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The document summarizes key aspects of conception, pregnancy, childbirth, and becoming a parent. It describes the fertilization process, development of the fetus, common complications, methods for diagnosing fetal abnormalities, the stages of labor and delivery, choices in childbirth, breastfeeding, and adjusting to parenthood.
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- Infertility is a problem through out and increasing rates noticed.
- The successful birth of a Test Tube Baby, Louise Brown occurred in 1978 in Oldham General Hospital, U.K.
- Roberts G. Edwards; the physiologist who developed the treatment was awarded the noble prize in Medicine in 2010.
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1. Intrauterine fetal demise (IUFD) is defined as the death of a fetus weighing over 500g or after 24 weeks of gestation before the onset of labor. It occurs in about 4.5 per 1,000 pregnancies.
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ACOG refers to IUFD as the demise occurring at or later than 20weeks.
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- 1. Chapter 12 Conception, Pregnancy, and Childbirth
- 2. The Fertilization Process Ovum released from ovary, drifts to fallopian tube Oocyte viable ~ 12 - 24 hours after ovulation Sperm viable ~ 12 - 48 hours Capacitation: takes 6-8 hours biochemical changes in sperm cell; release enzymes that allows it to penetrate eggs outer membranes
- 3. Fertilization Process A single sperm is inside the oocyte cytoplasm An electrical reaction prevents any other sperm from entering Oocyte swells Detaches sperm that cling to outer layer Sperm and ovum nuclei release chromosomes Chromosomes divide to form the diploid zygote containing 23 pairs of chromosomes Fertilization is now complete
- 4. Development of the Conceptus Zygote undergoes cell divisions Becomes a blastocyst of 100 cells after 4-5 days Blastocyst implants in uterine lining on 6 th or 7 th day Blastocyst becomes embryo after implantation in uterus Embryo is called a fetus after 8 th week
- 5. Pregnancy Detection Test for human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) Blood analysis Home pregnancy tests Early physical signs Changes in cervix occur about 4 weeks after a missed period Hegars sign Labia change color, gaining purple hue
- 6. Changes in Women During Pregnancy Vary according to womans personality, feelings, and circumstances Changes in relationships Physical and emotional changes during each trimester Three trimesters each 3 months long First trimester may include nausea, vomiting, fatigue
- 7. Complications of Pregnancy and Dangers to the Fetus Effects of teratogens Substances that cause defects in embryonic and fetal development Infectious diseases German Measles (rubella) Group B streptococcus
- 8. Complications of Pregnancy and Dangers to the Fetus Sexually transmitted infections Can be transmitted from pregnant woman to fetus, newborn, or infant Chlamydia Gonorrhea Hepatitis B HIV Syphilis Genital herpes
- 9. Complications of Pregnancy and Dangers to the Fetus Pregnancy after age 35 Is more common as women wait to have children Increased likelihood of chromosomal variation Risk increases with increasing maternal age
- 10. Complications in Pregnancy Ectopic pregnancy Pregnancy-induced hypertension Premature births Delayed labor
- 11. Diagnosing Abnormalities of the Fetus Ultrasound Amniocentesis Chorionic villus sampling (CVS) Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) screening
- 12. Ultrasound High frequency sound waves determine size and position of fetus Sonogram picture Estimates fetal age, guides during amniocentesis, checks for physical birth defects, evaluates complications during pregnancy
- 13. Amniocentesis Amniotic fluid is withdrawn with needle inserted through abdominal wall Detects: fetal abnormalities; Downs syndrome, Turners syndrome, cystic fibrosis, spina bifida, sex and age 0.5-2% chance of fetal death
- 14. Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS) Thin catheter inserted through abdomen or cervix into uterus and some chorionic villi are sucked into tube Detects: fetal abnormalities Performed 9-11 weeks
- 15. Alpha-fetoprotein Screening Test run on mothers blood After 16 weeks of pregnancy Detects: defects of spine, spinal cord, skull and brain
- 16. Pregnancy Loss Early pregnancy loss Miscarriage Infant mortality Coping with loss
- 17. Infertility The inability to conceive a child after a year of unprotected intercourse or the inability to carry a child to term Fertility issues are equally distributed among men and women 1% of children in U.S. are the product of assisted fertility
- 18. Female Infertility Physical causes Pelvic Inflammatory Disease, an infection of the fallopian tubes or uterus Approximately 20% Hormonal & psychological causes Hormone release may be atypical Stress, anxiety, allergy Approximately 20% Environmental factors
- 19. Male Infertility Low sperm count Decrease of sperm motility Misshapen sperm Sperm duct blockage Ejaculatory difficulties Environmental factors Mens fertility begins dwindling after age 27
- 20. Infertility Treatment Enhancing fertility Selective timing of sexual activity Man wears boxer underwear Woman lies with her back elevated following internal ejaculation
- 21. Medical Intervention Fertility medications Surgery Artificial insemination
- 22. Assisted Reproductive Technology In vitro fertilization - IVF Gamete intrafallopian transfer GIFT Zygote intrafallopian transfer ZIFT Surrogate motherhood Cloning Sex selection
- 23. Giving Birth: Labor and Delivery Relaxin released by the placenta Braxton Hick contractions
- 24. Labor Stages Stage 1: Effacement: thinning of cervix Dilation: opening up of cervix Mucus plug is expelled Amniotic sac ruptures Contractions are regular and progressive Transition
- 25. Labor and Delivery Stage 2 Begins when babys head moves into birth canal Ends when baby is born Vernix: waxy substance which may cover baby Stage 3 Afterbirth: placenta is expelled
- 26. Following birth Neonate Apgar score Lochia Joy
- 27. Choices in Childbirth Hospital birth Cesarean section Prepared childbirth Episiotomy Birthing rooms and centers Home birth Midwifery
- 28. Breast Feeding Colostrum Benefits Bonding Immune system of baby HIV
- 29. Becoming a Parent Postpartum period Postpartum depression Postpartum psychosis Family Medical Leave Act
- 30. Summary Fertilization and fetal development Being pregnant Infertility Giving birth Becoming a parent