, §á§â§à§ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §Õ§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§Ö §Þ§Ö§Ù§à§Þ§Ö§â§ß§à§Ô§à §ï§æ§æ§Ö§Ü§ä§Ñ. ? §£§Ý§Ú§ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §Ù§Ñ§Þ§Ö§ã§ä§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§Ö§Û, §á§Ö§â§Ö§Õ§Ñ§ð§ë§Ö§Ö§ã§ñ §á§à §ã§à§á§â§ñ§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§à§Û §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§Ö p - §ã§Ó§ñ§Ù§Ö§Û, §ß§Ñ§Ù§í§Ó§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §Þ§Ö§Ù§à§Þ§Ö§â§ß§í§Þ (§®) §ï§æ§æ§Ö§Ü§ä§à§Þ. ? §£ §Þ§à§Ý§Ö§Ü§å§Ý§Ö §Ò§Ö§ß§Ù§à§Ý§Ñ -§ï§Ý§Ö§Ü§ä§â§à§ß§ß§à§Ö §à§Ò§Ý§Ñ§Ü§à §â§Ñ§ã§á§â§Ö§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ö§ß§à §â§Ñ§Ó§ß§à§Þ§Ö§â§ß§à §á§à §Ó§ã§Ö§Þ §Ñ§ä§à§Þ§Ñ§Þ §å§Ô§Ý§Ö§â§à§Õ§Ñ §Ù§Ñ §ã§é§Ö§ä §ã§à§á§â§ñ§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ. §¦§ã§Ý§Ú §Ø§Ö §Ó §Ò§Ö§ß§Ù§à§Ý§î§ß§à§Ö §Ü§à§Ý§î§è§à §Ó§Ó§Ö§ã§ä§Ú §Ü§Ñ§Ü§à§Û-§ß§Ú§Ò§å§Õ§î §Ù§Ñ§Þ§Ö§ã§ä§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î, §ï§ä§à §â§Ñ§Ó§ß§à§Þ§Ö§â§ß§à§Ö §â§Ñ§ã§á§â§Ö§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §ß§Ñ§â§å§ê§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §Ú §á§â§à§Ú§ã§ç§à§Õ§Ú§ä §á§Ö§â§Ö§â§Ñ§ã§á§â§Ö§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §ï§Ý§Ö§Ü§ä§â§à§ß§ß§à§Û §á§Ý§à§ä§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §Ó §Ü§à§Ý§î§è§Ö. §®§Ö§ã§ä§à §Ó§ã§ä§å§á§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ó§ä§à§â§à§Ô§à §Ù§Ñ§Þ§Ö§ã§ä§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§ñ §Ó §Ò§Ö§ß§Ù§à§Ý§î§ß§à§Ö §Ü§à§Ý§î§è§à §à§á§â§Ö§Õ§Ö§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §á§â§Ú§â§à§Õ§à§Û §å§Ø§Ö §Ú§Þ§Ö§ð§ë§Ö§Ô§à§ã§ñ §Ù§Ñ§Þ§Ö§ã§ä§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§ñ.
- 9. §©§Ñ§Þ§Ö§ã§ä§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§Ú §á§à§Õ§â§Ñ§Ù§Õ§Ö§Ý§ñ§ð§ä §ß§Ñ §Õ§Ó§Ö §Ô§â§å§á§á§í §Ó §Ù§Ñ§Ó§Ú§ã§Ú§Þ§à§ã§ä§Ú §à§ä §á§â§à§ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§Þ§à§Ô§à §Ú§Þ§Ú §ï§æ§æ§Ö§Ü§ä§Ñ (§Þ§Ö§Ù§à§Þ§Ö§â§ß§à§Ô§à §Ú§Ý§Ú §Ú§ß§Õ§å§Ü§ä§Ú§Ó§ß§à§Ô§à): 1.§ï§Ý§Ö§Ü§ä§â§à§ß§à§Õ§à§ß§à§â§ß§í§Ö 2.§ï§Ý§Ö§Ü§ä§â§à§ß§à§Ñ§Ü§è§Ö§á§ä§à§â§ß§í§Ö. §¿§Ý§Ö§Ü§ä§â§à§ß§à§Õ§à§ß§à§â§ß§í§Ö §Ù§Ñ§Þ§Ö§ã§ä§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§Ú §á§â§à§ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§ð§ä +§®- §Ú +I- §ï§æ§æ§Ö§Ü§ä §Ú §á§à§Ó§í§ê§Ñ§ð§ä §ï§Ý§Ö§Ü§ä§â§à§ß§ß§å§ð §á§Ý§à§ä§ß§à§ã§ä§î §Ó §ã§à§á§â§ñ§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§à§Û §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§Ö. §¬ §ß§Ú§Þ §à§ä§ß§à§ã§ñ§ä§ã§ñ §Ô§Ú§Õ§â§à§Ü§ã§Ú§Ý§î§ß§Ñ§ñ §Ô§â§å§á§á§Ñ ¡ª§°§¯ §Ú §Ñ§Þ§Ú§ß§à§Ô§â§å§á§á§Ñ ¡ªN§¯2. §¯§Ö§á§à§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ö§ß§ß§Ñ§ñ §á§Ñ§â§Ñ §ï§Ý§Ö§Ü§ä§â§à§ß§à§Ó §Ó §ï§ä§Ú§ç §Ô§â§å§á§á§Ñ§ç §Ó§ã§ä§å§á§Ñ§Ö§ä §Ó §à§Ò§ë§Ö§Ö §ã§à§á§â§ñ§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §ã -§ï§Ý§Ö§Ü§ä§â§à§ß§ß§à§Û §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§à§Û §Ò§Ö§ß§Ù§à§Ý§î§ß§à§Ô§à §Ü§à§Ý§î§è§Ñ §Ú §å§Ó§Ö§Ý§Ú§é§Ú§Ó§Ñ§Ö§ä §Õ§Ý§Ú§ß§å §ã§à§á§â§ñ§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§à§Û §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§í. §£ §â§Ö§Ù§å§Ý§î§ä§Ñ§ä§Ö §ï§Ý§Ö§Ü§ä§â§à§ß§ß§Ñ§ñ §á§Ý§à§ä§ß§à§ã§ä§î §ã§à§ã§â§Ö§Õ§à§ä§à§é§Ú§Ó§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §Ó §à§â§ä§à- §Ú §á§Ñ§â§Ñ-§á§à§Ý§à§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ§ç:
- 10. §¡§Ý§Ü§Ú§Ý§î§ß§í§Ö §Ô§â§å§á§á§í §ß§Ö §Þ§à§Ô§å§ä §å§é§Ñ§ã§ä§Ó§à§Ó§Ñ§ä§î §Ó §à§Ò§ë§Ö§Þ §ã§à§á§â§ñ§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§Ú, §ß§à §à§ß§Ú §á§â§à§ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§ð§ä +I-§ï§æ§æ§Ö§Ü§ä, §á§à§Õ §Õ§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§Ö§Þ §Ü§à§ä§à§â§à§Ô§à §á§â§à§Ú§ã§ç§à§Õ§Ú§ä §Ñ§ß§Ñ§Ý§à§Ô§Ú§é§ß§à§Ö §á§Ö§â§Ö§â§Ñ§ã§á§â§Ö§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö -§ï§Ý§Ö§Ü§ä§â§à§ß§ß§à§Û §á§Ý§à§ä§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú.
- 11. §¿§Ý§Ö§Ü§ä§â§à§ß§à§Ñ§Ü§è§Ö§á§ä§à§â§ß§í§Ö §Ù§Ñ§Þ§Ö§ã§ä§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§Ú §á§â§à§ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§ð§ä -§®-§ï§æ§æ§Ö§Ü§ä §Ú §ã§ß§Ú§Ø§Ñ§ð§ä §ï§Ý§Ö§Ü§ä§â§à§ß§ß§å§ð §á§Ý§à§ä§ß§à§ã§ä§î §Ó §ã§à§á§â§ñ§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§à§Û §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§Ö. §¬ §ß§Ú§Þ §à§ä§ß§à§ã§ñ§ä§ã§ñ §ß§Ú§ä§â§à§Ô§â§å§á§Ý§Ñ ¡ªNO2, §ã§å§Ý§î§æ§à§Ô§â§å§á§á§Ñ ¡ª SO3§¯, §Ñ§Ý§î§Õ§Ö§Ô§Ú§Õ§ß§Ñ§ñ ¡ª§³§¯§° §Ú §Ü§Ñ§â§Ò§à§Ü§ã§Ú§Ý§î§ß§Ñ§ñ ¡ª§³§°§°§¯ §Ô§â§å§á§á§í. §¿§ä§Ú §Ù§Ñ§Þ§Ö§ã§ä§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§Ú §à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù§å§ð§ä §ã §Ò§Ö§ß§Ù§à§Ý§î§ß§í§Þ §Ü§à§Ý§î§è§à§Þ §à§Ò§ë§å§ð §ã§à§á§â§ñ§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§å§ð §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§å, §ß§à §à§Ò§ë§Ö§Ö §ï§Ý§Ö§Ü§ä§â§à§ß§ß§à§Ö §à§Ò§Ý§Ñ§Ü§à §ã§Þ§Ö§ë§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §Ó §ã§ä§à§â§à§ß§å §ï§ä§Ú§ç §Ô§â§å§á§á. §´§Ñ§Ü§Ú§Þ §à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù§à§Þ, §à§Ò§ë§Ñ§ñ §ï§Ý§Ö§Ü§ä§â§à§ß§ß§Ñ§ñ §á§Ý§à§ä§ß§à§ã§ä§î §Ó §Ü§à§Ý§î§è§Ö §å§Þ§Ö§ß§î§ê§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ, §á§â§Ú§é§Ö§Þ §Þ§Ö§ß§î§ê§Ö §Ó§ã§Ö§Ô§à §à§ß§Ñ §å§Þ§Ö§ß§î§ê§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §Ó §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ- §á§à§Ý§à§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ§ç: §±§à§Ý§ß§à§ã§ä§î§ð §Ô§Ñ§Ý§à§Ô§Ö§ß§Ú§Ù§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§í§Ö §Ñ§Ý§Ü§Ú§Ý§î§ß§í§Ö §â§Ñ§Õ§Ú§Ü§Ñ§Ý§í (§ß§Ñ§á§â§Ú§Þ§Ö§â, ¡ª§³§³l3) §á§â§à§ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§ð§ä -I-§ï§æ§æ§Ö§Ü§ä §Ú §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ø§Ö §ã§á§à§ã§à§Ò§ã§ä§Ó§å§ð§ä §á§à§ß§Ú§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§ð §ï§Ý§Ö§Ü§ä§â§à§ß§ß§à§Û §á§Ý§à§ä§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §Ü§à§Ý§î§è§Ñ. §©§Ñ§Ü§à§ß§à§Þ§Ö§â§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §á§â§Ö§Ú§Þ§å§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§à§Ô§à §ß§Ñ§á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ù§Ñ§Þ§Ö§ë§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ó §Ò§Ö§ß§Ù§à§Ý§î§ß§à§Þ §Ü§à§Ý§î§è§Ö §ß§Ñ§Ù§í§Ó§Ñ§ð§ä §á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ú§Ý§Ñ§Þ§Ú §à§â§Ú§Ö§ß§ä§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú.
- 12. §©§Ñ§Þ§Ö§ã§ä§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§Ú, §à§Ò§Ý§Ñ§Õ§Ñ§ð§ë§Ú§Ö +I-§ï§æ§æ§Ö§Ü§ä§à§Þ §Ú§Ý§Ú +§®- §ï§æ§æ§Ö§Ü§ä§à§Þ, §ã§á§à§ã§à§Ò§ã§ä§Ó§å§ð§ä §ï§Ý§Ö§Ü§ä§â§à§æ§Ú§Ý§î§ß§à§Þ§å §Ù§Ñ§Þ§Ö§ë§Ö§ß§Ú§ð §Ó §à§â§ä§à- §Ú §á§Ñ§â§Ñ-§á§à§Ý§à§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ§ç §Ò§Ö§ß§Ù§à§Ý§î§ß§à§Ô§à §Ü§à§Ý§î§è§Ñ §Ú §ß§Ñ§Ù§í§Ó§Ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ §Ù§Ñ§Þ§Ö§ã§ä§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§ñ§Þ§Ú (§à§â§Ú§Ö§ß§ä§Ñ§ß§ä§Ñ§Þ§Ú) §á§Ö§â§Ó§à§Ô§à §â§à§Õ§Ñ: §©§Ñ§Þ§Ö§ã§ä§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§Ú, §à§Ò§Ý§Ñ§Õ§Ñ§ð§ë§Ú§Ö -I-§ï§æ§æ§Ö§Ü§ä§à§Þ §Ú§Ý§Ú -§®- §ï§æ§æ§Ö§Ü§ä§à§Þ, §ß§Ñ§á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§ð§ä §ï§Ý§Ö§Ü§ä§â§à§æ§Ú§Ý§î§ß§à§Ö §Ù§Ñ§Þ§Ö§ë§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Ó §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ- §á§à§Ý§à§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ò§Ö§ß§Ù§à§Ý§î§ß§à§Ô§à §Ü§à§Ý§î§è§Ñ §Ú §ß§Ñ§Ù§í§Ó§Ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ §Ù§Ñ§Þ§Ö§ã§ä§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§ñ§Þ§Ú (§à§â§Ú§Ö§ß§ä§Ñ§ß§ä§Ñ§Þ§Ú) §Ó§ä§à§â§à§Ô§à §â§à§Õ§Ñ:
- 13. §´§à§Ý§å§à§Ý, §ã§à§Õ§Ö§â§Ø§Ñ§ë§Ú§Û §Ù§Ñ§Þ§Ö§ã§ä§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î §á§Ö§â§Ó§à§Ô§à §â§à§Õ§Ñ, §ß§Ú§ä§â§å§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §Ú §Ò§â§à§Þ§Ú§â§å§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §Ó §á§Ñ§â§Ñ- §Ú §à§â§ä§à-§á§à§Ý§à§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ: §¯§Ú§ä§â§à§Ò§Ö§ß§Ù§à§Ý, §ã§à§Õ§Ö§â§Ø§Ñ§ë§Ú§Û §Ù§Ñ§Þ§Ö§ã§ä§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î §Ó§ä§à§â§à§Ô§à §â§à§Õ§Ñ, §ß§Ú§ä§â§å§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §Ú §Ò§â§à§Þ§Ú§â§å§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §Ó §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ-§á§à§Ý§à§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö:
- 15. §²§Ö§Ñ§Ü§è§Ú§Ú §á§â§Ú§ã§à§Ö§Õ§Ú§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ü §Ñ§â§Ö§ß§Ñ§Þ §á§â§Ú§Ó§à§Õ§ñ§ä §Ü §â§Ñ§Ù§â§å§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§ð §Ñ§â§à§Þ§Ñ§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Û §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§í §Ú §ä§â§Ö§Ò§å§ð§ä §Ò§à§Ý§î§ê§Ú§ç §Ù§Ñ§ä§â§Ñ§ä §ï§ß§Ö§â§Ô§Ú§Ú, §á§à§ï§ä§à§Þ§å §á§â§à§ä§Ö§Ü§Ñ§ð§ä §ä§à§Ý§î§Ü§à §Ó §Ø§Ö§ã§ä§Ü§Ú§ç §å§ã§Ý§à§Ó§Ú§ñ§ç. 1. §¤§Ú§Õ§â§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö. §²§Ö§Ñ§Ü§è§Ú§ñ §á§â§Ú§ã§à§Ö§Õ§Ú§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ó§à§Õ§à§â§à§Õ§Ñ §Ü §Ñ§â§Ö§ß§Ñ§Þ §Ú§Õ§Ö§ä §á§â§Ú §ß§Ñ§Ô§â§Ö§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ú §Ú §Ó§í§ã§à§Ü§à§Þ §Õ§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ú §Ó §á§â§Ú§ã§å§ä§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§Ú §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§Ý§Ý§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§ç §Ü§Ñ§ä§Ñ§Ý§Ú§Ù§Ñ§ä§à§â§à§Ó (Ni, Pt, Pd). §¢§Ö§ß§Ù§à§Ý §á§â§Ö§Ó§â§Ñ§ë§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §Ó §è§Ú§Ü§Ý§à§Ô§Ö§Ü§ã§Ñ§ß, §Ñ §Ô§à§Þ§à§Ý§à§Ô§Ú §Ò§Ö§ß§Ù§à§Ý§Ñ ¡ª §Ó §á§â§à§Ú§Ù§Ó§à§Õ§ß§í§Ö §è§Ú§Ü§Ý§à§Ô§Ö§Ü§ã§Ñ§ß§Ñ:
- 16. 2.§²§Ñ§Õ§Ú§Ü§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Ö §Ô§Ñ§Ý§à§Ô§Ö§ß§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö. §£§Ù§Ñ§Ú§Þ§à§Õ§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§Ö §á§Ñ§â§à§Ó §Ò§Ö§ß§Ù§à§Ý§Ñ §ã §ç§Ý§à§â§à§Þ §á§â§à§ä§Ö§Ü§Ñ§Ö§ä §á§à §â§Ñ§Õ§Ú§Ü§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Þ§å §Þ§Ö§ç§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§Þ§å §ä§à§Ý§î§Ü§à §á§à§Õ §Ó§à§Ù§Õ§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§Ö§Þ §Ø§Ö§ã§ä§Ü§à§Ô§à §å§Ý§î§ä§â§Ñ§æ§Ú§à§Ý§Ö§ä§à§Ó§à§Ô§à §Ú§Ù§Ý§å§é§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ. §±§â§Ú §ï§ä§à§Þ §Ò§Ö§ß§Ù§à§Ý §á§â§Ú§ã§à§Ö§Õ§Ú§ß§ñ§Ö§ä §ä§â§Ú §Þ§à§Ý§Ö§Ü§å§Ý§í §ç§Ý§à§â§Ñ §Ú §à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù§å§Ö§ä §ä§Ó§Ö§â§Õ§í§Û §á§â§à§Õ§å§Ü§ä ¡ª §Ô§Ö§Ü§ã§Ñ§ç§Ý§à§â§è§Ú§Ü§Ý§à§Ô§Ö§Ü§ã§Ñ§ß (§Ô§Ö§Ü§ã§Ñ§ç§Ý§à§â§Ñ§ß) §³6§¯6§³l6:
- 17. §²§Ö§Ñ§Ü§è§Ú§Ú §á§à §Ñ§Ý§Ü§Ú§Ý§î§ß§à§Þ§å §Ù§Ñ§Þ§Ö§ã§ä§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§ð §®§Ö§ä§Ú§Ý§î§ß§Ñ§ñ §Ô§â§å§á§á§Ñ §á§â§à§ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä §á§à§Ý§à§Ø§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§í§Û §Ú§ß§Õ§å§Ü§ä§Ú§Ó§ß§í§Û §ï§æ§æ§Ö§Ü§ä §á§à §à§ä§ß§à§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§ð §Ü §Ò§Ö§ß§Ù§à§Ý§î§ß§à§Þ§å §Ü§à§Ý§î§è§å. §³§à§à§ä§Ó§Ö§ä§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§à §Ò§Ö§ß§Ù§à§Ý§î§ß§à§Ö §Ü§à§Ý§î§è§à §à§Ò§Ý§Ñ§Õ§Ñ§Ö§ä §à§ä§â§Ú§è§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§í§Þ §Ú§ß§Õ§å§Ü§ä§Ú§Ó§ß§í§Þ §ï§æ§æ§Ö§Ü§ä§à§Þ §á§à §à§ä§ß§à§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§ð §Ü §Þ§Ö§ä§Ú§Ý§î§ß§à§Û §Ô§â§å§á§á§Ö. §£ §â§Ö§Ù§å§Ý§î§ä§Ñ§ä§Ö §ï§ä§à§Ô§à §à§ß§Ñ §ã§ä§Ñ§ß§à§Ó§Ú§ä§ã§ñ §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à §Ò§à§Ý§Ö§Ö §Ñ§Ü§ä§Ú§Ó§ß§à§Û §á§à §ã§â§Ñ§Ó§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§ð §ã §Þ§Ö§ä§Ú§Ý§î§ß§à§Û §Ô§â§å§á§á§à§Û §Ó §Ñ§Ý§Ú§æ§Ñ§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§ç §ã§à§Ö§Õ§Ú§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ§ç. §¡§Ý-§Ü§Ú§Ý§î§ß§í§Ö §á§â§à§Ú§Ù§Ó§à§Õ§ß§í§Ö §Ò§Ö§ß§Ù§à§Ý§Ñ §Ô§à§â§Ñ§Ù§Õ§à §à§ç§à§ä§ß§Ö§Ö §Ú §á§â§Ú §Ò§à§Ý§Ö§Ö §Þ§ñ§Ô§Ü§Ú§ç §å§ã§Ý§à§Ó§Ú§ñ§ç §Ó§ã§ä§å§á§Ñ§ð§ä §Ó §â§Ö§Ñ§Ü§è§Ú§Ú §ã§Ó§à§Ò§à§Õ§ß§à§â§Ñ§Õ§Ú§Ü§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Ô§à §Ù§Ñ§Þ§Ö§ë§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ (§ß§Ñ§á§â§Ú§Þ§Ö§â, §ç§Ý§à§â§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ) §ß§Ñ §ã§Ó§Ö§ä§å, §á§â§Ú§é§Ö§Þ §Ù§Ñ§Þ§Ö§ë§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §Ó§à§Õ§à§â§à§Õ §Ó §à§ã§ß§à§Ó§ß§à§Þ §á§â§Ú §Ñ§ä§à§Þ§Ö, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Û §ß§Ö§á§à§ã§â§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§à §á§â§Ú§ã§à§Ö§Õ§Ú§ß§Ö§ß §Ü §Ò§Ö§ß§Ù§à§Ý§î§ß§à§Þ§å §Ü§à§Ý§î§è§å: