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14.antianginal drugs 
14.antianginal drugs Dr.Manish Kumar
?
Angina pectoris is chest pain caused by an imbalance between the heart's oxygen demand and the oxygen supplied by the coronary vessels. There are three main types: classical angina due to atherosclerosis, variant angina due to coronary vasospasm, and unstable angina involving progressive occlusion of a coronary artery. Antianginal drugs include nitrates like nitroglycerin that relieve pain by dilating blood vessels, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, and others. Nitrates work by releasing nitric oxide which causes smooth muscle relaxation and dilation of veins, arteries, and coronary vessels to redistribute blood flow. Calcium channel blockers work by blocking calcium channels in smooth muscle to decrease contraction.27.antimicrobial drugs 
27.antimicrobial drugs Dr.Manish Kumar
?
This document discusses antimicrobial drugs (AMA), problems with their use like toxicity and resistance, and ways to prevent resistance like using drugs for the appropriate time and in combinations. It also covers patient factors that impact AMA use and chemoprophylaxis. Specifically, it defines cotrimoxazole as a combination of sulfamethaxazole and trimethaprim that acts synergistically to block folate metabolism, lists its uses like UTIs and pneumocystis infections in AIDS, and adverse effects like GI issues, folate deficiency, and hemolytic anemia in neonates.20.cough, histamines 
20.cough, histamines Dr.Manish Kumar
?
Cough is a protective reflex caused by stimulation of sensory nerves in the respiratory tract mucosa. It serves to expel respiratory secretions induced by infections or irritants like smoke. There are three main types of drugs used to treat cough - expectorants to increase mucus secretion and thinning, mucolytics to break up thick mucus, and antitussives/cough suppressants to reduce cough reflex. Antihistamines work by blocking the H1 receptor and antagonizing the effects of the chemical histamine, which is involved in allergic responses. First and second generation antihistamines are used to treat allergic diseases by reducing symptoms like itching, as well as other conditions involving histamine release such as24.antiplatelet drugs 
24.antiplatelet drugs Dr.Manish Kumar
?
Antiplatelet drugs like aspirin work by interfering with platelet function and thromboxane synthesis. Aspirin is a thromboxane synthase inhibitor that irreversibly inhibits this enzyme, reducing thromboxane production and platelet aggregation. It is commonly used at low doses of 75-150 mg daily to prevent myocardial infarction and stroke in high-risk patients by its antiplatelet effects.26.fibrinolytics 
26.fibrinolytics Dr.Manish Kumar
?
Fibrinolytics, or thrombolytics, are drugs used to dissolve blood clots by lysing fibrin. Examples include streptokinase, urokinase, and alteplase. They are used to treat acute myocardial infarction, deep vein thrombosis, and pulmonary embolism. Antifibrinolytics like epsilon amino-caproic acid and tranexaemic acid inhibit fibrinolytic activity and are used to control bleeding from overdose of fibrinolytics or due to excessive fibrinolytic activity during surgery or complications of surgery, tooth extraction, menorrhagia, and hematuria.25.anticoagulants 
25.anticoagulants Dr.Manish Kumar
?
Anticoagulants are drugs that reduce the coagulability of blood. They can be used in vitro in laboratory settings or in vivo in patients. Common anticoagulants include heparin, low molecular weight heparins like enoxaparin, and oral anticoagulants like warfarin. Heparin works by binding to and activating antithrombin III, which then inhibits various clotting factors. Warfarin interferes with vitamin K dependent clotting factor synthesis. Both can cause bleeding as an adverse effect. Anticoagulants are used to treat conditions like deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, and acute myocardial infarction.17.diuretics 
17.diuretics Dr.Manish Kumar
?
Diuretics are drugs that cause a net loss of sodium and water in urine. They are classified as high efficacy loop diuretics, medium efficacy thiazide diuretics, and weak adjunctive diuretics. Loop diuretics act in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle to inhibit sodium reabsorption. Thiazide diuretics act in the distal convoluted tubule. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors act in the proximal convoluted tubule. Potassium sparing diuretics act in the late distal tubule and collecting duct. Common uses include treating hypertension, heart failure, kidney disease, calcium stones, and poisoning. Adverse effects can include hypokalemia, hy16.hypolipidemics 
16.hypolipidemics Dr.Manish Kumar
?
Statins like simvastatin and atorvastatin work by inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase and lowering cholesterol production in the liver. Bile acid sequestrants such as cholestyramine and colestipol bind bile acids in the gut. Ezetimibe decreases intestinal cholesterol absorption while statins lower endogenous production. Nicotinic acid and fibric acid derivatives like gemfibrozil and fenofibrate lower triglycerides and raise HDL. All drug classes have potential side effects involving the liver, muscles or gastrointestinal system. Statins are commonly used to treat familial hypercholesterolemia and combined hyperlipidemia.15.drugs for chf 
15.drugs for chf Dr.Manish Kumar
?
Congestive heart failure occurs when the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. Symptoms result from blood backing up in the heart and lungs. The main drugs used to treat CHF are ACE inhibitors, ARBs, diuretics, beta-blockers, digoxin, and vasodilators. Digoxin works by inhibiting the sodium-potassium pump, raising intracellular calcium levels, increasing calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, and enhancing the actin-myosin interaction to strengthen contraction and cardiac output.19.bronchial asthma 
19.bronchial asthma Dr.Manish Kumar
?
This document provides information on the treatment of bronchial asthma, including the classification and mechanisms of action of the major drug classes used. The main drug classes discussed are bronchodilators like beta-2 agonists, anticholinergics, and methylxanthines; corticosteroids; mast cell stabilizers; and leukotriene modulators. Routes of administration, indications, benefits, limitations and side effects are summarized for the major drugs in each class.18.antihypertensives 
18.antihypertensives Dr.Manish Kumar
?
This document discusses antihypertensive drugs, classification of blood pressure, and treatment of hypertension. It describes the different classes of antihypertensive drugs including ACE inhibitors, ARBs, calcium channel blockers, diuretics, sympatholytics, and vasodilators. It provides details on their mechanisms of action, therapeutic uses, advantages, adverse effects, and drug interactions. The document also covers non-pharmacological approaches for hypertension and guidelines for selection and combination of antihypertensive drugs based on individual patient factors.Консалтинг и аудит информационной безопасности
Консалтинг и аудит информационной безопасностиКРОК
?
Недостаточность и плохая проработка вопросов обеспечения информационной безопасности (ИБ) компании, ее методических и концептуальных основ может пагубно влиять на ее бизнес-процессы, затрудняя их выполнение и снижая эффективность.
Подробнее на http://www.croc.ru/solution/services/consulting/it-safety/21.drugs used in peptic ulcer 
21.drugs used in peptic ulcer Dr.Manish Kumar
?
Peptic ulcers are caused by a loss of gastric or duodenal mucosa leading to ulcer formation. Drugs used to treat peptic ulcers work by reducing acid secretion, neutralizing acid, protecting the ulcer, or eradicating Helicobacter pylori infection. Common classes of drugs include H2 receptor antagonists, proton pump inhibitors, antacids, sucralfate, bismuth subcitrate, and multi-drug regimens for H. pylori. The document provides details on the mechanisms, uses, and side effects of these various drug classes.Lisosom
LisosomRafika Ratu Ernanda Pohan
?
Lisosom adalah organel yang ditemukan pada tahun 1950 oleh Christian de Duve yang berperan dalam mencerna makromolekul. Lisosom terdiri dari membran tunggal dan berisi berbagai enzim hidrolitik yang digunakan untuk melakukan endositosis, autofagi, dan fagositosis. Kelainan metabolisme lisosom dapat menyebabkan penyakit penyimpangan lisosom.13.antiparkinsonian drugs, antiepileptics & alcohol 
13.antiparkinsonian drugs, antiepileptics & alcohol Dr.Manish Kumar
?
Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by four main symptoms: bradykinesia, muscular rigidity, resting tremors, and loss of postural reflexes. It results from the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, disrupting the balance between inhibitory dopaminergic and excitatory cholinergic neurons. Treatment involves drugs that influence the dopaminergic or cholinergic systems in the brain. Levodopa is often used but must be combined with carbidopa to reduce peripheral side effects. Long term levodopa therapy can cause abnormal movements or behavioral issues.22.antiemetic, laxative, antidiarrhoeal 
22.antiemetic, laxative, antidiarrhoeal Dr.Manish Kumar
?
This document discusses antiemetic, antidiarrheal, and laxative agents. It provides examples of common antiemetic drugs like ondansetron and metoclopramide that are used to treat nausea and vomiting from chemotherapy, motion sickness, and other causes. Antidiarrheal drugs mentioned include loperamide and diphenoxylate that decrease motility to control non-infectious diarrhea. Laxatives discussed stimulate the GI tract and include bisacodyl, senna, and magnesium sulfate to treat constipation from low fiber diets, bed rest, or to prepare for certain medical procedures.23.hematinics 
23.hematinics Dr.Manish Kumar
?
Haematinics are agents required for blood formation including iron, vitamin B12, and folic acid. Oral iron preparations include ferrous sulfate, ferrous gluconate, and ferrous fumarate, while parenteral preparations are iron dextran and iron sorbitol citric acid complex. Adverse effects of oral iron include gastrointestinal issues and staining, while parenteral iron can cause pain, pigmentation, and reactions. Iron is used to treat and prevent iron deficiency anemia. Vitamin B12 preparations include cyanocobalamin and hydroxocobalamin and are used to treat deficiencies causing megaloblastic anemia, especially in pernicious anemia. Folic acid preparations are人生的轨迹与自由意志
人生的轨迹与自由意志Baishen Cao
?
宇宙剧本中有定数，也有变数，剧本情节是定数，谁去扮演剧本中的人物是变数，扮演得好的，是可以去不断扮演更符合自己自由意志的角色的，比如去天堂扮演，扮演得不好的，将会扮演更背离自己自由意志的角色，比如去地狱扮演角色。凡按照既定的剧本情节无执无我地扮演好角色的人能去天堂，凡与安排的情节冲突，也就是自我意识强不情愿扮演角色的，就得去地狱了。去天堂还是去地狱，与你扮演的角色毫无关系，而与你是否扮演好角色息息相关。物质思维
物质思维Baishen Cao
?
不论什么人，从形态上来说，属同一种群，都是一样的，没有什么差别，但当我们深入到人的思维领域的时候，就可以发现，人与人有着显著的不同，人有天人、神人、仙人、真人、至人、贤人、凡人、俗人、浑人之分。
有什么样的思维方式，就会有什么样的生命存在形式。
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15.drugs for chf
15.drugs for chf Dr.Manish Kumar
?
Congestive heart failure occurs when the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. Symptoms result from blood backing up in the heart and lungs. The main drugs used to treat CHF are ACE inhibitors, ARBs, diuretics, beta-blockers, digoxin, and vasodilators. Digoxin works by inhibiting the sodium-potassium pump, raising intracellular calcium levels, increasing calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, and enhancing the actin-myosin interaction to strengthen contraction and cardiac output.19.bronchial asthma
19.bronchial asthma Dr.Manish Kumar
?
This document provides information on the treatment of bronchial asthma, including the classification and mechanisms of action of the major drug classes used. The main drug classes discussed are bronchodilators like beta-2 agonists, anticholinergics, and methylxanthines; corticosteroids; mast cell stabilizers; and leukotriene modulators. Routes of administration, indications, benefits, limitations and side effects are summarized for the major drugs in each class.18.antihypertensives
18.antihypertensives Dr.Manish Kumar
?
This document discusses antihypertensive drugs, classification of blood pressure, and treatment of hypertension. It describes the different classes of antihypertensive drugs including ACE inhibitors, ARBs, calcium channel blockers, diuretics, sympatholytics, and vasodilators. It provides details on their mechanisms of action, therapeutic uses, advantages, adverse effects, and drug interactions. The document also covers non-pharmacological approaches for hypertension and guidelines for selection and combination of antihypertensive drugs based on individual patient factors.Консалтинг и аудит информационной безопасности
Консалтинг и аудит информационной безопасностиКРОК
?
Недостаточность и плохая проработка вопросов обеспечения информационной безопасности (ИБ) компании, ее методических и концептуальных основ может пагубно влиять на ее бизнес-процессы, затрудняя их выполнение и снижая эффективность.
Подробнее на http://www.croc.ru/solution/services/consulting/it-safety/21.drugs used in peptic ulcer
21.drugs used in peptic ulcer Dr.Manish Kumar
?
Peptic ulcers are caused by a loss of gastric or duodenal mucosa leading to ulcer formation. Drugs used to treat peptic ulcers work by reducing acid secretion, neutralizing acid, protecting the ulcer, or eradicating Helicobacter pylori infection. Common classes of drugs include H2 receptor antagonists, proton pump inhibitors, antacids, sucralfate, bismuth subcitrate, and multi-drug regimens for H. pylori. The document provides details on the mechanisms, uses, and side effects of these various drug classes.Lisosom
LisosomRafika Ratu Ernanda Pohan
?
Lisosom adalah organel yang ditemukan pada tahun 1950 oleh Christian de Duve yang berperan dalam mencerna makromolekul. Lisosom terdiri dari membran tunggal dan berisi berbagai enzim hidrolitik yang digunakan untuk melakukan endositosis, autofagi, dan fagositosis. Kelainan metabolisme lisosom dapat menyebabkan penyakit penyimpangan lisosom.13.antiparkinsonian drugs, antiepileptics & alcohol
13.antiparkinsonian drugs, antiepileptics & alcohol Dr.Manish Kumar
?
Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by four main symptoms: bradykinesia, muscular rigidity, resting tremors, and loss of postural reflexes. It results from the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, disrupting the balance between inhibitory dopaminergic and excitatory cholinergic neurons. Treatment involves drugs that influence the dopaminergic or cholinergic systems in the brain. Levodopa is often used but must be combined with carbidopa to reduce peripheral side effects. Long term levodopa therapy can cause abnormal movements or behavioral issues.22.antiemetic, laxative, antidiarrhoeal
22.antiemetic, laxative, antidiarrhoeal Dr.Manish Kumar
?
This document discusses antiemetic, antidiarrheal, and laxative agents. It provides examples of common antiemetic drugs like ondansetron and metoclopramide that are used to treat nausea and vomiting from chemotherapy, motion sickness, and other causes. Antidiarrheal drugs mentioned include loperamide and diphenoxylate that decrease motility to control non-infectious diarrhea. Laxatives discussed stimulate the GI tract and include bisacodyl, senna, and magnesium sulfate to treat constipation from low fiber diets, bed rest, or to prepare for certain medical procedures.23.hematinics
23.hematinics Dr.Manish Kumar
?
Haematinics are agents required for blood formation including iron, vitamin B12, and folic acid. Oral iron preparations include ferrous sulfate, ferrous gluconate, and ferrous fumarate, while parenteral preparations are iron dextran and iron sorbitol citric acid complex. Adverse effects of oral iron include gastrointestinal issues and staining, while parenteral iron can cause pain, pigmentation, and reactions. Iron is used to treat and prevent iron deficiency anemia. Vitamin B12 preparations include cyanocobalamin and hydroxocobalamin and are used to treat deficiencies causing megaloblastic anemia, especially in pernicious anemia. Folic acid preparations areSimilar to 白龙王许大师精准分析何为命运White Dragon King (7)
人生的轨迹与自由意志
人生的轨迹与自由意志Baishen Cao
?
宇宙剧本中有定数，也有变数，剧本情节是定数，谁去扮演剧本中的人物是变数，扮演得好的，是可以去不断扮演更符合自己自由意志的角色的，比如去天堂扮演，扮演得不好的，将会扮演更背离自己自由意志的角色，比如去地狱扮演角色。凡按照既定的剧本情节无执无我地扮演好角色的人能去天堂，凡与安排的情节冲突，也就是自我意识强不情愿扮演角色的，就得去地狱了。去天堂还是去地狱，与你扮演的角色毫无关系，而与你是否扮演好角色息息相关。物质思维
物质思维Baishen Cao
?
不论什么人，从形态上来说，属同一种群，都是一样的，没有什么差别，但当我们深入到人的思维领域的时候，就可以发现，人与人有着显著的不同，人有天人、神人、仙人、真人、至人、贤人、凡人、俗人、浑人之分。
有什么样的思维方式，就会有什么样的生命存在形式。