CULTIVATION OF OKRA , PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF OKRA ,Arvind Yadav
油
OKRA
Scientific Name : Abelmoschus esculentus
Family : Malvaceae,
Chromosome number : 2n=72, 108,130
Origin : Asiatic region /Etthiopea/Africa.
Common names : Bhendi, Ladys FingerEconomic importance and uses :-
Okra is more remunerative than the leafy vegetables.
Tender green fruits are cooked in curry and also used in soups. The root and stem are useful for clearing cane juice in preparation of jaggery.
Okra is rich in vitamins, calcium, potassium and other minerals. 100g consumable unripe bhendi fruits contain 10.4g dry matter, 3,100 calorie energy, 1.8g protein.
The dry seeds contain 13-22% edible oil and 20-24% protein.Area and production:-
India is the largest producer of okra in the world. The major bhendi growing states are Utter Pradesh, Orissa, Bihar and West Bengal.
Popular varieties:-
Pusa Makhmali
Pusa Sawani
Arka Anamika (Selection 10)
Arka Abhay (Selection
Punjab Padmini
Punjab -7
Parbhani Kranti
Varsha Uphar (HRB 9-2)
Gujarat Bhendi 1
This document provides an overview of pea production technology. It discusses the origin, description, botany, taxonomy, cultivation practices and varieties of peas. Key points include:
- Peas are a cool season legume crop grown for their edible pods and seeds. Major producers include India, where they are grown in northern plains and hills.
- Peas fix atmospheric nitrogen through root nodules. They have a taproot system and bear compound leaves with tendrils. Flowers are self-pollinated and develop into edible pods.
- Cultivars are classified by seed type, plant height, and maturity period. Popular varieties include Arka Ajit, Bonneville, and Ar
Production / Cultivation of Summer and Winter Squash.pptxAdityaParashar32
油
The immature fruit of various cucurbits have been used for culinary purposes in different parts of the world.
Consumption of immature C. pepo fruit was probably not the first use of this species when it was domesticated thou- sands of years ago.
Nonetheless, the culinary use of young C. pepo fruit is an ancient practice.
Fruit larger and more mature than those we refer to today as summer squash may have been consumed initially. To this day, fruit that appear to have been harvested between 1 and 2 weeks after anthesis can be found in markets in Mexico.
Winter squash (Cucurbita maxima) originates from America and was cultivated by the ancient civilizations of Central and South America over 7000 years.
There is convincing evidence from the archaeological sites in Central and South America that C. pepo, C. maxima and C. moschata were widely cultivated in pre-Colombian eras.
Cucurbita pepo(summer Squash) shares a common ancestor with C. moschata (Pumpkin) and C. argyrosperma, but NOT with C. maxima (Winter Squash)
Summer Squash: -
On the basis of genetic relationships, C. pepo has been subdivided into two subspecies - pepo and ovifera, the former appearing to be associated with a Mexican origin and the latter with an origin in the eastern half of the United States.
Six extant horticultural groups of summer squash have been recognized on the basis of fruit shape.
Of these six -
The vegetable marrow, Cocozelle, and Zucchini groups can be assigned to subspecies pepo.
Scallop, Crookneck, and Straight-neck groups to subspecies ovifera.
The term Zucchini is the diminutive plural of the Italian zucca for pumpkin, squash, or gourd. Zucchini applies to cylindrically shaped fruit, similar to those of the original cultivars bearing the name zucchini.
The term Marrow is used for edible C. pepo fruit about 2 weeks past anthesis, referring to summer squash forms having fruit of the short, tapered cylindrical shape.
The term Cocozelle is the diminutive of cocuzza, inversion of zucca. Cocuzza applies to the extremely long- fruited forms of Lagenaria, about 50 cm long. Cocozelle applies to long fruit of lesser dimensions.
Cont
The Scallop (Button Squash) was represented by atleast three distinct forms, one of which was the 'Golden Bush Scallop' cultivar or very similar form. The two others were vining forms having fruit just resembling those of the 'Yellow Bush Scallop' and 'White Bush Scallop' cultivars.
In the Straightneck group, the and the fruit are cylindrical with a short neck or having constriction near the stem end and a broad distal half of the fruit with a crook/convex and more or less pointed distal end. The color is generally more yellow and less orange, and the profuseness of the warts is generally less than in the crookneck group.
Winter Squash: -
Unlike summer squash (zucchini and other soft squashes) that must be harvested daily and stored in a cooler, winter squash has a flexible window of harvest and sale (with proper dry storage).
42 .kitchen gardening a to z in pakistan A Series of Lectures By Mr. All...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
油
A
Series of Lectures By Mr. Allah Dad Khan Former DG Agriculture Extension KPK , Provincial Project Director CMP II MINFAl Islamabad and Visiting Professor the University of Agriculture Peshawar Pakistan
This document provides information about sweet potatoes, including their botanical details, distribution, production levels in India and major producing states, differences between tuberous and ordinary roots, nutritional value, varieties, and cultivation practices. Some key points:
- China is the largest global producer and consumer of sweet potatoes. India accounts for 3.22% of global area and 1.88% of production.
- Sweet potatoes are highly heterozygous and hexaploid plants that produce tuberous roots for food.
- They are nutrient-dense and rich in vitamin C, B6, dietary fiber, and beta-carotene depending on variety.
- Common varieties grown in India differ in root shape, size
This presentation is done by 2010/2011 batch of Export Agriculture students of Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka as a requirement for the subject which is Rice & Field Crop Production. Note that the information included here is relevant to Sri Lankan condition.
Colocasia, commonly known as taro, is a herbaceous perennial plant cultivated for its starchy corms and leaves. It is believed to have originated in Southeast Asia. Africa is the largest producer, followed by Asia. All parts of the plant are poisonous if consumed raw, as they can cause oral irritation and swelling. Colocasia is propagated through its corms and grows best in warm, moist, and fertile soil between 30 to 34 degrees Celsius. It is a warm season crop requiring irrigation. The corms are harvested after 4-5 months, then cured and can be stored for 5-6 months. Major diseases include leaf blight and pythium rot, while pests
Diversify your vegetable crops 2017 90 mins Pam DawlingPam Dawling
油
As a vegetable grower, offer a broader range of vegetables and keep your customers coming back with a different crop every week, while still dependably supplying their old favorites. Learn how to distinguish between the crops likely to succeed and the siren call of too many weird eggplants.
ABC of kitchen gardening in Pakistan By Allah Dad Khan Mr.Allah Dad Khan
油
This document provides guidance on establishing and maintaining a kitchen garden. It discusses selecting a suitable site with sunlight, good drainage, and fertile soil. Key steps covered include preparing the soil by adding compost and fertilizer, deciding which crops to grow based on season, choosing between transplants or direct seeding, and proper spacing and planting methods. Ongoing maintenance activities like watering, weeding, and pest control are also mentioned. The document emphasizes that kitchen gardens can provide nutritional benefits by growing a variety of fresh vegetables as well as economic benefits through savings on food costs or income from surplus produce.
This document provides an overview of chickpea production technology, including its origin from Asia and the Mediterranean, varieties, soil and climate requirements, cultivation practices from field preparation through harvesting, and storage. Key steps include applying fertilizer before sowing, performing weed control and irrigation as needed, managing pests and diseases, harvesting when plants dry, threshing and drying seeds, and storing seeds at 10% moisture content.
- The document describes the annual bed strawberry production system used by Kilpatrick Family Farm in Middle Granville, NY.
- They plant strawberry tips in September and harvest in the following spring, then till the beds under after one season. This system allows for earlier harvest and cleaner fruit compared to matted rows.
- Key aspects of their system include using plastic-covered beds, applying straw mulch, and following disease prevention practices like using row covers and spraying Regalia and Oxidate as needed.
- In 2009 they harvested over 2800 pounds from 0.12 acres, grossing $13,300, equivalent to over $100,000 per acre.
Leapfron to Sustanable Mini Garden - The Three Sistersrebeccainva
油
The document discusses the Three Sisters method of companion planting - corn, beans, and squash. The Three Sisters method has been used by Native Americans for centuries and provides nutritional benefits. Corn provides structure for the beans to climb, beans fix nitrogen in the soil to benefit all plants, and squash spreads along the ground inhibiting weeds. The document outlines how to plant and care for the Three Sisters, including soil preparation, planting in mounds, and harvesting each plant. The Three Sisters method is a sustainable and space-efficient approach to growing food.
This document provides information on potato cultivation. It discusses the nutritional value and uses of potatoes, top potato producing countries in the world, the scientific classification of potatoes, recommended varieties for Bangladesh, growth stages, soil preparation, planting, fertilizer requirements, irrigation, pest and disease management, and harvesting and storage of potatoes. It aims to provide guidance to farmers on best practices for potato cultivation.
Unlock the secrets of how to grow cucumbers with our comprehensive guide. Learn about variety selection, soil preparation, watering techniques, pest management, and optimal harvesting methods. Whether you are a beginner or a seasoned gardener, this presentation equips you with essential knowledge for bountiful cucumber yields.
際際滷s include production technology of loquat, its origin and distribution in Pakistan, plant description, environmental and cultural requirements etc..
This document provides contact information for East Branch Ginger and information about their certified organic and disease-free ginger, turmeric, and galangal seed. It discusses Susan Anderson's background and experience, the history of Puna Organics in Hawaii where the seed is grown, details about their clean seed project, and information about growing and cultivating ginger from seed both in soil and in containers/bags.
This document provides information on turmeric production including the plant characteristics, propagation through presprouting and transplanting, growing in containers or soil, fertilization, harvesting, and marketing. Key aspects covered are that turmeric requires warm temperatures and 4-6 months to mature, presprouting improves yields, and regular fertilization and watering are important for high turmeric production. The document also outlines some culinary and medicinal uses of turmeric.
Session two of the talk I gave in Pennsylvania on April 9th. This session covers season extension in the field as well as some warm season crops in the tunnels.
Discover the critical steps for how to grow corn successfully, from soil prep to harvest. Learn about planting, watering, pest control, and harvesting techniques from experts. Start your journey to a thriving corn crop today!
This document provides information about onions. It discusses the botanical classification of onions, their origin in Central Asia, and their edible bulb. It describes the different types of onions grown in India, including common bulb onions, multiplier onions, shallots, and leeks. It discusses onion cultivation methods such as soil and climate requirements, planting seasons, seed rates, spacing, fertilizer use, irrigation, and pest and disease management. It notes that India is the second largest onion producer globally.
CLOVE
Scientific Name : Syzygium aromaticum
Family : Myrtaceae
Chromosome number :- 22
Origin place :-Molluccas Island of Eastern Indonesia
The clove is one of the important tree spice crop grown in India.
The clove of commerce is the fully grown but unopened aromatic dried flower bud of an evergreen tree syzygium aromaticum.
The term 'clove' is derived from the French word 'cloy' and the English word 'clout', both meaning 'nail.The volatile oil obtained from the clove bud contains mainly (80-90%) and caryophyllene (4-8%).
Area and Production:-
In India the clove is cultivated in an area of 2,600 ha. with annual production of 1,160 tonnes. The productivity is 400 kg/ha.
Botany :-
The clove is an evergreen tree growing to a height of 7-15 m.
It begins to fork near the base, into two or three main erect branches. The smaller branches are semi-erect, the twigs are brittle, smooth and greyish-white in colour, and the whole head is bushy and dense.
The leaves are simple, opposite, exstipulate, glabrous and aromatic owing to plenty of oil glands on the lower surface. The new leaves appear in flushes and are bright pink.
The hermaphrodite flowers are borne on a terminal, corymbose, trichotomous panicle.
This lecture discusses legumes, including their importance as a source of protein and nitrogen fixation. Key points covered include:
- Legumes are an important family of plants that includes beans, peas, lentils and soybeans. They are significant as they fix atmospheric nitrogen through root nodules containing bacteria.
- Legumes enrich soil fertility as they do not require nitrogen fertilizer. They are rotated with other crops or used as green manure.
- Specific legumes discussed that are important in Egypt include broad beans, lentils, chickpeas, and lupines. Several varieties for each crop developed by the Agricultural Research Center in Egypt are also outlined.
- Cultural practices for growing legumes
Growing and Preserving Your Own Fruits and VegetablesSherry Ellis
油
Reap the benefits of growing your own fruits and vegetables by learning how to plan and maintain a garden. You will also learn about which plants work together and which don't, and how to can and preserve the fruits of your labors, so they can be enjoyed year-round.
This presentation is done by 2010/2011 batch of Export Agriculture students of Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka as a requirement for the subject which is Rice & Field Crop Production. Note that the information included here is relevant to Sri Lankan condition.
This presentation is done by 2010/2011 batch of Export Agriculture students of Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka as a requirement for the subject which is Fruit & Vegetable Cultivation. Note that the information included here is relevant to Sri Lankan condition.
Information Technology for class X CBSE skill SubjectVEENAKSHI PATHAK
油
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- They plant strawberry tips in September and harvest in the following spring, then till the beds under after one season. This system allows for earlier harvest and cleaner fruit compared to matted rows.
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This document provides information on potato cultivation. It discusses the nutritional value and uses of potatoes, top potato producing countries in the world, the scientific classification of potatoes, recommended varieties for Bangladesh, growth stages, soil preparation, planting, fertilizer requirements, irrigation, pest and disease management, and harvesting and storage of potatoes. It aims to provide guidance to farmers on best practices for potato cultivation.
Unlock the secrets of how to grow cucumbers with our comprehensive guide. Learn about variety selection, soil preparation, watering techniques, pest management, and optimal harvesting methods. Whether you are a beginner or a seasoned gardener, this presentation equips you with essential knowledge for bountiful cucumber yields.
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This document provides contact information for East Branch Ginger and information about their certified organic and disease-free ginger, turmeric, and galangal seed. It discusses Susan Anderson's background and experience, the history of Puna Organics in Hawaii where the seed is grown, details about their clean seed project, and information about growing and cultivating ginger from seed both in soil and in containers/bags.
This document provides information on turmeric production including the plant characteristics, propagation through presprouting and transplanting, growing in containers or soil, fertilization, harvesting, and marketing. Key aspects covered are that turmeric requires warm temperatures and 4-6 months to mature, presprouting improves yields, and regular fertilization and watering are important for high turmeric production. The document also outlines some culinary and medicinal uses of turmeric.
Session two of the talk I gave in Pennsylvania on April 9th. This session covers season extension in the field as well as some warm season crops in the tunnels.
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This document provides information about onions. It discusses the botanical classification of onions, their origin in Central Asia, and their edible bulb. It describes the different types of onions grown in India, including common bulb onions, multiplier onions, shallots, and leeks. It discusses onion cultivation methods such as soil and climate requirements, planting seasons, seed rates, spacing, fertilizer use, irrigation, and pest and disease management. It notes that India is the second largest onion producer globally.
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Scientific Name : Syzygium aromaticum
Family : Myrtaceae
Chromosome number :- 22
Origin place :-Molluccas Island of Eastern Indonesia
The clove is one of the important tree spice crop grown in India.
The clove of commerce is the fully grown but unopened aromatic dried flower bud of an evergreen tree syzygium aromaticum.
The term 'clove' is derived from the French word 'cloy' and the English word 'clout', both meaning 'nail.The volatile oil obtained from the clove bud contains mainly (80-90%) and caryophyllene (4-8%).
Area and Production:-
In India the clove is cultivated in an area of 2,600 ha. with annual production of 1,160 tonnes. The productivity is 400 kg/ha.
Botany :-
The clove is an evergreen tree growing to a height of 7-15 m.
It begins to fork near the base, into two or three main erect branches. The smaller branches are semi-erect, the twigs are brittle, smooth and greyish-white in colour, and the whole head is bushy and dense.
The leaves are simple, opposite, exstipulate, glabrous and aromatic owing to plenty of oil glands on the lower surface. The new leaves appear in flushes and are bright pink.
The hermaphrodite flowers are borne on a terminal, corymbose, trichotomous panicle.
This lecture discusses legumes, including their importance as a source of protein and nitrogen fixation. Key points covered include:
- Legumes are an important family of plants that includes beans, peas, lentils and soybeans. They are significant as they fix atmospheric nitrogen through root nodules containing bacteria.
- Legumes enrich soil fertility as they do not require nitrogen fertilizer. They are rotated with other crops or used as green manure.
- Specific legumes discussed that are important in Egypt include broad beans, lentils, chickpeas, and lupines. Several varieties for each crop developed by the Agricultural Research Center in Egypt are also outlined.
- Cultural practices for growing legumes
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Reap the benefits of growing your own fruits and vegetables by learning how to plan and maintain a garden. You will also learn about which plants work together and which don't, and how to can and preserve the fruits of your labors, so they can be enjoyed year-round.
This presentation is done by 2010/2011 batch of Export Agriculture students of Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka as a requirement for the subject which is Rice & Field Crop Production. Note that the information included here is relevant to Sri Lankan condition.
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2. OKRA:
a popular vegetable known for its
pods, requires a specific planting
process to ensure a bountiful harvest.
3. SEED SELECTION AND PREPARATION
-Choose the right seeds: Select high-quality okra seeds
from a reputable source. Consider varieties suited to
your climate and desired maturity time.
-Soak the seeds: Soaking the seeds in warm water for
12-24 hours before planting can improve germination
rates.
-Prepare the soil: Okra thrives in well-drained, loose soil
with a pH of 6.0-7.0. Amend the soil with compost or
manure to improve fertility and drainage.
4. PLANTING
- Timing: Plant okra seeds directly in the garden
after the last frost, when the soil temperature is
consistently above
65属F (18属C).
- Spacing: Space okra seeds 12-18 inches apart in
rows spaced 2-3 feet apart.
- Depth: Plant seeds 1/2 to 1 inch deep.
- Watering: Water the seeds regularly to keep the
soil moist until germination.
5. GERMINATION AND GROWTH
- Germination: Okra seeds typically germinate
within 5-10 days.
- Thinning: Thin seedlings to the strongest plant
per location once they are 4-6 inches tall.
- Watering: Continue to water regularly,
especially during dry periods.
- Weeding: Keep the area around okra plants
weed-free to prevent competition for nutrients
and moisture.
6. HARVESTING
- Harvesting time: Okra pods are usually
ready for harvesting when they are 2-4
inches long and tender.
- Picking: Harvest pods regularly to
encourage continued production.
- Storage: Store harvested okra pods in
the refrigerator for up to a week.
7. BENEFITS OF GROWING OKRA
- Nutritional Value: Okra is a good source of
vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants. It is particularly
rich in vitamin C, vitamin K, and folate.
- High in Fiber: Okra is a good source of dietary fiber,
which helps regulate digestion and promotes satiety.
- Low in Calories: Okra is a low-calorie vegetable,
making it a healthy addition to any diet.
- Versatility: Okra can be enjoyed in a variety of
dishes, including stews, soups, curries, and stir-fries.
8. - Pest Resistance: Okra is relatively pest-
resistant, making it a low-maintenance
crop to grow.
- Improves Soil Health: Okra is a nitrogen-
fixing crop, which means it helps improve
soil fertility.
- Attracts Beneficial Insects: Okra flowers
attract pollinators and beneficial insects,
which can help control pests in the
garden.