Structural systems.pptx
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This document introduces different structural systems based on their span. Short span systems include bearing walls, column and beam structures, and flat slabs used for buildings up to 10 meters. Medium span systems like waffle slabs and paneled beams are used from 10-16 meters. Large span systems for 16+ meters include folded plates, concrete and steel frames, arches, cantilever frames, vierendeel structures, trusses, shells, tents, and cables. High rise buildings commonly use a core structural system with shear walls and columns.
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Structural systems.pptx
- 1. Basic Concepts This chapter on basic concept introduces: Structural design for: Strength Stiffness Stability
- 2. Rupture:惠慍 Rupture length is the maximum length a bar of constant cross section area can be suspended without rupture under its weight in tension (compression for concrete & masonry).
- 34. What is structural System: Conditions of structural System: Safe Sustainable Economic
- 36. Structural Systems according to span Short span: Bearing Wall Column and Beam Flat slab Precast Slab Medium span: Waffle slabs Paneled Beams Large span: Folded Slabs Concrete and steel frames Arches Cantilever Frames Vierendeel structure Truss - Shell tent Cable
- 37. Short span: from 3m to 10 m ( Residential Buildings Villas Small Administrative office Space in large projects with maximum 10 m Bearing Wall Column and Beam Flat slab Precast Slab Bearing Wall Before concrete oldest system touristic village using stone hot zones Load transfer through walls only No columns or Beams Slab resting on walls and wall thickness increase towards foundations (ground floor) Not more than 5 floors Pros Cheap Fast construction Good insulation for sound and heat Cons no modifications in the future Fixed architectural system in all floors Small openings above each other
- 39. Skeleton Structure: Column and Beam No roll for walls in the structural system 1- Column and Beam: Perpendicular column and Beams and pouring slab above them For residential buildings using solid slab Minimum dimension for column 30 cm Span from 3 6 m Beam depth span / 10 for simple beams for continuous beams span / 12 Slab thickness 10 -12 cm or short span /30
- 41. Flat slab: Slab reset on columns directly and load transfer from slab to column without beams then foundations Governmental buildings public buildings Span from 8 -9 m Slab thickness starts from 15 com span /28 Pros Larger span than column and beam Larger free space from columns Flexibility because there are no beams easy for electromechanical systems (HVAC Electrical and plumbing) Flexibility for interior design
- 42. Post tension slab: 悋悒悴悋惆 愕悋惡悸 悋惡悋愀悋惠 Advanced system from flat slab Consists of beams and columns only Difference that steel bars are replaced by steel cables span from 9-12 m Slab thickness start from 15 cm Pros Reduce slab thickness by 20% Bigger free space from columns Flexibility as there is no beams - easy for electromechanical systems (HVAC Electrical and plumbing Increase total clear height in each floor
- 43. Medium span: Waffle slabs Paneled Beams 10-16 m educational studio Multi purpose halls Waffle slabs 悋悖惺惶悋惡 悵悋惠 悋惡悋愀悋惠 Distribute sphere or rectangular shapes in roof and pour concrete on it then remove these shapes and remains the ribs reacting as beams obtaining a decorative shape from underneath Span 12 m Slab thickness 8 -10 cm Ribs thickness 20 cm depth of ribs from 40 to 50 cm Pros Larger span Decorative ceiling
- 45. Medium span: Paneled Beams 悋惠悋愀惺悸 悋惘悋惠 - 10-16 m educational studio Multi purpose halls Similar to waffle slab Consists of perpendicular beams in two directions to form ribs Minimum dimension for columns 30 cm Span till 16 m Beam depth = span / 16 Slab thickness minimum 10 cm Distance between beams from 2-4 m Pros Larger span Beams can be functionally used High flexibility in column distribution
- 47. Large span: Folded Slabs Concrete and steel frames Arches Cantilever Frames Vierendeel structure Truss - Shell tent Cable From 16 m to above for auditorium stadium Factories Storage - Aircraft hangars Airports Concrete systems and steel systems Folded plate system : 悋愀惡悸 悋惡悋愀悋惠 Folded plate concrete slabs with different shapes Used in square rectangular and circular spaces Span from 15 to 40 m Percentage of slab thickness to span reach from 1 to 12
- 48. Concrete Frames system : 悋悒愀悋惘悋惠 Advanced system of beam and column as they are one body attached together increase strength and durability Column 40 *60 cm Span till 20 m Beam depth = span / 16 Slab thickness 10 cm Frame width 30 40 cm Spacing between frames from 4 6m on the long span Usage in spaces than dont need columns in the middle area Halls Multi purpose halls athletic halls Pros Large spans Capability to bear more loads
- 50. Steel Frames system : 悋悒愀悋惘悋惠 悋忰惆惆 beam and column out of steel connected with bolts or welding C L and I cross sections Column 40 *60 cm Span till 20 m Beam depth = span / 16 Slab thickness 10 cm or sandwich panel Frame width 30 40 cm Spacing between frames from 4 6m on the long span Usage in spaces than dont need columns in the middle area Halls Multi purpose halls athletic halls Pros Easier than concrete in design Large spans Capability to bear more loads
- 51. Arches 悋忰悸 悋悒愀悋惘悋惠 惴悋 ( 悋惺惆 ) Curved connected without any Breaks Span 20-35 m Can reach 70 m in case of increased curvature Distance between arches 5 7 m on long span Arch thickness 30 -40 cm Can be used aesthetically in shaping external building elevations
- 52. Cantilever Frames 悋悋惡 `悋悒愀悋惘1w2 Usually used in stadiums Hanged from one side and the other is free
- 53. Vierendeel System 悋惘惆 惴悋 Usually used in hotels to change structure system in lower floors
- 54. Shell Structure 悋愆惘悋惠 惴悋 Geometric form from concrete to define forms internally and externally Distinctive architectural style Curved or folded shapes Span from 20 60 m Slab thickness 8 cm Thickness to span 1/200 For libraries Airports Mosques sports Halls Pros Covering large spans using small thickness concrete roofing High flexibility in form design because its from concrete Can cover larger span in case of vaults reach up to 50 m Cons Cannt add another floor because its the last rood in the building
- 55. Opera Sydney
- 58. Truss System 悋悴悋悋惠 Very high flexibility in the form and large spans without middle columns First type: Traditional Truss Triangular or pyramid shapes with fixed upper and lower members Can be from wood Aluminum Steel Spacing between trusses 4 6 m Thickness 30 40 cm Straight curved and sphere
- 59. Space Truss System 悋悴悋悋惠 悋惘悋愃悸 Most of architects use in big projects Consists of members bonds the whole structure Members out of steel with hinges works in three directions X, Y, Z Economical solution for large spans from 20 80 m Depth to span 1/30 Different shapes straight curved - inclined
- 60. Tent structure System 悋悽悸 悋愆悖惠 Is characterized by Flexibility and plasticity Curved surfaces from synthetic fibers or water proof fabrics Depends on vertical supports from concrete or steel and cables that pull the cover in the direction of vertical supports Munich Olympic center
- 61. Cable structure System 悋悋惡悋惠 惴悋 Oldest systems previously made out of plant fibers now made out of steel cables Main cables transfer loads to secondary cables then to vertical supports Cables are made out of flexible steel that bear tension forces Span From 20 -100 m Mainly in Bridges Sports Halls Airports up to 350 m span using post tension roofing
- 63. High rise building structure System 悋惺悋悸 惡悋 悋悒愆悋悧悸 悋惴 Core is the main structural system Where vertical circulation (stairs and elevators) electrical and mechanical rooms Shear concrete walls and columns most probably out of steel