Courtney Mae PalmeryourpassportGraves disease is an autoimmune disorder where the thyroid gland becomes overactive. It causes the thyroid to enlarge and produce too much thyroid hormone. Symptoms include bulging eyes from muscles swelling behind the eyes, and an enlarged thyroid visible as a bulge on the neck. Treatment options include medication to slow the thyroid or surgical removal of the thyroid gland, leaving a scar on the neck.
GravesdustycordovahighGrave's disease is an autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks the thyroid gland, causing it to produce more thyroid hormones and leading to symptoms like anxiety, rapid heartbeat, and bulging eyes. It affects mostly women and is diagnosed through physical exams, blood tests, and radioactive iodine tests. Treatments include beta blockers, anti-thyroid medications, and radioactive iodine to destroy part of the thyroid gland. Family history, sex, age, stress, pregnancy, and smoking can increase the risk of developing Grave's disease.
Graves disease in children and adolscentYassin Alsaleh- The 15-year-old patient was diagnosed with Graves' disease at age 9 and was treated with medication which has now been weaned off.
- Graves' disease is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism in pediatric patients, accounting for 10-15% of thyroid disorders in those under 18.
- It results from antibodies that bind to receptors on the thyroid, causing enlarged thyroid and excessive hormone production. Symptoms include goiter, tachycardia, weight loss, and occasionally eye involvement.
Grave’s diseaseKatie PazGraves' disease is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism in the United States, affecting 30 per 100,000 people annually. It is caused by antibodies that stimulate the thyroid gland to overproduce hormones, which can lead to a variety of symptoms including anxiety, irritability, rapid heartbeat, and eye problems. While Graves' disease is usually easily diagnosed by its symptoms and physical signs, in some cases further testing is required. If left untreated, it can cause severe thyrotoxicosis and even be fatal, but treatment with radioactive iodine or medications can effectively control the condition in most patients.
Case study - Grave's DiseaseMichael PetrichCarley, a 32-year-old woman, presented with symptoms of excess sweating, fast heartbeat, and diarrhea. She also had puffy eyes, high blood pressure, and an enlarged thyroid. Tests showed elevated thyroid hormones and radioactive iodine uptake by the thyroid. The diagnosis was determined to be Graves' disease, an autoimmune disorder caused by antibodies that stimulate the thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor, causing overproduction of thyroid hormones and an enlarged thyroid. Treatments include radioactive iodine therapy, anti-thyroid medications, and beta blockers.
CvtAaronAagiiCerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) is a condition where blood clots form in the brain's venous sinuses and veins, blocking blood drainage from the brain. It affects about 5 in 1 million people per year. While it can occur at any age, CVT most commonly affects neonates and young adults. Patients often present with nonspecific symptoms like headache, focal neurological deficits, and seizures. MRI is the most effective imaging technique for diagnosing CVT, allowing visualization of blood clots in the cerebral veins and sinuses. Differential diagnoses that must be considered include anatomical variants of the venous sinuses, arachnoid granulations, and differences in blood flow.
Presentation1AaronAagii1. The document discusses the anatomy and function of the choroid plexus (TNHSh ergeltei). The choroid plexus is located in the lateral, third and fourth ventricles and produces cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
2. CSF production occurs in two areas: the lateral, third and fourth ventricles (Tarhiny dotorh buyu hovdol) and within the subarachnoid space (TMT burkhsen subarahnoid zayn).
3. The document compares average composition of CSF and blood serum, noting that CSF contains less protein and more water than blood serum. Elevated biomarkers in CSF can indicate various neurological conditions
Uterus rupture and uterus cervix ruptureAaronAagiiUterine rupture and cervical rupture can occur during or after labor and delivery. Uterine rupture is classified as complete or incomplete and occurs more often in women with prolonged labor, those who are grand multiparous, or those with a history of prior uterine surgery like cesarean section. Symptoms of impending rupture include abdominal pain and Bandl's ring. A complete rupture results in internal bleeding, shock, and a non-reassuring fetal heart rate. Cervical rupture is also dangerous and is classified by degree depending on how far the tear extends. Risk factors for cervical rupture include cervical rigidity and rapid delivery in breech presentation. The document provides guidance on diagnosing uterine versus cervical rupture based on history,
Copd heart failure ddxAaronAagiiHeart failure is a clinical syndrome characterized by symptoms like breathlessness and fatigue caused by structural or functional abnormalities in the heart that reduce cardiac output. It generally refers to congestive heart failure, which can result from systolic or diastolic dysfunction. Left-sided heart failure is usually due to conditions like ischemic heart disease or hypertension and causes pulmonary congestion and edema. Right-sided heart failure more often stems from left heart failure or primary pulmonary disorders, presenting as peripheral edema. Pulmonary heart disease, or cor pulmonale, involves enlargement and failure of the right ventricle in response to increased pulmonary pressures, commonly from lung diseases like COPD.
Hairy cell leukemia and d dxAaronAagiiHairy cell leukemia is a rare type of leukemia that predominantly affects older men. It presents with pancytopenia and splenomegaly. Under the microscope, the malignant cells have hairy projections and stain positively for tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase. The bone marrow is typically fibrotic with diffuse infiltration. Patients are prone to infections like Mycobacterium avium intracellulare and vasculitis. Hairy cell leukemia responds well to chemotherapy with cladribine, interferon gamma, or pentostatin, with cladribine being preferred. Clinical remissions are common with cladribine and long-term survival is frequent.
pyelonephritis in pregnancyAaronAagiiPyelonephritis is a bacterial infection of the kidneys that can affect 1-3% of pregnant women. A study found that 70% of pyelonephritis patients tested positive for a urinary tract infection, with E. coli being the dominant pathogen in 78.6% of cases. Pyelonephritis in pregnancy can lead to complications for both the mother and baby if not properly treated with antibiotics.